CWE-131
Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
The product does not correctly calculate the size to be used when allocating a buffer, which could lead to a buffer overflow.
CVE-2026-1188 (GCVE-0-2026-1188)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-29 08:36 – Updated: 2026-01-29 16:42
VLAI
Summary
In the Eclipse OMR port library component since release 0.2.0, an API function to return the textual names of all supported processor features was not accounting for the separator inserted between processor features. If the output buffer supplied to this function was incorrectly sized, failing to account for the separator when determining when a write to the buffer was safe could lead to a buffer overflow. This issue is fixed in Eclipse OMR version 0.8.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eclipse Foundation | Eclipse OMR |
Affected:
0.2.0 , < 0.8.0
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-1949 (GCVE-0-2026-1949)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 05:50 – Updated: 2026-04-24 15:27
VLAI
Title
Incorrect calculation of buffer size on the stack in AS320T
Summary
Delta Electronics AS320T has incorrect calculation of the buffer size on the stack in the GET/PUT request handler of the web service.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
Date Public
2026-04-24 05:26
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CVE-2026-20049 (GCVE-0-2026-20049)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-04 17:22 – Updated: 2026-03-04 20:55
VLAI
Summary
A vulnerability in the processing of Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)-encrypted Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) IPsec traffic of Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software and Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition on an affected device.
This vulnerability is due to the allocation of an insufficiently sized block of memory. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted GCM-encrypted IPsec traffic to an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to cause an unexpected reload of the device, resulting in a DoS condition. To exploit this vulnerability, the attacker must have valid credentials to establish a VPN connection with the affected device.
Severity
7.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cisco | Cisco Secure Firewall Adaptive Security Appliance (ASA) Software |
Affected:
9.12.4.7
Affected: 9.12.4.10 Affected: 9.12.4.13 Affected: 9.12.4.8 Affected: 9.12.4.18 Affected: 9.12.4.24 Affected: 9.12.4.26 Affected: 9.12.4.29 Affected: 9.12.4.30 Affected: 9.12.4.35 Affected: 9.12.4.37 Affected: 9.12.4.38 Affected: 9.12.4.39 Affected: 9.12.4.40 Affected: 9.12.4.41 Affected: 9.12.4.47 Affected: 9.12.4.48 Affected: 9.12.4.50 Affected: 9.12.4.52 Affected: 9.12.4.54 Affected: 9.12.4.55 Affected: 9.12.4.56 Affected: 9.12.4.58 Affected: 9.12.4.62 Affected: 9.12.4.65 Affected: 9.12.4.67 Affected: 9.16.1 Affected: 9.16.1.28 Affected: 9.16.2 Affected: 9.16.2.3 Affected: 9.16.2.7 Affected: 9.16.2.11 Affected: 9.16.2.13 Affected: 9.16.2.14 Affected: 9.16.3 Affected: 9.16.3.3 Affected: 9.16.3.14 Affected: 9.16.3.15 Affected: 9.16.3.19 Affected: 9.16.3.23 Affected: 9.16.4 Affected: 9.16.4.9 Affected: 9.16.4.14 Affected: 9.16.4.19 Affected: 9.16.4.27 Affected: 9.16.4.38 Affected: 9.16.4.39 Affected: 9.16.4.42 Affected: 9.16.4.48 Affected: 9.16.4.55 Affected: 9.16.4.57 Affected: 9.16.4.61 Affected: 9.16.4.62 Affected: 9.16.4.67 Affected: 9.16.4.70 Affected: 9.16.4.71 Affected: 9.16.4.76 Affected: 9.16.4.82 Affected: 9.16.4.84 Affected: 9.17.1 Affected: 9.17.1.7 Affected: 9.17.1.9 Affected: 9.17.1.10 Affected: 9.17.1.11 Affected: 9.17.1.13 Affected: 9.17.1.15 Affected: 9.17.1.20 Affected: 9.17.1.30 Affected: 9.17.1.33 Affected: 9.17.1.39 Affected: 9.17.1.45 Affected: 9.17.1.46 Affected: 9.18.1 Affected: 9.18.1.3 Affected: 9.18.2 Affected: 9.18.2.5 Affected: 9.18.2.7 Affected: 9.18.2.8 Affected: 9.18.3 Affected: 9.18.3.39 Affected: 9.18.3.46 Affected: 9.18.3.53 Affected: 9.18.3.55 Affected: 9.18.3.56 Affected: 9.18.4 Affected: 9.18.4.5 Affected: 9.18.4.8 Affected: 9.18.4.22 Affected: 9.18.4.24 Affected: 9.18.4.29 Affected: 9.18.4.34 Affected: 9.18.4.40 Affected: 9.18.4.47 Affected: 9.18.4.50 Affected: 9.18.4.52 Affected: 9.18.4.53 Affected: 9.18.4.57 Affected: 9.19.1 Affected: 9.19.1.5 Affected: 9.19.1.9 Affected: 9.19.1.12 Affected: 9.19.1.18 Affected: 9.19.1.22 Affected: 9.19.1.24 Affected: 9.19.1.27 Affected: 9.19.1.28 Affected: 9.19.1.31 Affected: 9.19.1.37 Affected: 9.19.1.38 Affected: 9.19.1.42 Affected: 9.20.1 Affected: 9.20.1.5 Affected: 9.20.2 Affected: 9.20.2.10 Affected: 9.20.2.21 Affected: 9.20.2.22 Affected: 9.20.3 Affected: 9.20.3.4 Affected: 9.20.3.7 Affected: 9.20.3.9 Affected: 9.20.3.10 Affected: 9.20.3.13 Affected: 9.20.3.16 Affected: 9.20.3.20 Affected: 9.22.1.1 Affected: 9.22.1.3 Affected: 9.22.1.2 Affected: 9.22.1.6 Affected: 9.22.2 Affected: 9.23.1 Affected: 9.23.1.3 |
|
| Cisco | Cisco Secure Firewall Threat Defense (FTD) Software |
Affected:
6.4.0.10
Affected: 6.4.0.11 Affected: 6.4.0.12 Affected: 6.4.0.13 Affected: 6.4.0.14 Affected: 6.4.0.15 Affected: 6.4.0.16 Affected: 6.4.0.17 Affected: 6.4.0.18 Affected: 7.0.0 Affected: 7.0.0.1 Affected: 7.0.1 Affected: 7.0.1.1 Affected: 7.0.2 Affected: 7.0.2.1 Affected: 7.0.3 Affected: 7.0.4 Affected: 7.0.5 Affected: 7.0.6 Affected: 7.0.6.1 Affected: 7.0.6.2 Affected: 7.0.6.3 Affected: 7.0.7 Affected: 7.0.8 Affected: 7.0.8.1 Affected: 7.1.0 Affected: 7.1.0.1 Affected: 7.1.0.2 Affected: 7.1.0.3 Affected: 7.2.0 Affected: 7.2.0.1 Affected: 7.2.1 Affected: 7.2.2 Affected: 7.2.3 Affected: 7.2.4 Affected: 7.2.4.1 Affected: 7.2.5 Affected: 7.2.5.1 Affected: 7.2.6 Affected: 7.2.7 Affected: 7.2.5.2 Affected: 7.2.8 Affected: 7.2.8.1 Affected: 7.2.9 Affected: 7.2.10 Affected: 7.2.10.2 Affected: 7.3.0 Affected: 7.3.1 Affected: 7.3.1.1 Affected: 7.3.1.2 Affected: 7.4.0 Affected: 7.4.1 Affected: 7.4.1.1 Affected: 7.4.2 Affected: 7.4.2.1 Affected: 7.4.2.2 Affected: 7.4.2.3 Affected: 7.4.2.4 Affected: 7.6.0 Affected: 7.6.1 Affected: 7.6.2 Affected: 7.6.2.1 Affected: 7.7.0 Affected: 7.7.10 Affected: 7.7.10.1 |
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CVE-2026-20911 (GCVE-0-2026-20911)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-07 13:49 – Updated: 2026-04-08 03:55
VLAI
Summary
A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the HuffTable::initval functionality of LibRaw Commit 0b56545 and Commit d20315b. A specially crafted malicious file can lead to a heap buffer overflow. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.
Severity
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2026-21503 (GCVE-0-2026-21503)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-07 17:10 – Updated: 2026-01-07 21:53
VLAI
Title
iccDEV has Undefined Behavior - Null Pointer Passed to memcpy() in CIccTagSparseMatrixArray
Summary
iccDEV provides a set of libraries and tools that allow for the interaction, manipulation, and application of ICC color management profiles. Prior to version 2.3.1.2, iccDEV has undefined behavior due to a null pointer passed to memcpy() in CIccTagSparseMatrixArray. This issue has been patched in version 2.3.1.2.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/InternationalColorConsortium/i… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/InternationalColorConsortium/i… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/InternationalColorConsortium/i… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/InternationalColorConsortium/i… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| InternationalColorConsortium | iccDEV |
Affected:
< 2.3.1.2
|
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CVE-2026-22791 (GCVE-0-2026-22791)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 19:06 – Updated: 2026-01-13 19:44
VLAI
Title
openCryptoki incorrectly calculates the buffer size in C_WrapKey with CKM_ECDH_AES_KEY_WRAP
Summary
openCryptoki is a PKCS#11 library and tools for Linux and AIX. In 3.25.0 and 3.26.0, there is a heap buffer overflow vulnerability in the CKM_ECDH_AES_KEY_WRAP implementation allows an attacker with local access to cause out-of-bounds writes in the host process by supplying a compressed EC public key and invoking C_WrapKey. This can lead to heap corruption, or denial-of-service.
Severity
6.6 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/opencryptoki/opencryptoki/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/opencryptoki/opencryptoki/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/opencryptoki/opencryptoki/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| opencryptoki | opencryptoki |
Affected:
>= 3.25.0, <= 3.26.0
|
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CVE-2026-2738 (GCVE-0-2026-2738)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-19 20:00 – Updated: 2026-02-20 20:00
VLAI
Summary
Buffer overflow in ovpn‑dco‑win version 2.8.0 allows local attackers to cause a system crash by sending too large packets to the remote peer when the AEAD tag appears at the end of the encrypted packet
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-131 - Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://community.openvpn.net/Security%20Announce… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenVPN | ovpn-dco-win |
Affected:
2.8.0
|
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CVE-2026-27820 (GCVE-0-2026-27820)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-16 17:27 – Updated: 2026-04-16 18:20
VLAI
Title
zlib: Buffer Overflow in Zlib::GzipReader ungetc via large input leads to memory corruption
Summary
zlib is a Ruby interface for the zlib compression/decompression library. Versions 3.0.0 and below, 3.1.0, 3.1.1, 3.2.0 and 3.2.1 contain a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Zlib::GzipReader. The zstream_buffer_ungets function prepends caller-provided bytes ahead of previously produced output but fails to guarantee the backing Ruby string has enough capacity before the memmove shifts the existing data. This can lead to memory corruption when the buffer length exceeds capacity. This issue has been fixed in versions 3.0.1, 3.1.2 and 3.2.3.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ruby/zlib/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://hackerone.com/reports/3467067 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-28686 (GCVE-0-2026-28686)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-09 21:33 – Updated: 2026-03-10 14:26
VLAI
Title
ImageMagick has a write heap-buffer-overflow in PCL encoder via undersized output buffer
Summary
ImageMagick is free and open-source software used for editing and manipulating digital images. Prior to versions 7.1.2-16 and 6.9.13-41, A heap-buffer-overflow vulnerability exists in the PCL encode due to an undersized output buffer allocation. This vulnerability is fixed in 7.1.2-16 and 6.9.13-41.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ImageMagick | ImageMagick |
Affected:
>= 7.0.0, < 7.1.2-16
Affected: < 6.9.13-41 |
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CVE-2026-31970 (GCVE-0-2026-31970)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-18 19:53 – Updated: 2026-03-18 23:08
VLAI
Title
HTSlib BGZF index file reader has a heap buffer overflow
Summary
HTSlib is a library for reading and writing bioinformatics file formats. GZI files are used to index block-compressed GZIP [BGZF] files. In the GZI loading function, `bgzf_index_load_hfile()`, it was possible to trigger an integer overflow, leading to an under- or zero-sized buffer being allocated to store the index. Sixteen zero bytes would then be written to this buffer, and, depending on the result of the overflow the rest of the file may also be loaded into the buffer as well. If the function did attempt to load the data, it would eventually fail due to not reading the expected number of records, and then try to free the overflowed heap buffer. Exploiting this bug causes a heap buffer overflow. If a user opens a file crafted to exploit this issue, it could lead to the program crashing, or overwriting of data and heap structures in ways not expected by the program. It may be possible to use this to obtain arbitrary code execution. Versions 1.23.1, 1.22.2 and 1.21.1 include fixes for this issue. The easiest work-around is to discard any `.gzi` index files from untrusted sources, and use the `bgzip -r` option to recreate them.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/samtools/htslib/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/samtools/htslib/commit/6dd0d7d… | x_refsource_MISC |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/03/18/9 |
Impacted products
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}
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"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "HTSlib is a library for reading and writing bioinformatics file formats. GZI files are used to index block-compressed GZIP [BGZF] files. In the GZI loading function, `bgzf_index_load_hfile()`, it was possible to trigger an integer overflow, leading to an under- or zero-sized buffer being allocated to store the index. Sixteen zero bytes would then be written to this buffer, and, depending on the result of the overflow the rest of the file may also be loaded into the buffer as well. If the function did attempt to load the data, it would eventually fail due to not reading the expected number of records, and then try to free the overflowed heap buffer. Exploiting this bug causes a heap buffer overflow. If a user opens a file crafted to exploit this issue, it could lead to the program crashing, or overwriting of data and heap structures in ways not expected by the program. It may be possible to use this to obtain arbitrary code execution. Versions 1.23.1, 1.22.2 and 1.21.1 include fixes for this issue. The easiest work-around is to discard any `.gzi` index files from untrusted sources, and use the `bgzip -r` option to recreate them."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "NONE",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 7.1,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "PASSIVE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-122",
"description": "CWE-122: Heap-based Buffer Overflow",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-131",
"description": "CWE-131: Incorrect Calculation of Buffer Size",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-190",
"description": "CWE-190: Integer Overflow or Wraparound",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-787",
"description": "CWE-787: Out-of-bounds Write",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-1284",
"description": "CWE-1284: Improper Validation of Specified Quantity in Input",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-03-18T19:53:18.719Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/samtools/htslib/security/advisories/GHSA-p345-84hx-fq6q",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/samtools/htslib/security/advisories/GHSA-p345-84hx-fq6q"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/samtools/htslib/commit/6dd0d7d0e9e7e2e173a28969e624db8bc8bb5828",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/samtools/htslib/commit/6dd0d7d0e9e7e2e173a28969e624db8bc8bb5828"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-p345-84hx-fq6q",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "HTSlib BGZF index file reader has a heap buffer overflow"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-31970",
"datePublished": "2026-03-18T19:53:18.719Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-03-10T15:40:10.485Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-03-18T23:08:18.668Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- When allocating a buffer for the purpose of transforming, converting, or encoding an input, allocate enough memory to handle the largest possible encoding. For example, in a routine that converts "&" characters to "&" for HTML entity encoding, the output buffer needs to be at least 5 times as large as the input buffer.
Mitigation ID: MIT-36
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Understand the programming language's underlying representation and how it interacts with numeric calculation (CWE-681). Pay close attention to byte size discrepancies, precision, signed/unsigned distinctions, truncation, conversion and casting between types, "not-a-number" calculations, and how the language handles numbers that are too large or too small for its underlying representation. [REF-7]
- Also be careful to account for 32-bit, 64-bit, and other potential differences that may affect the numeric representation.
Mitigation ID: MIT-8
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Perform input validation on any numeric input by ensuring that it is within the expected range. Enforce that the input meets both the minimum and maximum requirements for the expected range.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- When processing structured incoming data containing a size field followed by raw data, identify and resolve any inconsistencies between the size field and the actual size of the data (CWE-130).
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- When allocating memory that uses sentinels to mark the end of a data structure - such as NUL bytes in strings - make sure you also include the sentinel in your calculation of the total amount of memory that must be allocated.
Mitigation ID: MIT-13
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Replace unbounded copy functions with analogous functions that support length arguments, such as strcpy with strncpy. Create these if they are not available.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use sizeof() on the appropriate data type to avoid CWE-467.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use the appropriate type for the desired action. For example, in C/C++, only use unsigned types for values that could never be negative, such as height, width, or other numbers related to quantity. This will simplify validation and will reduce surprises related to unexpected casting.
Mitigation ID: MIT-4
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Use libraries or frameworks that make it easier to handle numbers without unexpected consequences, or buffer allocation routines that automatically track buffer size.
- Examples include safe integer handling packages such as SafeInt (C++) or IntegerLib (C or C++). [REF-106]
Mitigation ID: MIT-10
Phases: Operation, Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index checking.
- D3-SFCV (Stack Frame Canary Validation) from D3FEND [REF-1334] discusses canary-based detection in detail.
Mitigation ID: MIT-11
Phases: Operation, Build and Compilation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run or compile the software using features or extensions that randomly arrange the positions of a program's executable and libraries in memory. Because this makes the addresses unpredictable, it can prevent an attacker from reliably jumping to exploitable code.
- Examples include Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) [REF-58] [REF-60] and Position-Independent Executables (PIE) [REF-64]. Imported modules may be similarly realigned if their default memory addresses conflict with other modules, in a process known as "rebasing" (for Windows) and "prelinking" (for Linux) [REF-1332] using randomly generated addresses. ASLR for libraries cannot be used in conjunction with prelink since it would require relocating the libraries at run-time, defeating the whole purpose of prelinking.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-SAOR (Segment Address Offset Randomization) from D3FEND [REF-1335].
Mitigation ID: MIT-12
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Use a CPU and operating system that offers Data Execution Protection (using hardware NX or XD bits) or the equivalent techniques that simulate this feature in software, such as PaX [REF-60] [REF-61]. These techniques ensure that any instruction executed is exclusively at a memory address that is part of the code segment.
- For more information on these techniques see D3-PSEP (Process Segment Execution Prevention) from D3FEND [REF-1336].
Mitigation ID: MIT-26
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening
Description:
- Examine compiler warnings closely and eliminate problems with potential security implications, such as signed / unsigned mismatch in memory operations, or use of uninitialized variables. Even if the weakness is rarely exploitable, a single failure may lead to the compromise of the entire system.
Mitigation ID: MIT-17
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.
Mitigation ID: MIT-22
Phases: Architecture and Design, Operation
Strategy: Sandbox or Jail
Description:
- Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
- OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
- This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
- Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.
CAPEC-100: Overflow Buffers
Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an adversary. As a consequence, an adversary is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the adversaries' choice.
CAPEC-47: Buffer Overflow via Parameter Expansion
In this attack, the target software is given input that the adversary knows will be modified and expanded in size during processing. This attack relies on the target software failing to anticipate that the expanded data may exceed some internal limit, thereby creating a buffer overflow.