Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-522

Allowed-with-Review

Insufficiently Protected Credentials

Abstraction: Class · Status: Incomplete

The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.

1828 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-XJW8-2G7C-QM56

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:45 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:45
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability in the CLI command permissions of Cisco IOS and Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to retrieve the password for Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) and then remotely configure the device as an administrative user. This vulnerability exists because incorrect permissions are associated with the show cip security CLI command. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by issuing the command to retrieve the password for CIP on an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to reconfigure the device.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-1392"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-24T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability in the CLI command permissions of Cisco IOS and Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an authenticated, local attacker to retrieve the password for Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) and then remotely configure the device as an administrative user. This vulnerability exists because incorrect permissions are associated with the show cip security CLI command. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by issuing the command to retrieve the password for CIP on an affected device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to reconfigure the device.",
  "id": "GHSA-xjw8-2g7c-qm56",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:45:12Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:45:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1392"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-XE-SAP-OPLbze68"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-XM9V-FG48-44V7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-06-15 00:31 – Updated: 2024-07-03 18:45
VLAI
Details

HCL DRYiCE Optibot Reset Station is impacted by a missing Strict Transport Security Header.  This could allow an attacker to intercept or manipulate data during redirection.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-30119"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-326",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-06-14T22:15:10Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "HCL DRYiCE Optibot Reset Station\u00a0is impacted by a missing Strict Transport Security Header. \u00a0This could allow an attacker to intercept or manipulate data during redirection.",
  "id": "GHSA-xm9v-fg48-44v7",
  "modified": "2024-07-03T18:45:28Z",
  "published": "2024-06-15T00:31:15Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-30119"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://support.hcltechsw.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0113496"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XPWG-9VRV-HQ2J

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-05 06:30 – Updated: 2024-08-30 18:30
VLAI
Details

A Plaintext Storage of a Password vulnerability in ebooknote function in Hamastar MeetingHub Paperless Meetings 2021 allows remote attackers to obtain the other users’ credentials and gain access to the product via an XML file.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-6118"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-256",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-05T05:15:39Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A Plaintext Storage of a Password vulnerability in ebooknote function in Hamastar MeetingHub Paperless Meetings 2021 allows remote attackers to obtain the other users\u2019 credentials and gain access to the product via an XML file.",
  "id": "GHSA-xpwg-9vrv-hq2j",
  "modified": "2024-08-30T18:30:37Z",
  "published": "2024-08-05T06:30:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-6118"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://zuso.ai/advisory/za-2024-03"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XQ3V-7JHC-8VQ7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:22 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:22
VLAI
Details

IBM Rational ClearCase 1.0.0.0 GIT connector does not sufficiently protect the document database password. An attacker could obtain the password and gain unauthorized access to the document database. IBM X-Force ID: 156583.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2019-4059"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2019-02-15T20:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "IBM Rational ClearCase 1.0.0.0 GIT connector does not sufficiently protect the document database password. An attacker could obtain the password and gain unauthorized access to the document database. IBM X-Force ID: 156583.",
  "id": "GHSA-xq3v-7jhc-8vq7",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:22:29Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:22:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-4059"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/156583"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=ibm10870810"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XQ4W-54FW-79JC

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:20 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:20
VLAI
Details

Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by disclosure of administrative credentials. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.15.25, RBK753 before 3.2.15.25, RBK753S before 3.2.15.25, RBR750 before 3.2.15.25, RBS750 before 3.2.15.25, RBK842 before 3.2.15.25, RBR840 before 3.2.15.25, RBS840 before 3.2.15.25, RBK852 before 3.2.15.25, RBK853 before 3.2.15.25, RBR850 before 3.2.15.25, and RBS850 before 3.2.15.25.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-14427"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-06-18T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Certain NETGEAR devices are affected by disclosure of administrative credentials. This affects RBK752 before 3.2.15.25, RBK753 before 3.2.15.25, RBK753S before 3.2.15.25, RBR750 before 3.2.15.25, RBS750 before 3.2.15.25, RBK842 before 3.2.15.25, RBR840 before 3.2.15.25, RBS840 before 3.2.15.25, RBK852 before 3.2.15.25, RBK853 before 3.2.15.25, RBR850 before 3.2.15.25, and RBS850 before 3.2.15.25.",
  "id": "GHSA-xq4w-54fw-79jc",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:20:53Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:20:53Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-14427"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.netgear.com/000061935/Security-Advisory-for-Admin-Credential-Disclosure-on-Some-WiFi-Systems-PSV-2020-0042"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-XQ8H-VHF6-2HHQ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:18 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:18
VLAI
Details

Copay Bitcoin Wallet version 5.01 to 5.1.0 included. contains a Other/Unknown vulnerability in wallet private key storage that can result in Users' private key can be compromised. . This attack appear to be exploitable via Affected version run the malicious code at startup . This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 5.2.0 and later .

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2018-1000851"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-12-20T15:29:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Copay Bitcoin Wallet version 5.01 to 5.1.0 included. contains a Other/Unknown vulnerability in wallet private key storage that can result in Users\u0027 private key can be compromised. . This attack appear to be exploitable via Affected version run the malicious code at startup . This vulnerability appears to have been fixed in 5.2.0 and later .",
  "id": "GHSA-xq8h-vhf6-2hhq",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:18:47Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:18:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-1000851"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/bitpay/copay/issues/9346"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dominictarr/event-stream/issues/116"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2018/11/hacker-backdoors-widely-used-open-source-software-to-steal-bitcoin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://blog.bitpay.com/npm-package-vulnerability-copay"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XQ97-WJXV-M4J7

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:01 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:01
VLAI
Details

A password storage vulnerability exists in the operating system functionality of Moxa EDR-810 V4.1 build 17030317. An attacker with shell access could extract passwords in clear text from the device.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2017-12127"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2018-05-14T20:29:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A password storage vulnerability exists in the operating system functionality of Moxa EDR-810 V4.1 build 17030317. An attacker with shell access could extract passwords in clear text from the device.",
  "id": "GHSA-xq97-wjxv-m4j7",
  "modified": "2022-05-13T01:01:36Z",
  "published": "2022-05-13T01:01:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-12127"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2017-0479"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XQF6-5GRH-6223

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:12 – Updated: 2022-12-22 13:56
VLAI
Summary
Passwords transmitted in plain text by Jenkins Artifactory Plugin
Details

Jenkins Artifactory Plugin 3.6.0 and earlier stores Artifactory server passwords in its global configuration file org.jfrog.hudson.ArtifactoryBuilder.xml on the Jenkins controller as part of its configuration.

While the password is stored encrypted on disk since Artifactory Plugin 3.6.0, it is transmitted in plain text as part of the configuration form by Artifactory Plugin 3.6.0 and earlier. This can result in exposure of the password through browser extensions, cross-site scripting vulnerabilities, and similar situations.

Artifactory Plugin 3.6.1 transmits the password in its global configuration encrypted.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:artifactory"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.6.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-2165"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-319",
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-22T13:56:42Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-03-25T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Jenkins Artifactory Plugin 3.6.0 and earlier stores Artifactory server passwords in its global configuration file `org.jfrog.hudson.ArtifactoryBuilder.xml` on the Jenkins controller as part of its configuration.\n\nWhile the password is stored encrypted on disk since Artifactory Plugin 3.6.0, it is transmitted in plain text as part of the configuration form by Artifactory Plugin 3.6.0 and earlier. This can result in exposure of the password through browser extensions, cross-site scripting vulnerabilities, and similar situations.\n\nArtifactory Plugin 3.6.1 transmits the password in its global configuration encrypted.",
  "id": "GHSA-xqf6-5grh-6223",
  "modified": "2022-12-22T13:56:42Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:12:40Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-2165"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/artifactory-plugin"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://jenkins.io/security/advisory/2020-03-25/#SECURITY-1542%20(2)"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2020/03/25/2"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Passwords transmitted in plain text by Jenkins Artifactory Plugin"
}

GHSA-XQPF-P6QG-XGXP

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-11 15:30 – Updated: 2025-06-11 15:30
VLAI
Details

A password is exposed locally.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-35941"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-06-11T14:15:33Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A password is exposed locally.",
  "id": "GHSA-xqpf-p6qg-xgxp",
  "modified": "2025-06-11T15:30:29Z",
  "published": "2025-06-11T15:30:29Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-35941"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.tenable.com/security/research/tra-2025-18"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-XQQR-M249-5WXH

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-07 21:30 – Updated: 2023-01-12 21:30
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability has been found in CESNET theme-cesnet up to 1.x and classified as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file cesnet/core/lostpassword/templates/resetpassword.php. The manipulation leads to insufficiently protected credentials. Attacking locally is a requirement. Upgrading to version 2.0.0 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 2b857f2233ce5083b4d5bc9bfc4152f933c3e4a6. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-217633 was assigned to this vulnerability.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2016-15014"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-522"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-01-07T20:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability has been found in CESNET theme-cesnet up to 1.x and classified as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file cesnet/core/lostpassword/templates/resetpassword.php. The manipulation leads to insufficiently protected credentials. Attacking locally is a requirement. Upgrading to version 2.0.0 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 2b857f2233ce5083b4d5bc9bfc4152f933c3e4a6. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-217633 was assigned to this vulnerability.",
  "id": "GHSA-xqqr-m249-5wxh",
  "modified": "2023-01-12T21:30:28Z",
  "published": "2023-01-07T21:30:38Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-15014"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CESNET/theme-cesnet/pull/1"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CESNET/theme-cesnet/commit/2b857f2233ce5083b4d5bc9bfc4152f933c3e4a6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/CESNET/theme-cesnet/releases/tag/2.0.0"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.217633"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.217633"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Use an appropriate security mechanism to protect the credentials.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Make appropriate use of cryptography to protect the credentials.

Mitigation
Implementation

Use industry standards to protect the credentials (e.g. LDAP, keystore, etc.).

CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking

Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.

CAPEC-474: Signature Spoofing by Key Theft

An attacker obtains an authoritative or reputable signer's private signature key by theft and then uses this key to forge signatures from the original signer to mislead a victim into performing actions that benefit the attacker.

CAPEC-50: Password Recovery Exploitation

An attacker may take advantage of the application feature to help users recover their forgotten passwords in order to gain access into the system with the same privileges as the original user. Generally password recovery schemes tend to be weak and insecure.

CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting

Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.

CAPEC-551: Modify Existing Service

When an operating system starts, it also starts programs called services or daemons. Modifying existing services may break existing services or may enable services that are disabled/not commonly used.

CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials

This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.

CAPEC-560: Use of Known Domain Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.

CAPEC-600: Credential Stuffing

An adversary tries known username/password combinations against different systems, applications, or services to gain additional authenticated access. Credential Stuffing attacks rely upon the fact that many users leverage the same username/password combination for multiple systems, applications, and services.

CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.

CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)

An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.

CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.

CAPEC-653: Use of Known Operating System Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate operating system credentials (e.g. userID/password) to achieve authentication and to perform authorized actions on the system, under the guise of an authenticated user or service. This applies to any Operating System.