CWE-444
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.
CVE-2025-41082 (GCVE-0-2025-41082)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-26 09:24 – Updated: 2026-01-26 13:55
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request/Response Smuggling in Altitude Communication Server
Summary
Illegal HTTP request traffic vulnerability (CL.0) in Altitude Communication Server, caused by inconsistent analysis of multiple HTTP requests over a single Keep-Alive connection using Content-Length headers. This can cause a desynchronization of requests between frontend and backend servers, which could allow request hiding, cache poisoning or security bypass.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Altitude | Altitude Communication Server |
Affected:
all versions
|
Credits
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CVE-2025-4366 (GCVE-0-2025-4366)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-22 15:50 – Updated: 2025-06-18 13:46
VLAI
Title
Request Smuggling Vulnerability in Pingora
Summary
A request smuggling vulnerability identified within Pingora’s proxying framework, pingora-proxy, allows malicious HTTP requests to be injected via manipulated request bodies on cache HITs, leading to unauthorized request execution and potential cache poisoning.
Fixed in: https://github.com/cloudflare/pingora/commit/fda3317ec822678564d641e7cf1c9b77ee3759ff https://github.com/cloudflare/pingora/commit/fda3317ec822678564d641e7cf1c9b77ee3759ff
Impact: The issue could lead to request smuggling in cases where Pingora’s proxying framework, pingora-proxy, is used for caching allowing an attacker to manipulate headers and URLs in subsequent requests made on the same HTTP/1.1 connection.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Date Public
2025-05-22 15:11
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CVE-2025-43859 (GCVE-0-2025-43859)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-24 18:15 – Updated: 2025-04-24 19:02
VLAI
Title
h11 accepts some malformed Chunked-Encoding bodies
Summary
h11 is a Python implementation of HTTP/1.1. Prior to version 0.16.0, a leniency in h11's parsing of line terminators in chunked-coding message bodies can lead to request smuggling vulnerabilities under certain conditions. This issue has been patched in version 0.16.0. Since exploitation requires the combination of buggy h11 with a buggy (reverse) proxy, fixing either component is sufficient to mitigate this issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/commit/114803… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-hyper | h11 |
Affected:
< 0.16.0
|
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CVE-2025-4600 (GCVE-0-2025-4600)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-16 13:47 – Updated: 2025-09-08 09:48 Exclusively Hosted Service
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling in Google Cloud Classic Application Load Balancer due to Improper Chunked Encoding Validation
Summary
A request smuggling vulnerability existed in the Google Cloud Classic Application Load Balancer due to improper handling of chunked-encoded HTTP requests. This allowed attackers to craft requests that could be misinterpreted by backend servers. The issue was fixed by disallowing stray data after a chunk, and is no longer exploitable. No action is required as Classic Application Load Balancer service after 2025-04-26 is not vulnerable.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Google Cloud | Classic Application Load Balancer |
Affected:
0
|
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CVE-2025-47905 (GCVE-0-2025-47905)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-13 00:00 – Updated: 2025-05-29 09:03
VLAI
Summary
Varnish Cache before 7.6.3 and 7.7 before 7.7.1, and Varnish Enterprise before 6.0.13r14, allow client-side desync via HTTP/1 requests, because the product incorrectly permits CRLF to be skipped to delimit chunk boundaries.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| varnish-software | Varnish Cache |
Affected:
0 , < 6.0.14 LTS
(custom)
Affected: 7.0.0 , < 7.6.3 (custom) Affected: 7.7.0 , < 7.7.1 (custom) |
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CVE-2025-49005 (GCVE-0-2025-49005)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-03 21:01 – Updated: 2025-07-08 14:34
VLAI
Title
Next.js cache poisoning due to omission of Vary header
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. In Next.js App Router from 15.3.0 to before 15.3.3 and Vercel CLI from 41.4.1 to 42.2.0, a cache poisoning vulnerability was found. The issue allowed page requests for HTML content to return a React Server Component (RSC) payload instead under certain conditions. When deployed to Vercel, this would only impact the browser cache, and would not lead to the CDN being poisoned. When self-hosted and deployed externally, this could lead to cache poisoning if the CDN does not properly distinguish between RSC / HTML in the cache keys. This issue has been resolved in Next.js 15.3.3.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/79346 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/ec202ecc… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.3.3 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://vercel.com/changelog/cve-2025-49005 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-49826 (GCVE-0-2025-49826)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-03 21:03 – Updated: 2025-07-08 14:33
VLAI
Title
Next.js DoS vulnerability via cache poisoning
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From versions 15.0.4-canary.51 to before 15.1.8, a cache poisoning bug leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) condition was found in Next.js. This issue does not impact customers hosted on Vercel. Under certain conditions, this issue may allow a HTTP 204 response to be cached for static pages, leading to the 204 response being served to all users attempting to access the page. This issue has been addressed in version 15.1.8.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/a15b974e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.1.8 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://vercel.com/changelog/cve-2025-49826 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-52892 (GCVE-0-2025-52892)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-05 00:17 – Updated: 2025-08-05 13:48
VLAI
Title
EspoCRM is vulnerable to access denial through double slash in URI corrupting router cache
Summary
EspoCRM is a web application with a frontend designed as a single-page application and a REST API backend written in PHP. In versions 9.1.6 and below, if a user loads Espo in the browser with double slashes (e.g https://domain//#Admin) and the webserver does not strip the double slash, it can cause a corrupted Slim router's cache. This will make the instance unusable until there is a completed rebuild. This is fixed in version 9.1.7.
Severity
4.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/espocrm/espocrm/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/espocrm/espocrm/commit/929611f… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-53643 (GCVE-0-2025-53643)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-14 20:17 – Updated: 2025-07-15 19:50
VLAI
Title
AIOHTTP is vulnerable to HTTP Request/Response Smuggling through incorrect parsing of chunked trailer sections
Summary
AIOHTTP is an asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio and Python. Prior to version 3.12.14, the Python parser is vulnerable to a request smuggling vulnerability due to not parsing trailer sections of an HTTP request. If a pure Python version of aiohttp is installed (i.e. without the usual C extensions) or AIOHTTP_NO_EXTENSIONS is enabled, then an attacker may be able to execute a request smuggling attack to bypass certain firewalls or proxy protections. Version 3.12.14 contains a patch for this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/commit/e8d774… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-54142 (GCVE-0-2025-54142)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-29 00:00 – Updated: 2025-08-29 14:27
VLAI
Summary
Akamai Ghost before 2025-07-21 allows HTTP Request Smuggling via an OPTIONS request that has an entity body, because there can be a subsequent request within the persistent connection between an Akamai proxy server and an origin server, if the origin server violates certain Internet standards.
Severity
4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akamai | AkamaiGhost |
Affected:
0 , < 2025-07-21
(custom)
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Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use only SSL communication.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Terminate the client session after each request.
Mitigation
Phase: System Configuration
Description:
- Turn all pages to non-cacheable.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
['An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']
CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling
['An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']