CWE-444
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.
CVE-2022-24790 (GCVE-0-2022-24790)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-03-30 21:50 – Updated: 2025-04-23 18:43
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling in puma
Summary
Puma is a simple, fast, multi-threaded, parallel HTTP 1.1 server for Ruby/Rack applications. When using Puma behind a proxy that does not properly validate that the incoming HTTP request matches the RFC7230 standard, Puma and the frontend proxy may disagree on where a request starts and ends. This would allow requests to be smuggled via the front-end proxy to Puma. The vulnerability has been fixed in 5.6.4 and 4.3.12. Users are advised to upgrade as soon as possible. Workaround: when deploying a proxy in front of Puma, turning on any and all functionality to make sure that the request matches the RFC7230 standard.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request Smuggling')
Assigner
References
8 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/puma/puma/security/advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/puma/puma/commit/5bb7d202e24de… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5146 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_DEBIAN |
| https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202208-28 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_GENTOO |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022… | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
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CVE-2022-24801 (GCVE-0-2022-24801)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-04-04 17:25 – Updated: 2025-04-23 18:42
VLAI
Title
HTTP Request Smuggling in twisted.web
Summary
Twisted is an event-based framework for internet applications, supporting Python 3.6+. Prior to version 22.4.0rc1, the Twisted Web HTTP 1.1 server, located in the `twisted.web.http` module, parsed several HTTP request constructs more leniently than permitted by RFC 7230. This non-conformant parsing can lead to desync if requests pass through multiple HTTP parsers, potentially resulting in HTTP request smuggling. Users who may be affected use Twisted Web's HTTP 1.1 server and/or proxy and also pass requests through a different HTTP server and/or proxy. The Twisted Web client is not affected. The HTTP 2.0 server uses a different parser, so it is not affected. The issue has been addressed in Twisted 22.4.0rc1. Two workarounds are available: Ensure any vulnerabilities in upstream proxies have been addressed, such as by upgrading them; or filter malformed requests by other means, such as configuration of an upstream proxy.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request Smuggling')
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/twisted/twisted/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/twisted/twisted/commit/592217e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/twisted/twisted/releases/tag/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2022… | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujul2022.html | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2022-25763 (GCVE-0-2022-25763)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-08-10 05:50 – Updated: 2025-10-20 17:59
VLAI
Title
Improper input validation on HTTP/2 headers
Summary
Improper Input Validation vulnerability in HTTP/2 request validation of Apache Traffic Server allows an attacker to create smuggle or cache poison attacks. This issue affects Apache Traffic Server 8.0.0 to 9.1.2.
Severity
6.8 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/rc64lwbdgrkv674ko… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.debian.org/security/2022/dsa-5206 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_DEBIAN |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Traffic Server |
Affected:
8.0.0 to 9.1.2
|
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CVE-2022-26377 (GCVE-0-2022-26377)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-06-08 10:00 – Updated: 2024-08-03 05:03
VLAI
Title
mod_proxy_ajp: Possible request smuggling
Summary
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request Smuggling') vulnerability in mod_proxy_ajp of Apache HTTP Server allows an attacker to smuggle requests to the AJP server it forwards requests to. This issue affects Apache HTTP Server Apache HTTP Server 2.4 version 2.4.53 and prior versions.
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request Smuggling')
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://httpd.apache.org/security/vulnerabilities… | x_refsource_MISC |
| http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/06/08/2 | mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST |
| https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-2022062… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA |
| https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202208-20 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_GENTOO |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache HTTP Server |
Affected:
Apache HTTP Server 2.4 , ≤ 2.4.53
(custom)
|
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CVE-2022-31081 (GCVE-0-2022-31081)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-06-27 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-22 17:54
VLAI
Title
Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request Smuggling') in HTTP::Daemon
Summary
HTTP::Daemon is a simple http server class written in perl. Versions prior to 6.15 are subject to a vulnerability which could potentially be exploited to gain privileged access to APIs or poison intermediate caches. It is uncertain how large the risks are, most Perl based applications are served on top of Nginx or Apache, not on the `HTTP::Daemon`. This library is commonly used for local development and tests. Users are advised to update to resolve this issue. Users unable to upgrade may add additional request handling logic as a mitigation. After calling `my $rqst = $conn->get_request()` one could inspect the returned `HTTP::Request` object. Querying the 'Content-Length' (`my $cl = $rqst->header('Content-Length')`) will show any abnormalities that should be dealt with by a `400` response. Expected strings of 'Content-Length' SHOULD consist of either a single non-negative integer, or, a comma separated repetition of that number. (that is `42` or `42, 42, 42`). Anything else MUST be rejected.
Severity
7.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request Smuggling')
Assigner
References
11 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| libwww-perl | HTTP-Daemon |
Affected:
< 6.15
|
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CVE-2022-31109 (GCVE-0-2022-31109)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-08-01 16:15 – Updated: 2025-04-23 17:57
VLAI
Title
HTTP Host Header Attack Vulnerability in laminas-diactoros
Summary
laminas-diactoros is a PHP package containing implementations of the PSR-7 HTTP message interfaces and PSR-17 HTTP message factory interfaces. Applications that use Diactoros, and are either not behind a proxy, or can be accessed via untrusted proxies, can potentially have the host, protocol, and/or port of a `Laminas\Diactoros\Uri` instance associated with the incoming server request modified to reflect values from `X-Forwarded-*` headers. Such changes can potentially lead to XSS attacks (if a fully-qualified URL is used in links) and/or URL poisoning. Since the `X-Forwarded-*` headers do have valid use cases, particularly in clustered environments using a load balancer, the library offers mitigation measures only in the v2 releases, as doing otherwise would break these use cases immediately. Users of v2 releases from 2.11.1 can provide an additional argument to `Laminas\Diactoros\ServerRequestFactory::fromGlobals()` in the form of a `Laminas\Diactoros\RequestFilter\RequestFilterInterface` instance, including the shipped `Laminas\Diactoros\RequestFilter\NoOpRequestFilter` implementation which ignores the `X-Forwarded-*` headers. Starting in version 3.0, the library will reverse behavior to use the `NoOpRequestFilter` by default, and require users to opt-in to `X-Forwarded-*` header usage via a configured `Laminas\Diactoros\RequestFilter\LegacyXForwardedHeaderFilter` instance. Users are advised to upgrade to version 2.11.1 or later to resolve this issue. Users unable to upgrade may configure web servers to reject `X-Forwarded-*` headers at the web server level.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://portswigger.net/web-security/host-header | x_refsource_MISC |
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| https://github.com/laminas/laminas-diactoros/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| laminas | laminas-diactoros |
Affected:
< 2.11.1
|
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CVE-2022-32213 (GCVE-0-2022-32213)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-07-14 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-30 22:24
VLAI
Summary
The llhttp parser <v14.20.1, <v16.17.1 and <v18.9.1 in the http module in Node.js does not correctly parse and validate Transfer-Encoding headers and can lead to HTTP Request Smuggling (HRS).
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-444 - HTTP Request Smuggling (CWE-444)
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NodeJS | Node |
Affected:
4.0 , < 4.*
(semver)
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CVE-2022-32214 (GCVE-0-2022-32214)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-07-14 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-30 22:24
VLAI
Summary
The llhttp parser <v14.20.1, <v16.17.1 and <v18.9.1 in the http module in Node.js does not strictly use the CRLF sequence to delimit HTTP requests. This can lead to HTTP Request Smuggling (HRS).
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-444 - HTTP Request Smuggling (CWE-444)
Assigner
References
3 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NodeJS | Node |
Affected:
4.0 , < 4.*
(semver)
Affected: 5.0 , < 5.* (semver) Affected: 6.0 , < 6.* (semver) Affected: 7.0 , < 7.* (semver) Affected: 8.0 , < 8.* (semver) Affected: 9.0 , < 9.* (semver) Affected: 10.0 , < 10.* (semver) Affected: 11.0 , < 11.* (semver) Affected: 12.0 , < 12.* (semver) Affected: 13.0 , < 13.* (semver) Affected: 14.0 , < 14.20.0 (semver) Affected: 15.0 , < 15.* (semver) Affected: 16.0 , < 16.20.0 (semver) Affected: 17.0 , < 17.* (semver) Affected: 18.0 , < 18.5.0 (semver) |
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CVE-2022-32215 (GCVE-0-2022-32215)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-07-14 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-30 22:24
VLAI
Summary
The llhttp parser <v14.20.1, <v16.17.1 and <v18.9.1 in the http module in Node.js does not correctly handle multi-line Transfer-Encoding headers. This can lead to HTTP Request Smuggling (HRS).
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
- CWE-444 - HTTP Request Smuggling (CWE-444)
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NodeJS | Node |
Affected:
4.0 , < 4.*
(semver)
Affected: 5.0 , < 5.* (semver) Affected: 6.0 , < 6.* (semver) Affected: 7.0 , < 7.* (semver) Affected: 8.0 , < 8.* (semver) Affected: 9.0 , < 9.* (semver) Affected: 10.0 , < 10.* (semver) Affected: 11.0 , < 11.* (semver) Affected: 12.0 , < 12.* (semver) Affected: 13.0 , < 13.* (semver) Affected: 14.0 , < 14.20.1 (semver) Affected: 15.0 , < 15.* (semver) Affected: 16.0 , < 16.17.1 (semver) Affected: 17.0 , < 17.* (semver) Affected: 18.0 , < 18.9.1 (semver) |
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CVE-2022-35256 (GCVE-0-2022-35256)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-12-05 00:00 – Updated: 2025-04-30 22:24
VLAI
Summary
The llhttp parser in the http module in Node v18.7.0 does not correctly handle header fields that are not terminated with CLRF. This may result in HTTP Request Smuggling.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - HTTP Request Smuggling (CWE-444)
Assigner
References
3 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| NodeJS | Node |
Affected:
4.0 , < 4.*
(semver)
Affected: 5.0 , < 5.* (semver) Affected: 6.0 , < 6.* (semver) Affected: 7.0 , < 7.* (semver) Affected: 8.0 , < 8.* (semver) Affected: 9.0 , < 9.* (semver) Affected: 10.0 , < 10.* (semver) Affected: 11.0 , < 11.* (semver) Affected: 12.0 , < 12.* (semver) Affected: 13.0 , < 13.* (semver) Affected: 14.0 , < 14.20.1 (semver) Affected: 15.0 , < 15.* (semver) Affected: 16.0 , < 16.17.1 (semver) Affected: 17.0 , < 17.* (semver) Affected: 18.0 , < 18.9.1 (semver) |
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"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2022-35256",
"options": [
{
"Exploitation": "poc"
},
{
"Automatable": "yes"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2025-04-24T13:21:44.276405Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-04-24T13:22:44.702Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "Node",
"vendor": "NodeJS",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "4.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "4.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "5.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "5.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "6.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "6.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "7.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "7.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "8.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "8.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "9.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "9.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "10.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "10.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "11.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "11.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "12.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "12.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "13.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "13.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "14.20.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "14.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "15.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "15.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "16.17.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "16.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "17.*",
"status": "affected",
"version": "17.0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThan": "18.9.1",
"status": "affected",
"version": "18.0",
"versionType": "semver"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "The llhttp parser in the http module in Node v18.7.0 does not correctly handle header fields that are not terminated with CLRF. This may result in HTTP Request Smuggling."
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-444",
"description": "HTTP Request Smuggling (CWE-444)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-04-30T22:24:47.709Z",
"orgId": "36234546-b8fa-4601-9d6f-f4e334aa8ea1",
"shortName": "hackerone"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1675191"
},
{
"url": "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-332410.pdf"
},
{
"name": "DSA-5326",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory"
],
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2023/dsa-5326"
}
]
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "36234546-b8fa-4601-9d6f-f4e334aa8ea1",
"assignerShortName": "hackerone",
"cveId": "CVE-2022-35256",
"datePublished": "2022-12-05T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateReserved": "2022-07-06T00:00:00.000Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-04-30T22:24:47.709Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Use only SSL communication.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- Terminate the client session after each request.
Mitigation
Phase: System Configuration
Description:
- Turn all pages to non-cacheable.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
['An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']
CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling
['An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).', 'See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.']