CWE-285

Improper Authorization

The product does not perform or incorrectly performs an authorization check when an actor attempts to access a resource or perform an action.

CVE-2026-41522 (GCVE-0-2026-41522)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-04 19:31 – Updated: 2026-06-04 19:31

Title

Iris has an Improper Authorization issue

Summary

Iris is a web collaborative platform that helps incident responders share technical details during investigations. Prior to version 2.4.28, DFIR-IRIS exposes an optional GraphQL endpoint at `/graphql` that does not enforce the same authorization checks as the REST API. Any authenticated user can abuse it in three ways: unauthorized IOC read across cases (IDOR), bulk IOC disclosure via `case.iocs`. The `case(caseId: …).iocs` resolver returns IOCs linked to an arbitrary case without verifying the caller has access to that case, and unauthorized case creation. All three are reachable by any authenticated user, regardless of role or case ACL. This is fixed in v2.4.28. The GraphQL blueprint, resolvers, and dependencies (`graphene`, `graphene-sqlalchemy`, `graphql-server[flask]`) were removed entirely, since the feature was not in use. As a workaround, block `/graphql` at the reverse proxy (recommended) or comment out the `graphql_blueprint` import and `register_blueprint` call in `source/app/views.py` and restart.

Severity

7.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/dfir-iris/iris-web/security/ad…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
dfir-iris	iris-web	Affected: < 2.4.28

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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        }
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CVE-2026-41572 (GCVE-0-2026-41572)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-04 17:44 – Updated: 2026-05-04 19:39

Title

Note Mark: Unauthenticated read of notes and assets in soft-deleted public books

Summary

Note Mark is an open-source note-taking application. Prior to version 0.19.3, after a note-mark owner soft-deletes a public book, its notes and uploaded assets stay readable at /api/notes/{id}, /api/notes/{id}/content, the slug URL, and the asset endpoints. Unauthenticated callers who hold the note ID or the slug path retain access. GORM's soft-delete scope does not reach the raw "JOIN books ..." clauses used by the note and asset queries. This issue has been patched in version 0.19.3.

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/enchant97/note-mark/security/a…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/enchant97/note-mark/releases/t…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
enchant97	note-mark	Affected: < 0.19.3

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-4171 (GCVE-0-2026-4171)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-15 08:02 – Updated: 2026-03-16 15:40

Title

CodeGenieApp serverless-express API Endpoint TodoList.ts authorization

Summary

A security vulnerability has been detected in CodeGenieApp serverless-express up to 4.17.1. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the file examples/lambda-function-url/packages/api/models/TodoList.ts of the component API Endpoint. The manipulation of the argument userId leads to authorization bypass. The attack is possible to be carried out remotely. The exploit has been disclosed publicly and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

6.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R

6.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L/E:P/RL:X/RC:R

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass
CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

VulDB

References

5 references

URL	Tags
https://vuldb.com/?id.351078	vdb-entrytechnical-description
https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.351078	signaturepermissions-required
https://vuldb.com/?submit.769769	third-party-advisory
https://vuldb.com/?submit.769771	third-party-advisory
https://github.com/AnalogyC0de/public_exp/issues/20	exploitissue-tracking

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
CodeGenieApp	serverless-express	Affected: 4.17.0 Affected: 4.17.1

Credits

Ana10gy (VulDB User) VulDB

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-42202 (GCVE-0-2026-42202)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 21:18 – Updated: 2026-05-11 14:24

Title

nova-toggle-5: Improper authorization on toggle endpoint allowed non-Nova users to modify boolean fields

Summary

nova-toggle-5 enables fliping booleans in the index. Prior to version 1.3.0, the toggle endpoint (POST/nova-vendor/nova-toggle/toggle/{resource}/{resourceId}) was protected only by web + auth:<guard> middleware. Any user authenticated on the configured guard could call the endpoint and flip boolean attributes on any Nova resource — including users who do not have access to Nova itself (for example, frontend customers sharing the web guard with the Nova admin area). The endpoint also accepted an arbitrary attribute parameter, which meant a valid caller could toggle any boolean column on the underlying model — not just columns exposed as Toggle fields on the resource. This issue has been patched in version 1.3.0.

Severity

6.5 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/almirhodzic/nova-toggle-5/secu…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/almirhodzic/nova-toggle-5/rele…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
almirhodzic	nova-toggle-5	Affected: < 1.3.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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          "name": "https://github.com/almirhodzic/nova-toggle-5/security/advisories/GHSA-f5c8-m5vw-rmgq",
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            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
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CVE-2026-4248 (GCVE-0-2026-4248)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-27 22:26 – Updated: 2026-04-08 17:18

Title

Ultimate Member <= 2.11.2 - Authenticated (Contributor+) Sensitive Information Exposure to Account Takeover via Shortcode Template Tag

Summary

The Ultimate Member plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Sensitive Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 2.11.2. This is due to the '{usermeta:password_reset_link}' template tag being processed within post content via the '[um_loggedin]' shortcode, which generates a valid password reset token for the currently logged-in user viewing the page. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to craft a malicious pending post that, when previewed by an Administrator, generates a password reset token for the Administrator and exfiltrates it to an attacker-controlled server, leading to full account takeover.

Severity

8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

Wordfence

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabil…
https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/ultima…
https://github.com/ultimatemember/ultimatemember/…
https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3492…

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
ultimatemember	Ultimate Member – User Profile, Registration, Login, Member Directory, Content Restriction & Membership Plugin	Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.11.2 (semver)

Credits

HDH

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-42609 (GCVE-0-2026-42609)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-11 15:03 – Updated: 2026-05-14 17:56

Title

Grav: Administrative Account Disruption and Privilege De-escalation via User Overwrite Logic

Summary

Grav is a file-based Web platform. Prior to 2.0.0-beta.2, a business logic vulnerability in the Grav Admin Panel allows a low-privileged user (with only user creation permissions) to overwrite existing accounts, including the primary administrator. By creating a new user with a username that already exists, the system updates the existing account's metadata and permissions instead of rejecting the request. This leads to a Denial of Service (DoS) on administrative functions and Privilege De-escalation of the root account. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.0.0-beta.2.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-269 - Improper Privilege Management
CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
CWE-639 - Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
CWE-837 - Improper Enforcement of a Single, Unique Action

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/getgrav/grav/security/advisori…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/5a12f9be83…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/c66dfeb5ff…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/getgrav/grav/commit/d904efc33e…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
getgrav	grav	Affected: < 2.0.0-beta.2

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-42875 (GCVE-0-2026-42875)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-11 18:56 – Updated: 2026-05-12 16:25

Title

External Secrets Operator: Namespace Isolation Bypass in CAProvider ConfigMap Resolution for SecretStore

Summary

External Secrets Operator reads information from a third-party service and automatically injects the values as Kubernetes Secrets. Prior to 2.4.0, Namespaced SecretStore resources that used CAProvider with type ConfigMap could resolve CA material from another namespace when caProvider.namespace was set. This bypassed the namespace boundary enforced for SecretStore-backed references in providers that rely on the shared runtime CA resolver. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.4.0.

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization
CWE-668 - Exposure of Resource to Wrong Sphere

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/external-secrets/external-secr…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
external-secrets	external-secrets	Affected: < 2.4.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-42876 (GCVE-0-2026-42876)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-11 18:58 – Updated: 2026-05-12 13:26

Title

External Secrets Operator: Priviledge escalation with secret overwriting

Summary

External Secrets Operator reads information from a third-party service and automatically injects the values as Kubernetes Secrets. Prior to 2.4.1, a user who only has permission to create ExternalSecret resources can cause the operator to create a Secret that Kubernetes will automatically populate with a long-lived token for the specified service account. This effectively allows the user to impersonate any service account in the namespace without needing direct create permissions on TokenRequest or Secrets of that type. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.4.1.

Severity

4.9 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/external-secrets/external-secr…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/external-secrets/external-secr…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/external-secrets/external-secr…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
external-secrets	external-secrets	Affected: < 2.4.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-43515 (GCVE-0-2026-43515)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-12 15:33 – Updated: 2026-06-04 09:57

Title

Apache Tomcat: Security constraints not correctly applied

Summary

Improper Authorization vulnerability when multiple method constraints define an HTTP method for the same extension in Apache Tomcat. This issue affects Apache Tomcat: from 11.0.0-M1 through 11.0.21, from 10.1.0-M1 through 10.1.54, from 9.0.0.M1 through 9.0.117, from 8.5.0 through 8.5.100, from 7.0.0 through 7.0.109. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 11.0.22, 10.1.55 or 9.0.118 which fix the issue.

Severity

9.1 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

apache

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://lists.apache.org/thread/746nxfxod0wsocxtm…	vendor-advisory
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/0…

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Apache Software Foundation	Apache Tomcat	Affected: 11.0.0-M1 , ≤ 11.0.21 (semver) Affected: 10.1.0-M1 , ≤ 10.1.54 (semver) Affected: 9.0.0.M1 , ≤ 9.0.117 (semver) Affected: 8.5.0 , ≤ 8.5.100 (semver) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.109 (semver) Unknown: 0 , < 7.0.0 (semver)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-43912 (GCVE-0-2026-43912)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-11 21:56 – Updated: 2026-05-12 13:19

Title

Vaultwarden: Cross-Org Group Binding Enables Unauthorized Read And Write Access Into Another Organization

Summary

Vaultwarden is a Bitwarden-compatible server written in Rust. Prior to 1.35.5, Vaultwarden does not enforce that a groups_users.users_organizations_uuid entry belongs to the same organization as groups.groups_uuid, or a collections_groups.collections_uuid entry belongs to the same organization as collections_groups.groups_uuid. Multiple organization group-management endpoints accept arbitrary MembershipId and CollectionId values and persist them directly without verifying org consistency. This lets an attacker who is Admin in Organization A, and only a low-privileged member in Organization B bind their Org B membership UUID into an Org A group, then use that foreign group relationship to gain unauthorized access to Org B vault data. With an accessAll=true Org A group, the attacker can make /api/sync and /api/ciphers enumerate Org B ciphers. Once those unauthorized sync results reveal Org B collection IDs, the attacker can also bind those foreign collection IDs to the Org A group and turn the same flaw into write access over Org B items. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.35.5.

Severity

8.7 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/dani-garcia/vaultwarden/securi…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
dani-garcia	vaultwarden	Affected: < 1.35.5

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Description:

Divide the product into anonymous, normal, privileged, and administrative areas. Reduce the attack surface by carefully mapping roles with data and functionality. Use role-based access control (RBAC) to enforce the roles at the appropriate boundaries.
Note that this approach may not protect against horizontal authorization, i.e., it will not protect a user from attacking others with the same role.

Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Description:

Ensure that you perform access control checks related to your business logic. These checks may be different than the access control checks that you apply to more generic resources such as files, connections, processes, memory, and database records. For example, a database may restrict access for medical records to a specific database user, but each record might only be intended to be accessible to the patient and the patient's doctor.

Mitigation ID: MIT-4.4

Phase: Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Description:

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using authorization frameworks such as the JAAS Authorization Framework [REF-233] and the OWASP ESAPI Access Control feature [REF-45].

Mitigation

Phase: Architecture and Design

Description:

For web applications, make sure that the access control mechanism is enforced correctly at the server side on every page. Users should not be able to access any unauthorized functionality or information by simply requesting direct access to that page.
One way to do this is to ensure that all pages containing sensitive information are not cached, and that all such pages restrict access to requests that are accompanied by an active and authenticated session token associated with a user who has the required permissions to access that page.

Mitigation

Phases: System Configuration, Installation

Description:

Use the access control capabilities of your operating system and server environment and define your access control lists accordingly. Use a "default deny" policy when defining these ACLs.

CAPEC-1: Accessing Functionality Not Properly Constrained by ACLs

In applications, particularly web applications, access to functionality is mitigated by an authorization framework. This framework maps Access Control Lists (ACLs) to elements of the application's functionality; particularly URL's for web apps. In the case that the administrator failed to specify an ACL for a particular element, an attacker may be able to access it with impunity. An attacker with the ability to access functionality not properly constrained by ACLs can obtain sensitive information and possibly compromise the entire application. Such an attacker can access resources that must be available only to users at a higher privilege level, can access management sections of the application, or can run queries for data that they otherwise not supposed to.

CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting

An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.

CAPEC-127: Directory Indexing

An adversary crafts a request to a target that results in the target listing/indexing the content of a directory as output. One common method of triggering directory contents as output is to construct a request containing a path that terminates in a directory name rather than a file name since many applications are configured to provide a list of the directory's contents when such a request is received. An adversary can use this to explore the directory tree on a target as well as learn the names of files. This can often end up revealing test files, backup files, temporary files, hidden files, configuration files, user accounts, script contents, as well as naming conventions, all of which can be used by an attacker to mount additional attacks.

CAPEC-13: Subverting Environment Variable Values

The adversary directly or indirectly modifies environment variables used by or controlling the target software. The adversary's goal is to cause the target software to deviate from its expected operation in a manner that benefits the adversary.

CAPEC-17: Using Malicious Files

An attack of this type exploits a system's configuration that allows an adversary to either directly access an executable file, for example through shell access; or in a possible worst case allows an adversary to upload a file and then execute it. Web servers, ftp servers, and message oriented middleware systems which have many integration points are particularly vulnerable, because both the programmers and the administrators must be in synch regarding the interfaces and the correct privileges for each interface.

CAPEC-39: Manipulating Opaque Client-based Data Tokens

In circumstances where an application holds important data client-side in tokens (cookies, URLs, data files, and so forth) that data can be manipulated. If client or server-side application components reinterpret that data as authentication tokens or data (such as store item pricing or wallet information) then even opaquely manipulating that data may bear fruit for an Attacker. In this pattern an attacker undermines the assumption that client side tokens have been adequately protected from tampering through use of encryption or obfuscation.

CAPEC-402: Bypassing ATA Password Security

An adversary exploits a weakness in ATA security on a drive to gain access to the information the drive contains without supplying the proper credentials. ATA Security is often employed to protect hard disk information from unauthorized access. The mechanism requires the user to type in a password before the BIOS is allowed access to drive contents. Some implementations of ATA security will accept the ATA command to update the password without the user having authenticated with the BIOS. This occurs because the security mechanism assumes the user has first authenticated via the BIOS prior to sending commands to the drive. Various methods exist for exploiting this flaw, the most common being installing the ATA protected drive into a system lacking ATA security features (a.k.a. hot swapping). Once the drive is installed into the new system the BIOS can be used to reset the drive password.

CAPEC-45: Buffer Overflow via Symbolic Links

This type of attack leverages the use of symbolic links to cause buffer overflows. An adversary can try to create or manipulate a symbolic link file such that its contents result in out of bounds data. When the target software processes the symbolic link file, it could potentially overflow internal buffers with insufficient bounds checking.

CAPEC-5: Blue Boxing

['This type of attack against older telephone switches and trunks has been around for decades. A tone is sent by an adversary to impersonate a supervisor signal which has the effect of rerouting or usurping command of the line. While the US infrastructure proper may not contain widespread vulnerabilities to this type of attack, many companies are connected globally through call centers and business process outsourcing. These international systems may be operated in countries which have not upgraded Telco infrastructure and so are vulnerable to Blue boxing. Blue boxing is a result of failure on the part of the system to enforce strong authorization for administrative functions. While the infrastructure is different than standard current applications like web applications, there are historical lessons to be learned to upgrade the access control for administrative functions.', {'xhtml:b': 'This attack pattern is included in CAPEC for historical purposes.'}]

CAPEC-51: Poison Web Service Registry

SOA and Web Services often use a registry to perform look up, get schema information, and metadata about services. A poisoned registry can redirect (think phishing for servers) the service requester to a malicious service provider, provide incorrect information in schema or metadata, and delete information about service provider interfaces.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-647: Collect Data from Registries

An adversary exploits a weakness in authorization to gather system-specific data and sensitive information within a registry (e.g., Windows Registry, Mac plist). These contain information about the system configuration, software, operating system, and security. The adversary can leverage information gathered in order to carry out further attacks.

CAPEC-668: Key Negotiation of Bluetooth Attack (KNOB)

An adversary can exploit a flaw in Bluetooth key negotiation allowing them to decrypt information sent between two devices communicating via Bluetooth. The adversary uses an Adversary in the Middle setup to modify packets sent between the two devices during the authentication process, specifically the entropy bits. Knowledge of the number of entropy bits will allow the attacker to easily decrypt information passing over the line of communication.

CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls

An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.

CAPEC-77: Manipulating User-Controlled Variables

This attack targets user controlled variables (DEBUG=1, PHP Globals, and So Forth). An adversary can override variables leveraging user-supplied, untrusted query variables directly used on the application server without any data sanitization. In extreme cases, the adversary can change variables controlling the business logic of the application. For instance, in languages like PHP, a number of poorly set default configurations may allow the user to override variables.

CAPEC-87: Forceful Browsing

An attacker employs forceful browsing (direct URL entry) to access portions of a website that are otherwise unreachable. Usually, a front controller or similar design pattern is employed to protect access to portions of a web application. Forceful browsing enables an attacker to access information, perform privileged operations and otherwise reach sections of the web application that have been improperly protected.

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