Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-770

Allowed

Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

The product allocates a reusable resource or group of resources on behalf of an actor without imposing any intended restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be allocated.

3144 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-66037 (GCVE-0-2026-66037)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-24 19:36 – Updated: 2026-07-28 01:06 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
FFmpeg IAMF Demuxer Uncontrolled Resource Consumption via mix_presentation_obu()
Summary
FFmpeg through 8.1.2, fixed in commit 5d7112c, contains an uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability in the IAMF demuxer that allows an unauthenticated attacker to cause multi-gigabyte memory allocation from a 17-byte input file by supplying a crafted count_label field. The mix_presentation_obu() function in libavformat/iamf_parse.c calls av_calloc(count_label, sizeof(*language_label)) with an attacker-controlled value before validating available OBU data, enabling an allocation amplification of approximately 126 million bytes per input byte that exhausts process memory or triggers an OOM-kill during format probing.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
FFmpeg FFmpeg Affected: 0 , ≤ 8.1.2 (semver)
Unaffected: 86708357d126af84c16f80d9c57335d1e8c845c5 (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-28 00:00
Credits
Adrian Junge (vurlo)
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-66037",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-27T16:15:23.636110Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-27T16:18:48.697Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "FFmpeg",
          "repo": "https://code.ffmpeg.org/FFmpeg/FFmpeg",
          "vendor": "FFmpeg",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "8.1.2",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "86708357d126af84c16f80d9c57335d1e8c845c5",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:ffmpeg:ffmpeg:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndIncluding": "8.1.2",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Adrian Junge (vurlo)"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-06-28T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "FFmpeg through 8.1.2, fixed in commit 5d7112c, contains an uncontrolled resource consumption vulnerability in the IAMF demuxer that allows an unauthenticated attacker to cause multi-gigabyte memory allocation from a 17-byte input file by supplying a crafted count_label field. The mix_presentation_obu() function in libavformat/iamf_parse.c calls av_calloc(count_label, sizeof(*language_label)) with an attacker-controlled value before validating available OBU data, enabling an allocation amplification of approximately 126 million bytes per input byte that exhausts process memory or triggers an OOM-kill during format probing."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 7.1,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "PASSIVE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 6.5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T01:06:28.161Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "Pull Request",
          "tags": [
            "issue-tracking"
          ],
          "url": "https://code.ffmpeg.org/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/pulls/23627"
        },
        {
          "name": "Patch Commit",
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://code.ffmpeg.org/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/commit/86708357d126af84c16f80d9c57335d1e8c845c5"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/ffmpeg-iamf-demuxer-uncontrolled-resource-consumption-via-mix-presentation-obu"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "tags": [
        "x_open-source"
      ],
      "title": "FFmpeg IAMF Demuxer Uncontrolled Resource Consumption via mix_presentation_obu()",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-66037",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-24T19:36:53.859Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-23T20:45:17.816Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T01:06:28.161Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-65650 (GCVE-0-2026-65650)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-22 17:07 – Updated: 2026-07-22 18:49
VLAI
Summary
Elgg before 7.0.0 does not check image dimensions to prevent denial of service via a large avatar upload.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Elgg Elgg Affected: 0 , < 6.3.5 (semver)
Affected: 7.0.0-rc.1 , < 7.0.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-65650",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-22T18:49:10.971729Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-22T18:49:19.203Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Elgg",
          "vendor": "Elgg",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "6.3.5",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "7.0.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "7.0.0-rc.1",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:elgg:elgg:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.3.5",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:elgg:elgg:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.0.0",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "7.0.0-rc.1",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Elgg before 7.0.0 does not check image dimensions to prevent denial of service via a large avatar upload."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "baseScore": 4.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "CWE-770 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-22T17:17:36.516Z",
        "orgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
        "shortName": "mitre"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/Elgg/Elgg/compare/7.0.0-rc.1...7.0.0"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/Elgg/Elgg/commit/ab91d59dc2caaa3fdbfe7e9b916fc0cc7e6b323a"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/Elgg/Elgg/pull/15041"
        }
      ],
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "CVE-Request-form 0.0.1"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
    "assignerShortName": "mitre",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-65650",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-22T17:07:58.988Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-22T17:07:58.054Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-22T18:49:19.203Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-65624 (GCVE-0-2026-65624)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 10:01 – Updated: 2026-07-28 12:39
VLAI
Title
Cowboy HTTP/1.1 max_headers Bypass via Duplicate Header Names Enables Memory Exhaustion
Summary
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in ninenines cowboy allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to exhaust connection process memory over HTTP/1.1. The HTTP/1.1 handler in cowboy_http enforces the max_headers limit by counting the number of distinct header names in a map (maps:size(Headers)). When a request contains multiple header lines with the same name, the values are concatenated into a single ever-growing binary stored under that one map key (", " for regular headers, "; " for cookies), so the map size stays at one and the max_headers cap (default 100) is never reached. Because no accumulator bounds the total number of header lines or the total byte size of the header block (only per-line max_header_name_length and max_header_value_length apply), an unauthenticated client can send an arbitrary number of header lines with the same name and grow the connection process's binary memory to arbitrary size within the request window. The impact per connection is bounded by request_timeout (default 5 seconds, not reset by header data), and by max_heap_size when set (the offending connection process is killed once its heap grows past the limit). When max_heap_size is left at the default (unset), sustained abuse can drive the Erlang VM into out-of-memory conditions. This issue affects cowboy from 2.0.0-pre.4 before 2.18.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
EEF
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ninenines cowboy Affected: 2.0.0-pre.4 , < 2.18.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:ninenines:cowboy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
ninenines cowboy Affected: 309780a9fda145c262a47ac7811ffd50a0271c5b , < 3a34d8c1cfd94326466aa16a9017236691dc9c55 (git)
    cpe:2.3:a:ninenines:cowboy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Qiyi Deng / Wuhan University Min Shi / Wuhan University Yongkang Xiao / Wuhan University Jing Chen / Wuhan University Loïc Hoguin Jonatan Männchen / EEF
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-65624",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-28T12:38:53.899266Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T12:39:27.067Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://repo.hex.pm",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:ninenines:cowboy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "modules": [
            "cowboy_http"
          ],
          "packageName": "cowboy",
          "packageURL": "pkg:hex/cowboy",
          "product": "cowboy",
          "programFiles": [
            "src/cowboy_http.erl"
          ],
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "cowboy_http:parse_header/3"
            },
            {
              "name": "cowboy_http:parse_hd_value/6"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/ninenines/cowboy",
          "vendor": "ninenines",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "2.18.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "2.0.0-pre.4",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://github.com",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:ninenines:cowboy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "modules": [
            "cowboy_http"
          ],
          "packageName": "ninenines/cowboy",
          "packageURL": "pkg:github/ninenines/cowboy",
          "product": "cowboy",
          "programFiles": [
            "src/cowboy_http.erl"
          ],
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "cowboy_http:parse_header/3"
            },
            {
              "name": "cowboy_http:parse_hd_value/6"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/ninenines/cowboy",
          "vendor": "ninenines",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "3a34d8c1cfd94326466aa16a9017236691dc9c55",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "309780a9fda145c262a47ac7811ffd50a0271c5b",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:ninenines:cowboy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "2.18.0",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "2.0.0-pre.4",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ],
          "operator": "AND"
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Qiyi Deng / Wuhan University"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Min Shi / Wuhan University"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Yongkang Xiao / Wuhan University"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Jing Chen / Wuhan University"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "remediation developer",
          "value": "Lo\u00efc Hoguin"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "analyst",
          "value": "Jonatan M\u00e4nnchen / EEF"
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "\u003cp\u003eAllocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in ninenines cowboy allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to exhaust connection process memory over HTTP/1.1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe HTTP/1.1 handler in \u003ctt\u003ecowboy_http\u003c/tt\u003e enforces the \u003ctt\u003emax_headers\u003c/tt\u003e limit by counting the number of distinct header names in a map (\u003ctt\u003emaps:size(Headers)\u003c/tt\u003e). When a request contains multiple header lines with the same name, the values are concatenated into a single ever-growing binary stored under that one map key (\u003ctt\u003e\", \"\u003c/tt\u003e for regular headers, \u003ctt\u003e\"; \"\u003c/tt\u003e for cookies), so the map size stays at one and the \u003ctt\u003emax_headers\u003c/tt\u003e cap (default 100) is never reached. Because no accumulator bounds the total number of header lines or the total byte size of the header block (only per-line \u003ctt\u003emax_header_name_length\u003c/tt\u003e and \u003ctt\u003emax_header_value_length\u003c/tt\u003e apply), an unauthenticated client can send an arbitrary number of header lines with the same name and grow the connection process\u0027s binary memory to arbitrary size within the request window.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe impact per connection is bounded by \u003ctt\u003erequest_timeout\u003c/tt\u003e (default 5 seconds, not reset by header data), and by \u003ctt\u003emax_heap_size\u003c/tt\u003e when set (the offending connection process is killed once its heap grows past the limit). When \u003ctt\u003emax_heap_size\u003c/tt\u003e is left at the default (unset), sustained abuse can drive the Erlang VM into out-of-memory conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis issue affects cowboy from 2.0.0-pre.4 before 2.18.0.\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in ninenines cowboy allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to exhaust connection process memory over HTTP/1.1.\n\nThe HTTP/1.1 handler in cowboy_http enforces the max_headers limit by counting the number of distinct header names in a map (maps:size(Headers)). When a request contains multiple header lines with the same name, the values are concatenated into a single ever-growing binary stored under that one map key (\", \" for regular headers, \"; \" for cookies), so the map size stays at one and the max_headers cap (default 100) is never reached. Because no accumulator bounds the total number of header lines or the total byte size of the header block (only per-line max_header_name_length and max_header_value_length apply), an unauthenticated client can send an arbitrary number of header lines with the same name and grow the connection process\u0027s binary memory to arbitrary size within the request window.\n\nThe impact per connection is bounded by request_timeout (default 5 seconds, not reset by header data), and by max_heap_size when set (the offending connection process is killed once its heap grows past the limit). When max_heap_size is left at the default (unset), sustained abuse can drive the Erlang VM into out-of-memory conditions.\n\nThis issue affects cowboy from 2.0.0-pre.4 before 2.18.0."
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-130",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-130 Excessive Allocation"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 6.9,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "CWE-770 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T10:01:01.811Z",
        "orgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
        "shortName": "EEF"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "related",
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-65624.html"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "related"
          ],
          "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-65624"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/ninenines/cowboy/commit/3a34d8c1cfd94326466aa16a9017236691dc9c55"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "Cowboy HTTP/1.1 max_headers Bypass via Duplicate Header Names Enables Memory Exhaustion",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "cvelib 1.8.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
    "assignerShortName": "EEF",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-65624",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-28T10:01:01.811Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-22T13:55:59.401Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T12:39:27.067Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-64646 (GCVE-0-2026-64646)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 18:54 – Updated: 2026-07-27 20:22
VLAI
Title
Next.js: Unbounded Server Action payload in Edge runtime
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. In versions 13.0.0 through 15.5.20 and 16.0.0 through 16.2.10, requests targeting Next.js applications using App Router with at least one Server Action can lead to excessive memory consumption if that Server Actions uses the Edge runtime. This issue has been fixed in versions 15.5.21 and 16.2.11.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
vercel next.js Affected: >= 13.0.0 < 15.5.21
Affected: >= 16.0.0, < 16.2.11
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-64646",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-27T20:22:07.853148Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-27T20:22:18.086Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "next.js",
          "vendor": "vercel",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 13.0.0 \u003c 15.5.21"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 16.0.0, \u003c 16.2.11"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. In versions 13.0.0 through 15.5.20 and 16.0.0 through 16.2.10, requests targeting Next.js applications using App Router with at least one Server Action can lead to excessive memory consumption if that Server Actions uses the Edge runtime. This issue has been fixed in versions 15.5.21 and 16.2.11."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 6.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-27T18:54:59.466Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/advisories/GHSA-4c39-4ccg-62r3",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/advisories/GHSA-4c39-4ccg-62r3"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/57c31f724d746e86a9e8b92aa8be538a922446a4",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/57c31f724d746e86a9e8b92aa8be538a922446a4"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/9a4651e754f70b12e397694ffc41f44c3ba8cc17",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/9a4651e754f70b12e397694ffc41f44c3ba8cc17"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.5.21",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.5.21"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v16.2.11",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v16.2.11"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-4c39-4ccg-62r3",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Next.js: Unbounded Server Action payload in Edge runtime"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-64646",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-27T18:54:59.466Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-20T17:11:30.895Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-27T20:22:18.086Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-63750 (GCVE-0-2026-63750)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-20 12:04 – Updated: 2026-07-28 01:05
VLAI
Title
SurrealDB before 3.1.0 Memory Amplification via /sql WebSocket
Summary
SurrealDB versions before 3.1.0 fail to apply the SURREAL_WEBSOCKET_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE limit to anonymous /sql WebSocket connections, allowing attackers to buffer unbounded frames in the per-connection read buffer. Attackers can stream WebSocket frames larger than the configured limit across multiple concurrent connections to consume excessive memory and degrade /sql availability.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
surrealdb surrealdb Affected: 0 , < 3.1.0 (semver)
Unaffected: 3.1.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-05-27 00:00
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-63750",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-21T15:07:05.285180Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-21T15:08:19.210Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageURL": "pkg:cargo/surrealdb",
          "product": "surrealdb",
          "vendor": "surrealdb",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "3.1.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "3.1.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:surrealdb:surrealdb:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "3.1.0",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-05-27T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "SurrealDB versions before 3.1.0 fail to apply the SURREAL_WEBSOCKET_MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE limit to anonymous /sql WebSocket connections, allowing attackers to buffer unbounded frames in the per-connection read buffer. Attackers can stream WebSocket frames larger than the configured limit across multiple concurrent connections to consume excessive memory and degrade /sql availability."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 6.9,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T01:05:43.776Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "GitHub Security Advisory (GHSA-65rj-r9fh-jp2v)",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/surrealdb/surrealdb/security/advisories/GHSA-65rj-r9fh-jp2v"
        },
        {
          "name": "VulnCheck Advisory: SurrealDB before 3.1.0 Memory Amplification via /sql WebSocket",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/surrealdb-before-memory-amplification-via-sql-websocket"
        }
      ],
      "title": "SurrealDB before 3.1.0 Memory Amplification via /sql WebSocket",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck-endgame"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-63750",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-20T12:04:42.403Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-18T12:26:19.867Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T01:05:43.776Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-62641 (GCVE-0-2026-62641)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-14 15:46 – Updated: 2026-07-14 17:27
VLAI
Summary
In Roundcube Webmail before 1.6.17 and 1.7.x before 1.7.2, the TNEF decoder was subject to denial of service via a crafted compressed-RTF size.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Roundcube Webmail Affected: 1.6.0 , < 1.6.17 (semver)
Affected: 1.7.0 , < 1.7.2 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-62641",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-14T17:23:21.954751Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T17:27:50.013Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Webmail",
          "vendor": "Roundcube",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "1.6.17",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.6.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThan": "1.7.2",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.7.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:roundcube:webmail:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "1.6.17",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "1.6.0",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:roundcube:webmail:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "1.7.2",
                  "versionStartIncluding": "1.7.0",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In Roundcube Webmail before 1.6.17 and 1.7.x before 1.7.2, the TNEF decoder was subject to denial of service via a crafted compressed-RTF size."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "baseScore": 4.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "CWE-770 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T15:46:29.138Z",
        "orgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
        "shortName": "mitre"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://roundcube.net/news/2026/07/05/security-updates-1.6.17-and-1.7.2"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/releases/tag/1.7.2"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/commit/6d1004fd3764a9606c53130b322c0f295c38be64"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/releases/tag/1.6.17"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/roundcube/roundcubemail/commit/bf253c72d4293c93fda511b8464fe9cb34b522c1"
        }
      ],
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "CVE-Request-form 0.0.1"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
    "assignerShortName": "mitre",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-62641",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-14T15:46:29.138Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-14T15:46:28.729Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T17:27:50.013Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-62389 (GCVE-0-2026-62389)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-15 17:04 – Updated: 2026-07-28 01:49 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
ws < 8.21.1 Default maxFragments Allows Memory Exhaustion DoS
Summary
ws before 8.21.1 contains a memory exhaustion vulnerability in lib/receiver.js where the fragment guard only triggers when fragment count reaches maxFragments, allowing attackers to exhaust memory by sending incomplete fragmented WebSocket messages. Attackers can send a text frame with FIN=0 followed by continuation frames without completing the sequence, causing each fragment to be stored as a separate Buffer object with significant overhead, enabling denial of service through heap exhaustion.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
websockets ws Affected: 0 , < 8.21.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-06 00:00
Credits
George Chen
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-62389",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-15T17:55:24.792464Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-15T17:55:32.359Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageURL": "pkg:npm/ws",
          "product": "ws",
          "repo": "https://github.com/websockets/ws",
          "vendor": "websockets",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "8.21.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:websockets_project:websockets:*:*:*:*:*:python:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "8.21.1",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "George Chen"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-07-06T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "ws before 8.21.1 contains a memory exhaustion vulnerability in lib/receiver.js where the fragment guard only triggers when fragment count reaches maxFragments, allowing attackers to exhaust memory by sending incomplete fragmented WebSocket messages. Attackers can send a text frame with FIN=0 followed by continuation frames without completing the sequence, causing each fragment to be stored as a separate Buffer object with significant overhead, enabling denial of service through heap exhaustion."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 8.7,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T01:49:55.828Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "Researcher Disclosure",
          "tags": [
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws/issues/2331"
        },
        {
          "name": "Release Notes",
          "tags": [
            "release-notes"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws/releases/tag/8.21.1"
        },
        {
          "name": "Patch Commit",
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/websockets/ws/commit/f197ac65140920bdcecdab74bfc69c2d7858e55d"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/ws-default-maxfragments-allows-memory-exhaustion-dos"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "x_open-source"
      ],
      "title": "ws \u003c 8.21.1 Default maxFragments Allows Memory Exhaustion DoS",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck-endgame"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-62389",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-15T17:04:26.250Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-13T22:40:54.412Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T01:49:55.828Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-62210 (GCVE-0-2026-62210)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-17 00:06 – Updated: 2026-07-23 19:29 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.6.1 Denial of Service via Remote Media URLs
Summary
OpenClaw versions before 2026.6.1 contain a denial of service vulnerability where remote media URLs can trigger slow-read attacks that exhaust gateway worker resources. Attackers with access to configured input paths can supply remote media URLs that consume gateway resources and reduce availability.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenClaw OpenClaw Affected: 0 , < 2026.6.1 (semver)
Unaffected: 2026.6.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-30 00:00
Credits
ttzero (@ttzero25)
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-62210",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-23T19:29:03.839479Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-23T19:29:26.150Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageURL": "pkg:npm/openclaw",
          "product": "OpenClaw",
          "repo": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw",
          "vendor": "OpenClaw",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "2026.6.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "2026.6.1",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:openclaw:openclaw:*:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "2026.6.1",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "reporter",
          "value": "ttzero (@ttzero25)"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-06-30T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "OpenClaw versions before 2026.6.1 contain a denial of service vulnerability where remote media URLs can trigger slow-read attacks that exhaust gateway worker resources. Attackers with access to configured input paths can supply remote media URLs that consume gateway resources and reduce availability."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "PRESENT",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 6,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 6.5,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-17T00:06:53.449Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "GitHub Security Advisory (GHSA-4xwj-mcc7-x7x5)",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-4xwj-mcc7-x7x5"
        },
        {
          "name": "VulnCheck Advisory: OpenClaw \u003c 2026.6.1 Denial of Service via Remote Media URLs",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-denial-of-service-via-remote-media-urls"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "x_open-source"
      ],
      "title": "OpenClaw \u003c 2026.6.1 Denial of Service via Remote Media URLs",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck-endgame"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-62210",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-17T00:06:53.449Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-13T16:39:22.251Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-23T19:29:26.150Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-61609 (GCVE-0-2026-61609)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 15:45 – Updated: 2026-07-28 19:28
VLAI
Title
Pterodactyl's shared global rate-limit key on login and 2FA checkpoint enables unauthenticated panel-wide authentication lockout (DoS)
Summary
Pterodactyl is a free, open-source game server management panel. From 1.7.0 until 1.13.0, the authentication rate limiter defined in RouteServiceProvider::configureRateLimiting() applied a single global bucket to the login and two-factor checkpoint endpoints instead of keying by IP or account: the fall-through Limit::perMinute(10) covering POST /auth/login and POST /auth/login/checkpoint omitted ->by(), so Laravel derived a constant cache key (md5('authentication')) shared by every request. An unauthenticated attacker sending roughly ten requests per minute from a single IP, most cheaply against the checkpoint endpoint (which has no reCAPTCHA), exhausts the shared counter and causes HTTP 429 for every user attempting to log in or complete two-factor authentication, a panel-wide authentication denial of service that also locks out administrators. This issue is fixed in version 1.13.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
pterodactyl panel Affected: >= 1.7.0, < 1.13.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-61609",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-28T19:27:43.426874Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T19:28:14.470Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "exploit"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/security/advisories/GHSA-xvc3-826v-xf47"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "panel",
          "vendor": "pterodactyl",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003e= 1.7.0, \u003c 1.13.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Pterodactyl is a free, open-source game server management panel. From 1.7.0 until 1.13.0, the authentication rate limiter defined in RouteServiceProvider::configureRateLimiting() applied a single global bucket to the login and two-factor checkpoint endpoints instead of keying by IP or account: the fall-through Limit::perMinute(10) covering POST /auth/login and POST /auth/login/checkpoint omitted -\u003eby(), so Laravel derived a constant cache key (md5(\u0027authentication\u0027)) shared by every request. An unauthenticated attacker sending roughly ten requests per minute from a single IP, most cheaply against the checkpoint endpoint (which has no reCAPTCHA), exhausts the shared counter and causes HTTP 429 for every user attempting to log in or complete two-factor authentication, a panel-wide authentication denial of service that also locks out administrators. This issue is fixed in version 1.13.0."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T15:45:57.570Z",
        "orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
        "shortName": "GitHub_M"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/security/advisories/GHSA-xvc3-826v-xf47",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/security/advisories/GHSA-xvc3-826v-xf47"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/commit/98079a01660a61980fe62a72b2c1d48f99c35a5e",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/commit/98079a01660a61980fe62a72b2c1d48f99c35a5e"
        },
        {
          "name": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/releases/tag/v1.13.0",
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/releases/tag/v1.13.0"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-xvc3-826v-xf47",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Pterodactyl\u0027s shared global rate-limit key on login and 2FA checkpoint enables unauthenticated panel-wide authentication lockout (DoS)"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
    "assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-61609",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-28T15:45:57.570Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-10T17:36:04.597Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-28T19:28:14.470Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-61465 (GCVE-0-2026-61465)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-11 13:01 – Updated: 2026-07-14 14:33
VLAI
Title
ImageMagick before 7.1.2-26 Memory Allocation Policy Bypass
Summary
ImageMagick before 7.1.2-26 and 6.9.13-51 is missing a check for the allowed memory allocation limit in matrix-backed operations such as -canny. An attacker can supply a crafted image that causes ImageMagick to allocate more memory than permitted by the configured policy, resulting in a denial of service.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
ImageMagick ImageMagick Affected: 0 , < 7.1.2-26 (semver)
Unaffected: 7.1.2-26 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
ImageMagick ImageMagick Affected: 0 , < 6.9.13-51 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.9.13-51 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-26 00:00
Credits
rexpository
Show details on NVD website

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-61465",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-07-14T14:32:39.776182Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T14:33:06.308Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "ImageMagick",
          "vendor": "ImageMagick",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "7.1.2-26",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.1.2-26",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "ImageMagick",
          "vendor": "ImageMagick",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "6.9.13-51",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.9.13-51",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
        {
          "nodes": [
            {
              "cpeMatch": [
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:imagemagick:imagemagick:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "7.1.2-26",
                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:imagemagick:imagemagick:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                  "versionEndExcluding": "6.9.13-51",
                  "vulnerable": true
                }
              ],
              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "reporter",
          "value": "rexpository"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-06-26T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "ImageMagick before 7.1.2-26 and 6.9.13-51 is missing a check for the allowed memory allocation limit in matrix-backed operations such as -canny. An attacker can supply a crafted image that causes ImageMagick to allocate more memory than permitted by the configured policy, resulting in a denial of service."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
            "baseScore": 4.8,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "PASSIVE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
        },
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
            "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
            "baseScore": 3.3,
            "baseSeverity": "LOW",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-07-11T13:01:07.209Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "GitHub Security Advisory (GHSA-rvhp-75f6-9jqh)",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/ImageMagick/ImageMagick/security/advisories/GHSA-rvhp-75f6-9jqh"
        },
        {
          "name": "VulnCheck Advisory: ImageMagick before 7.1.2-26 Memory Allocation Policy Bypass",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/imagemagick-before-26-memory-allocation-policy-bypass"
        }
      ],
      "title": "ImageMagick before 7.1.2-26 Memory Allocation Policy Bypass",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck-endgame"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-61465",
    "datePublished": "2026-07-11T13:01:07.209Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-07-09T14:07:55.625Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-07-14T14:33:06.308Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

Mitigation
Requirements

Clearly specify the minimum and maximum expectations for capabilities, and dictate which behaviors are acceptable when resource allocation reaches limits.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Limit the amount of resources that are accessible to unprivileged users. Set per-user limits for resources. Allow the system administrator to define these limits. Be careful to avoid CWE-410.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Design throttling mechanisms into the system architecture. The best protection is to limit the amount of resources that an unauthorized user can cause to be expended. A strong authentication and access control model will help prevent such attacks from occurring in the first place, and it will help the administrator to identify who is committing the abuse. The login application should be protected against DoS attacks as much as possible. Limiting the database access, perhaps by caching result sets, can help minimize the resources expended. To further limit the potential for a DoS attack, consider tracking the rate of requests received from users and blocking requests that exceed a defined rate threshold.

Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

  • Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
  • When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
  • Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design
  • Mitigation of resource exhaustion attacks requires that the target system either:
  • The first of these solutions is an issue in itself though, since it may allow attackers to prevent the use of the system by a particular valid user. If the attacker impersonates the valid user, they may be able to prevent the user from accessing the server in question.
  • The second solution can be difficult to effectively institute -- and even when properly done, it does not provide a full solution. It simply requires more resources on the part of the attacker.
  • recognizes the attack and denies that user further access for a given amount of time, typically by using increasing time delays
  • uniformly throttles all requests in order to make it more difficult to consume resources more quickly than they can again be freed.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Ensure that protocols have specific limits of scale placed on them.

Mitigation MIT-38.1
Architecture and Design Implementation
  • If the program must fail, ensure that it fails gracefully (fails closed). There may be a temptation to simply let the program fail poorly in cases such as low memory conditions, but an attacker may be able to assert control before the software has fully exited. Alternately, an uncontrolled failure could cause cascading problems with other downstream components; for example, the program could send a signal to a downstream process so the process immediately knows that a problem has occurred and has a better chance of recovery.
  • Ensure that all failures in resource allocation place the system into a safe posture.
Mitigation MIT-47
Operation Architecture and Design

Strategy: Resource Limitation

  • Use quotas or other resource-limiting settings provided by the operating system or environment. For example, when managing system resources in POSIX, setrlimit() can be used to set limits for certain types of resources, and getrlimit() can determine how many resources are available. However, these functions are not available on all operating systems.
  • When the current levels get close to the maximum that is defined for the application (see CWE-770), then limit the allocation of further resources to privileged users; alternately, begin releasing resources for less-privileged users. While this mitigation may protect the system from attack, it will not necessarily stop attackers from adversely impacting other users.
  • Ensure that the application performs the appropriate error checks and error handling in case resources become unavailable (CWE-703).
CAPEC-125: Flooding

An adversary consumes the resources of a target by rapidly engaging in a large number of interactions with the target. This type of attack generally exposes a weakness in rate limiting or flow. When successful this attack prevents legitimate users from accessing the service and can cause the target to crash. This attack differs from resource depletion through leaks or allocations in that the latter attacks do not rely on the volume of requests made to the target but instead focus on manipulation of the target's operations. The key factor in a flooding attack is the number of requests the adversary can make in a given period of time. The greater this number, the more likely an attack is to succeed against a given target.

CAPEC-130: Excessive Allocation

An adversary causes the target to allocate excessive resources to servicing the attackers' request, thereby reducing the resources available for legitimate services and degrading or denying services. Usually, this attack focuses on memory allocation, but any finite resource on the target could be the attacked, including bandwidth, processing cycles, or other resources. This attack does not attempt to force this allocation through a large number of requests (that would be Resource Depletion through Flooding) but instead uses one or a small number of requests that are carefully formatted to force the target to allocate excessive resources to service this request(s). Often this attack takes advantage of a bug in the target to cause the target to allocate resources vastly beyond what would be needed for a normal request.

CAPEC-147: XML Ping of the Death

An attacker initiates a resource depletion attack where a large number of small XML messages are delivered at a sufficiently rapid rate to cause a denial of service or crash of the target. Transactions such as repetitive SOAP transactions can deplete resources faster than a simple flooding attack because of the additional resources used by the SOAP protocol and the resources necessary to process SOAP messages. The transactions used are immaterial as long as they cause resource utilization on the target. In other words, this is a normal flooding attack augmented by using messages that will require extra processing on the target.

CAPEC-197: Exponential Data Expansion

An adversary submits data to a target application which contains nested exponential data expansion to produce excessively large output. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. However, this capability can be abused to create excessive demands on a processor's CPU and memory. A small number of nested expansions can result in an exponential growth in demands on memory.

CAPEC-229: Serialized Data Parameter Blowup

This attack exploits certain serialized data parsers (e.g., XML, YAML, etc.) which manage data in an inefficient manner. The attacker crafts an serialized data file with multiple configuration parameters in the same dataset. In a vulnerable parser, this results in a denial of service condition where CPU resources are exhausted because of the parsing algorithm. The weakness being exploited is tied to parser implementation and not language specific.

CAPEC-230: Serialized Data with Nested Payloads

Applications often need to transform data in and out of a data format (e.g., XML and YAML) by using a parser. It may be possible for an adversary to inject data that may have an adverse effect on the parser when it is being processed. Many data format languages allow the definition of macro-like structures that can be used to simplify the creation of complex structures. By nesting these structures, causing the data to be repeatedly substituted, an adversary can cause the parser to consume more resources while processing, causing excessive memory consumption and CPU utilization.

CAPEC-231: Oversized Serialized Data Payloads

An adversary injects oversized serialized data payloads into a parser during data processing to produce adverse effects upon the parser such as exhausting system resources and arbitrary code execution.

CAPEC-469: HTTP DoS

An attacker performs flooding at the HTTP level to bring down only a particular web application rather than anything listening on a TCP/IP connection. This denial of service attack requires substantially fewer packets to be sent which makes DoS harder to detect. This is an equivalent of SYN flood in HTTP. The idea is to keep the HTTP session alive indefinitely and then repeat that hundreds of times. This attack targets resource depletion weaknesses in web server software. The web server will wait to attacker's responses on the initiated HTTP sessions while the connection threads are being exhausted.

CAPEC-482: TCP Flood

An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the TCP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service. These attacks exploit the weakness within the TCP protocol where there is some state information for the connection the server needs to maintain. This often involves the use of TCP SYN messages.

CAPEC-486: UDP Flood

An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the UDP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming the available network bandwidth. Additionally, firewalls often open a port for each UDP connection destined for a service with an open UDP port, meaning the firewalls in essence save the connection state thus the high packet nature of a UDP flood can also overwhelm resources allocated to the firewall. UDP attacks can also target services like DNS or VoIP which utilize these protocols. Additionally, due to the session-less nature of the UDP protocol, the source of a packet is easily spoofed making it difficult to find the source of the attack.

CAPEC-487: ICMP Flood

An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the ICMP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming the available network bandwidth. A typical attack involves a victim server receiving ICMP packets at a high rate from a wide range of source addresses. Additionally, due to the session-less nature of the ICMP protocol, the source of a packet is easily spoofed making it difficult to find the source of the attack.

CAPEC-488: HTTP Flood

An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the HTTP protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming resources at the application layer such as web services and their infrastructure. These attacks use legitimate session-based HTTP GET requests designed to consume large amounts of a server's resources. Since these are legitimate sessions this attack is very difficult to detect.

CAPEC-489: SSL Flood

An adversary may execute a flooding attack using the SSL protocol with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a service by consuming all the available resources on the server side. These attacks take advantage of the asymmetric relationship between the processing power used by the client and the processing power used by the server to create a secure connection. In this manner the attacker can make a large number of HTTPS requests on a low provisioned machine to tie up a disproportionately large number of resources on the server. The clients then continue to keep renegotiating the SSL connection. When multiplied by a large number of attacking machines, this attack can result in a crash or loss of service to legitimate users.

CAPEC-490: Amplification

An adversary may execute an amplification where the size of a response is far greater than that of the request that generates it. The goal of this attack is to use a relatively few resources to create a large amount of traffic against a target server. To execute this attack, an adversary send a request to a 3rd party service, spoofing the source address to be that of the target server. The larger response that is generated by the 3rd party service is then sent to the target server. By sending a large number of initial requests, the adversary can generate a tremendous amount of traffic directed at the target. The greater the discrepancy in size between the initial request and the final payload delivered to the target increased the effectiveness of this attack.

CAPEC-491: Quadratic Data Expansion

An adversary exploits macro-like substitution to cause a denial of service situation due to excessive memory being allocated to fully expand the data. The result of this denial of service could cause the application to freeze or crash. This involves defining a very large entity and using it multiple times in a single entity substitution. CAPEC-197 is a similar attack pattern, but it is easier to discover and defend against. This attack pattern does not perform multi-level substitution and therefore does not obviously appear to consume extensive resources.

CAPEC-493: SOAP Array Blowup

An adversary may execute an attack on a web service that uses SOAP messages in communication. By sending a very large SOAP array declaration to the web service, the attacker forces the web service to allocate space for the array elements before they are parsed by the XML parser. The attacker message is typically small in size containing a large array declaration of say 1,000,000 elements and a couple of array elements. This attack targets exhaustion of the memory resources of the web service.

CAPEC-494: TCP Fragmentation

An adversary may execute a TCP Fragmentation attack against a target with the intention of avoiding filtering rules of network controls, by attempting to fragment the TCP packet such that the headers flag field is pushed into the second fragment which typically is not filtered.

CAPEC-495: UDP Fragmentation

An attacker may execute a UDP Fragmentation attack against a target server in an attempt to consume resources such as bandwidth and CPU. IP fragmentation occurs when an IP datagram is larger than the MTU of the route the datagram has to traverse. Typically the attacker will use large UDP packets over 1500 bytes of data which forces fragmentation as ethernet MTU is 1500 bytes. This attack is a variation on a typical UDP flood but it enables more network bandwidth to be consumed with fewer packets. Additionally it has the potential to consume server CPU resources and fill memory buffers associated with the processing and reassembling of fragmented packets.

CAPEC-496: ICMP Fragmentation

An attacker may execute a ICMP Fragmentation attack against a target with the intention of consuming resources or causing a crash. The attacker crafts a large number of identical fragmented IP packets containing a portion of a fragmented ICMP message. The attacker these sends these messages to a target host which causes the host to become non-responsive. Another vector may be sending a fragmented ICMP message to a target host with incorrect sizes in the header which causes the host to hang.

CAPEC-528: XML Flood

An adversary may execute a flooding attack using XML messages with the intent to deny legitimate users access to a web service. These attacks are accomplished by sending a large number of XML based requests and letting the service attempt to parse each one. In many cases this type of an attack will result in a XML Denial of Service (XDoS) due to an application becoming unstable, freezing, or crashing.