CWE-345
Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.
CVE-2025-27616 (GCVE-0-2025-27616)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-10 18:56 – Updated: 2025-03-11 18:56
VLAI
Title
Vela Server has Insufficient Webhook Payload Data Verification
Summary
Vela is a Pipeline Automation (CI/CD) framework built on Linux container technology written in Golang. Prior to versions 0.25.3 and 0.26.3, by spoofing a webhook payload with a specific set of headers and body data, an attacker could transfer ownership of a repository and its repo level secrets to a separate repository. These secrets could be exfiltrated by follow up builds to the repository. Users with an enabled repository with access to repo level CI secrets in Vela are vulnerable to the exploit, and any user with access to the CI instance and the linked source control manager can perform the exploit. Versions 0.25.3 and 0.26.3 fix the issue. No known workarounds are available.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/go-vela/server/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/go-vela/server/commit/257886e5… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/go-vela/server/commit/67c1892e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/go-vela/server/releases/tag/v0.25.3 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/go-vela/server/releases/tag/v0.26.3 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-27735 (GCVE-0-2025-27735)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-08 17:24 – Updated: 2026-02-13 19:33
VLAI
Title
Windows Virtualization-Based Security (VBS) Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Insufficient verification of data authenticity in Windows Virtualization-Based Security (VBS) Enclave allows an authorized attacker to bypass a security feature locally.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
17 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1507 |
Affected:
10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.20978
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7969
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7136
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.5737
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.5737
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5189
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5189
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5189
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3775
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7969
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7969
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7136
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7136
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3453
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1551
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3775
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.3775
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-04-08 07:00
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"product": "Windows Server 2019",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
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"product": "Windows Server 2022",
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"product": "Windows Server 2025",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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CVE-2025-30144 (GCVE-0-2025-30144)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-03-19 15:41 – Updated: 2025-03-19 18:29
VLAI
Title
Fast-JWT Improperly Validates iss Claims
Summary
fast-jwt provides fast JSON Web Token (JWT) implementation. Prior to 5.0.6, the fast-jwt library does not properly validate the iss claim based on the RFC 7519. The iss (issuer) claim validation within the fast-jwt library permits an array of strings as a valid iss value. This design flaw enables a potential attack where a malicious actor crafts a JWT with an iss claim structured as ['https://attacker-domain/', 'https://valid-iss']. Due to the permissive validation, the JWT will be deemed valid. Furthermore, if the application relies on external libraries like get-jwks that do not independently validate the iss claim, the attacker can leverage this vulnerability to forge a JWT that will be accepted by the victim application. Essentially, the attacker can insert their own domain into the iss array, alongside the legitimate issuer, and bypass the intended security checks. This issue is fixed in 5.0.6.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nearform/fast-jwt/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nearform/fast-jwt/commit/cc26b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7519#page-9 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-30192 (GCVE-0-2025-30192)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-21 12:49 – Updated: 2025-07-21 13:05
VLAI
Title
A Recursor configured to send out ECS enabled queries can be sensitive to spoofing attempts
Summary
An attacker spoofing answers to ECS enabled requests sent out by the Recursor has a chance of success higher than non-ECS enabled queries.
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The most strict mitigation done when the new setting outgoing.edns_subnet_harden (old style name edns-subnet-harden) is enabled.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
Date Public
2025-05-21 14:00
Credits
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CVE-2025-34337 (GCVE-0-2025-34337)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-19 16:20 – Updated: 2025-11-19 16:48
VLAI
Title
eGovFramework <= 4.3.1 Unauthenticated Encryption Oracle via Web Editor Image Upload Endpoints
Summary
eGovFramework/egovframe-common-components versions up to and including 4.3.1 includes Web Editor image upload and related file delivery functionality that uses symmetric encryption to protect URL parameters, but exposes an encryption oracle that allows attackers to generate valid ciphertext for chosen values. The image upload endpoints /utl/wed/insertImage.do and /utl/wed/insertImageCk.do encrypt server-side paths, filenames, and MIME types and embed them directly into a download URL that is returned to the client. Because these same encrypted parameters are trusted by other endpoints, such as /utl/web/imageSrc.do and /cmm/fms/getImage.do, an unauthenticated attacker can abuse the upload functionality to obtain encrypted representations of attacker-chosen identifiers and then replay those ciphertext values to file-serving APIs. This design failure allows an attacker to bypass access controls that rely solely on the secrecy of encrypted parameters and retrieve arbitrary stored files that are otherwise expected to require an existing session or specific authorization context. KISA/KrCERT has identified this unpatched vulnerability as "KVE-2023-5281."
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.egovframe.go.kr/eng/sub.do?menuNo=2 | product |
| https://github.com/eGovFramework/egovframe-common… | product |
| https://pierrekim.github.io/blog/2025-11-20-egovf… | technical-descriptionexploit |
| https://pierrekim.github.io/advisories/2025-egovf… | technical-descriptionexploit |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/egovframewor… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| eGovFramework/egovframe-common-components | eGovFramework/egovframe-common-components |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 4.3.1
(semver)
|
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CVE-2025-43865 (GCVE-0-2025-43865)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-25 00:18 – Updated: 2025-04-25 15:16
VLAI
Title
React Router allows pre-render data spoofing on React-Router framework mode
Summary
React Router is a router for React. In versions on the 7.0 branch prior to version 7.5.2, it's possible to modify pre-rendered data by adding a header to the request. This allows to completely spoof its contents and modify all the values of the data object passed to the HTML. This issue has been patched in version 7.5.2.
Severity
8.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/commit/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/remix-run/react-router/blob/e6… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| remix-run | react-router |
Affected:
>= 7.0, < 7.5.2
|
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CVE-2025-48865 (GCVE-0-2025-48865)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-30 06:14 – Updated: 2025-05-30 12:24
VLAI
Title
Fabio allows HTTP clients to manipulate custom headers it adds
Summary
Fabio is an HTTP(S) and TCP router for deploying applications managed by consul. Prior to version 1.6.6, Fabio allows clients to remove X-Forwarded headers (except X-Forwarded-For) due to a vulnerability in how it processes hop-by-hop headers. Fabio adds HTTP headers like X-Forwarded-Host and X-Forwarded-Port when routing requests to backend applications. Since the receiving application should trust these headers, allowing HTTP clients to remove or modify them creates potential security vulnerabilities. Some of these custom headers can be removed and, in certain cases, manipulated. The attack relies on the behavior that headers can be defined as hop-by-hop via the HTTP Connection header. This issue has been patched in version 1.6.6.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/fabiolb/fabio/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/fabiolb/fabio/commit/fdaf1e966… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/fabiolb/fabio/releases/tag/v1.6.6 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-49199 (GCVE-0-2025-49199)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-12 14:26 – Updated: 2025-06-17 19:02
VLAI
Title
Backup files can be modified and uploaded
Summary
The backup ZIPs are not signed by the application, leading to the possibility that an attacker can download a backup ZIP, modify and re-upload it. This allows the attacker to disrupt the application by configuring the services in a way that they are unable to run, making the application unusable. They can redirect traffic that is meant to be internal to their own hosted services and gathering information.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://sick.com/psirt | x_SICK PSIRT Website |
| https://cdn.sick.com/media/docs/1/11/411/Special_… | x_SICK Operating Guidelines |
| https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ic… | x_ICS-CERT recommended practices on Industrial Security |
| https://www.first.org/cvss/calculator/3.1 | x_CVSS v3.1 Calculator |
| https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2025/… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.sick.com/.well-known/csaf/white/2025/… | vendor-advisoryx_csaf |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SICK AG | SICK Field Analytics |
Affected:
all versions
(custom)
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CVE-2025-52484 (GCVE-0-2025-52484)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-20 17:21 – Updated: 2025-06-23 15:28
VLAI
Title
RISC Zero zkVM Underconstrained Vulnerability
Summary
RISC Zero is a general computing platform based on zk-STARKs and the RISC-V microarchitecture. Due to a missing constraint in the rv32im circuit, any 3-register RISC-V instruction (including remu and divu) in risc0-zkvm 2.0.0, 2.0.1, and 2.0.2 are vulnerable to an attack by a malicious prover. The main idea for the attack is to confuse the RISC-V virtual machine into treating the value of the rs1 register as the same as the rs2 register due to a lack of constraints in the rv32im circuit. Rust applications using the risc0-zkvm crate at versions 2.0.0, 2.0.1, and 2.0.2 should upgrade to version 2.1.0. Smart contract applications using the official RISC Zero Verifier Router do not need to take any action: zkVM version 2.1 is active on all official routers, and version 2.0 has been disabled. Smart contract applications not using the verifier router should update their contracts to send verification calls to the 2.1 version of the verifier.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/risc0/risc0/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/risc0/risc0/pull/3181 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/risc0/zirgen/pull/238 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/risc0/risc0/commit/006d86c363b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/risc0/risc0/commit/1873bbb8a56… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/risc0/risc0/commit/67f2d81c638… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/risc0/zirgen/commit/e0e2918302… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-5320 (GCVE-0-2025-5320)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-29 13:31 – Updated: 2025-06-01 04:39
VLAI
Title
gradio-app gradio CORS is_valid_origin privilege escalation
Summary
A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in gradio-app gradio up to 5.29.1. This affects the function is_valid_origin of the component CORS Handler. The manipulation of the argument localhost_aliases leads to erweiterte Rechte. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/?id.310491 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.310491 | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/?submit.580250 | third-party-advisory |
| https://gist.github.com/superboy-zjc/aa3dfa161d7b… | related |
| https://gist.github.com/superboy-zjc/aa3dfa161d7b… | exploit |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| gradio-app | gradio |
Affected:
5.29.0
Affected: 5.29.1 |
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"content": {
"id": "CVE-2025-5320",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "poc"
},
{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-05-29T13:43:51.563565Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-05-29T13:44:05.707Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"modules": [
"CORS Handler"
],
"product": "gradio",
"vendor": "gradio-app",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "5.29.0"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "5.29.1"
}
]
}
],
"credits": [
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "finder",
"value": "Jiacheng Zhong"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "finder",
"value": "Zhengyu Liu"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "reporter",
"value": "Gavin Zhong (VulDB User)"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"type": "analyst",
"value": "Gavin Zhong (VulDB User)"
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in gradio-app gradio up to 5.29.1. This affects the function is_valid_origin of the component CORS Handler. The manipulation of the argument localhost_aliases leads to erweiterte Rechte. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is told to be difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way."
},
{
"lang": "de",
"value": "Es wurde eine Schwachstelle in gradio-app gradio bis 5.29.1 entdeckt. Sie wurde als problematisch eingestuft. Hiervon betroffen ist die Funktion is_valid_origin der Komponente CORS Handler. Mittels dem Manipulieren des Arguments localhost_aliases mit unbekannten Daten kann eine erweiterte Rechte-Schwachstelle ausgenutzt werden. Der Angriff kann \u00fcber das Netzwerk angegangen werden. Die Komplexit\u00e4t eines Angriffs ist eher hoch. Sie ist schwierig auszunutzen. Der Exploit steht zur \u00f6ffentlichen Verf\u00fcgung."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"baseScore": 6.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 3.7,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 3.7,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 2.6,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:H/Au:N/C:N/I:P/A:N",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-346",
"description": "Origin Validation Error",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
},
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-345",
"description": "Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-06-01T04:39:35.844Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "VDB-310491 | gradio-app gradio CORS is_valid_origin privilege escalation",
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.310491"
},
{
"name": "VDB-310491 | CTI Indicators (IOB, IOC, IOA)",
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.310491"
},
{
"name": "Submit #580250 | gradio \u003c=5.29.1 Cross-Site Request Forgery",
"tags": [
"third-party-advisory"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.580250"
},
{
"tags": [
"related"
],
"url": "https://gist.github.com/superboy-zjc/aa3dfa161d7b19d8a53ab4605792f2fe"
},
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://gist.github.com/superboy-zjc/aa3dfa161d7b19d8a53ab4605792f2fe#proof-of-concept-poc"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-05-29T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-05-29T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2025-06-01T06:41:23.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry last update"
}
],
"title": "gradio-app gradio CORS is_valid_origin privilege escalation"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-5320",
"datePublished": "2025-05-29T13:31:04.612Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-05-29T08:05:26.904Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-06-01T04:39:35.844Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing
An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.
CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages
An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.