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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf: make sure skb-\u003elen != 0 when redirecting to a tunneling device\n\nsyzkaller managed to trigger another case where skb-\u003elen == 0\nwhen we enter __dev_queue_xmit:\n\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 2470 at include/linux/skbuff.h:2576 skb_assert_len include/linux/skbuff.h:2576 [inline]\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 2470 at include/linux/skbuff.h:2576 __dev_queue_xmit+0x2069/0x35e0 net/core/dev.c:4295\n\nCall Trace:\n dev_queue_xmit+0x17/0x20 net/core/dev.c:4406\n __bpf_tx_skb net/core/filter.c:2115 [inline]\n __bpf_redirect_no_mac net/core/filter.c:2140 [inline]\n __bpf_redirect+0x5fb/0xda0 net/core/filter.c:2163\n ____bpf_clone_redirect net/core/filter.c:2447 [inline]\n bpf_clone_redirect+0x247/0x390 net/core/filter.c:2419\n bpf_prog_48159a89cb4a9a16+0x59/0x5e\n bpf_dispatcher_nop_func include/linux/bpf.h:897 [inline]\n __bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:596 [inline]\n bpf_prog_run include/linux/filter.h:603 [inline]\n bpf_test_run+0x46c/0x890 net/bpf/test_run.c:402\n bpf_prog_test_run_skb+0xbdc/0x14c0 net/bpf/test_run.c:1170\n bpf_prog_test_run+0x345/0x3c0 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:3648\n __sys_bpf+0x43a/0x6c0 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5005\n __do_sys_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5091 [inline]\n __se_sys_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5089 [inline]\n __x64_sys_bpf+0x7c/0x90 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5089\n do_syscall_64+0x54/0x70 arch/x86/entry/common.c:48\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x61/0xc6\n\nThe reproducer doesn\u0027t really reproduce outside of syzkaller\nenvironment, so I\u0027m taking a guess here. It looks like we\ndo generate correct ETH_HLEN-sized packet, but we redirect\nthe packet to the tunneling device. Before we do so, we\n__skb_pull l2 header and arrive again at skb-\u003elen == 0.\nDoesn\u0027t seem like we can do anything better than having\nan explicit check after __skb_pull?"
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              "value": "AV:N - The attacker-controlled state that causes the overflow \u2014 the number of MC/S connections on a session, plus the InitiatorName/InitiatorAlias/CID/peer-address bytes written OOB \u2014 is delivered entirely over TCP/3260 to the network-bound LIO iSCSI target from an arbitrary number of network hops away. This is the stored-payload pattern: the payload is planted remotely at the iSCSI protocol level and rendered later.\nAC:L - On an MC/S-enabled target (the deployment this was reported against) the attacker deterministically opens the ~25+ connections needed to exceed the 4096-byte page; no race, no memory-layout guess, no unpredictable condition is involved. Each additional login reliably extends the overflow.\nPR:N - iSCSI targets are very commonly run with CHAP disabled (`authentication=0`, or demo mode), and the initiator IQN matching an ACL is merely a string the peer asserts in the login PDU, so an unauthenticated remote peer can establish the multi-connection session. Even the connection-count growth occurs during login processing before any real credential check in that configuration.\nUI:R - The overflow executes when the world-readable configfs attribute `acls/\u003ciqn\u003e/info` is read \u2014 by an administrator, targetcli/rtslib, or a monitoring agent \u2014 which the remote attacker cannot initiate. That read is routine on managed storage nodes but is still a separate party\u0027s action.\nS:U - The corruption is kernel memory overwritten by kernel code within the same security authority; no VM, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Unbounded page-overflow with attacker-influenced content into adjacent buddy-allocator pages is a memory-corruption primitive that can be steered into slab objects, pointers, or page metadata and leveraged for arbitrary kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - This is an out-of-bounds write of attacker-controlled length (scaling with connection count, up to megabytes) with partly attacker-chosen bytes (CIDs, peer addresses, StatSN) past the end of a kernel page, giving a strong write primitive suitable for control-flow hijack.\nA:H - Overwriting arbitrary adjacent kernel pages while holding `conn_lock` and `nacl_sess_lock` reliably corrupts unrelated kernel state and causes oops/panic; the attacker can repeat it on every read."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ntcp: correct handling of extreme memory squeeze\n\nTesting with iperf3 using the \"pasta\" protocol splicer has revealed\na problem in the way tcp handles window advertising in extreme memory\nsqueeze situations.\n\nUnder memory pressure, a socket endpoint may temporarily advertise\na zero-sized window, but this is not stored as part of the socket data.\nThe reasoning behind this is that it is considered a temporary setting\nwhich shouldn\u0027t influence any further calculations.\n\nHowever, if we happen to stall at an unfortunate value of the current\nwindow size, the algorithm selecting a new value will consistently fail\nto advertise a non-zero window once we have freed up enough memory.\nThis means that this side\u0027s notion of the current window size is\ndifferent from the one last advertised to the peer, causing the latter\nto not send any data to resolve the sitution.\n\nThe problem occurs on the iperf3 server side, and the socket in question\nis a completely regular socket with the default settings for the\nfedora40 kernel. We do not use SO_PEEK or SO_RCVBUF on the socket.\n\nThe following excerpt of a logging session, with own comments added,\nshows more in detail what is happening:\n\n//              tcp_v4_rcv(-\u003e)\n//                tcp_rcv_established(-\u003e)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     ==== Activating log @ net/ipv4/tcp_input.c/tcp_data_queue()/5257 ====\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     tcp_data_queue(-\u003e)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:        DROPPING skb [265600160..265665640], reason: SKB_DROP_REASON_PROTO_MEM\n                       [rcv_nxt 265600160, rcv_wnd 262144, snt_ack 265469200, win_now 131184]\n                       [copied_seq 259909392-\u003e260034360 (124968), unread 5565800, qlen 85, ofoq 0]\n                       [OFO queue: gap: 65480, len: 0]\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     tcp_data_queue(\u003c-)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     __tcp_transmit_skb(-\u003e)\n                        [tp-\u003ercv_wup: 265469200, tp-\u003ercv_wnd: 262144, tp-\u003ercv_nxt 265600160]\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:       tcp_select_window(-\u003e)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:         (inet_csk(sk)-\u003eicsk_ack.pending \u0026 ICSK_ACK_NOMEM) ? --\u003e TRUE\n                        [tp-\u003ercv_wup: 265469200, tp-\u003ercv_wnd: 262144, tp-\u003ercv_nxt 265600160]\n                        returning 0\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:       tcp_select_window(\u003c-)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:       ADVERTISING WIN 0, ACK_SEQ: 265600160\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     [__tcp_transmit_skb(\u003c-)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:   tcp_rcv_established(\u003c-)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]: tcp_v4_rcv(\u003c-)\n\n// Receive queue is at 85 buffers and we are out of memory.\n// We drop the incoming buffer, although it is in sequence, and decide\n// to send an advertisement with a window of zero.\n// We don\u0027t update tp-\u003ercv_wnd and tp-\u003ercv_wup accordingly, which means\n// we unconditionally shrink the window.\n\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]: tcp_recvmsg_locked(-\u003e)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:   __tcp_cleanup_rbuf(-\u003e) tp-\u003ercv_wup: 265469200, tp-\u003ercv_wnd: 262144, tp-\u003ercv_nxt 265600160\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     [new_win = 0, win_now = 131184, 2 * win_now = 262368]\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     [new_win \u003e= (2 * win_now) ? --\u003e time_to_ack = 0]\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     NOT calling tcp_send_ack()\n                    [tp-\u003ercv_wup: 265469200, tp-\u003ercv_wnd: 262144, tp-\u003ercv_nxt 265600160]\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:   __tcp_cleanup_rbuf(\u003c-)\n                  [rcv_nxt 265600160, rcv_wnd 262144, snt_ack 265469200, win_now 131184]\n                  [copied_seq 260040464-\u003e260040464 (0), unread 5559696, qlen 85, ofoq 0]\n                  returning 6104 bytes\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]: tcp_recvmsg_locked(\u003c-)\n\n// After each read, the algorithm for calculating the new receive\n// window in __tcp_cleanup_rbuf() finds it is too small to advertise\n// or to update tp-\u003ercv_wnd.\n// Meanwhile, the peer thinks the window is zero, and will not send\n// any more data to trigger an update from the interrupt mode side.\n\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]: tcp_recvmsg_locked(-\u003e)\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:   __tcp_cleanup_rbuf(-\u003e) tp-\u003ercv_wup: 265469200, tp-\u003ercv_wnd: 262144, tp-\u003ercv_nxt 265600160\n[5201\u003c-\u003e39222]:     [new_win = 262144, win_now = 131184, 2 * win_n\n---truncated---"
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              "value": "AV:N - The bug is in the core TCP receive/output path (`tcp_select_window` via `tcp_data_queue`) and is triggered purely by the traffic pattern of a remote peer driving the receive socket into memory squeeze. Any routable TCP service \u2014 HTTP, SSH, ksmbd, nfsd, database \u2014 is reachable over the network.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both preconditions: skb truesize amplification lets a flood of small segments exhaust `sk_rmem_alloc`/`tcp_mem` while consuming little sequence space, which reliably leaves `tcp_receive_window()` above half the maximum at squeeze time \u2014 exactly the state that makes the `new_window \u003e= 2 * rcv_window_now` test in `__tcp_cleanup_rbuf()` permanently unsatisfiable \u2014 and the attacker then simply declines to send zero-window probes, which is the only recovery path.\nPR:N - No authentication or privilege is needed; the condition is reached in `tcp_data_queue()` on established connections before any application-layer authentication, so any unauthenticated client of any TCP listener can drive it.\nUI:N - Triggering requires only that the target socket receive attacker-supplied data; no action by a local user or administrator is involved.\nS:U - The inconsistent window state and the resulting stall are confined to the kernel TCP stack and the sockets it owns, with no crossing of a security authority boundary.\nC:N - No uninitialized, out-of-bounds, or freed memory is read or transmitted; the defect is limited to bookkeeping of `tp-\u003ercv_wnd`/`tp-\u003ercv_wup` and produces no disclosure of kernel or other sockets\u0027 data.\nI:L - The attacker causes the connection\u0027s protocol state to be left incorrect \u2014 the stored receive window diverges from what was advertised, and the fix explicitly notes the pre-fix path transmits regressing `th-\u003eack_seq` values that are \"wrong from a protocol viewpoint\" \u2014 pinning the peer\u0027s `snd_wnd` at a bogus zero; the modification is bounded and its consequences are not attacker-directed.\nA:H - The connection enters a permanent deadlock \u2014 the receive queue empties but no window update is ever sent and the peer never transmits again \u2014 indefinitely pinning a socket and, for blocking servers, a worker thread; repeated across many connections this exhausts a server\u0027s connection and thread pools, and TCP keepalive is disabled by default so nothing breaks the stall."
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              "value": "AV:L - The race is driven entirely through local syscalls \u2014 a PUD-aligned MAP_SHARED hugetlbfs/MAP_HUGETLB mapping plus munmap/mremap/mprotect/fallocate to trigger huge_pmd_unshare(), raced against gup_fast() reached via O_DIRECT, io_uring registered buffers or vmsplice. There is no network-facing path into mm/hugetlb.c.\nAC:L - The attacker controls every participant: one thread issues the GUP-fast pin, a sibling thread issues the unmap that calls huge_pmd_unshare(), and a second attacker process reuses the now-exclusively-owned PMD table, and the whole sequence can be looped indefinitely. The gup_fast() IRQ-disabled window can additionally be widened by requesting a full PUD-sized pin range, since the PUD is latched once at the start of gup_fast_pud_range() while the PMD loop then walks 512 entries.\nPR:L - hugetlb_file_setup() performs no capable() check for MAP_HUGETLB anonymous mappings, and none of huge_pmd_unshare()\u0027s callers or the GUP-fast entry points require any capability, so an ordinary local user account suffices. Only a configured hugepage pool is needed, which is standard on cloud, virtualization, DPDK and database hosts.\nUI:N - Exploitation is fully self-contained \u2014 the attacker forks its own second process to establish PMD sharing and to repurpose the unshared page table. No victim action is required at any point.\nS:U - The defect and its impact are both within the kernel\u0027s own memory-management security authority, with no VM, IOMMU or sandbox boundary crossed. This is a standard kernel memory-safety/privilege-escalation shape, so scope remains Unchanged.\nC:H - A gup_fast() walker that latched the stale PUD proceeds to walk a PMD table that now backs a different process\u0027s address space, pinning and returning struct pages that belong to that other mm. Handing those pages to O_DIRECT or vmsplice yields a direct read primitive against another process\u0027s memory, which on hosts where a hugetlbfs segment is shared across trust boundaries (QEMU/vhost-user, DPDK/SPDK, shared DB segments) discloses privileged data.\nI:H - The same stale walk with FOLL_WRITE returns writable pins on pages mapped by the foreign address space, so an O_DIRECT read or io_uring write into that buffer modifies another process\u0027s memory arbitrarily. It also leaves DMA pins and page reference/mapcount state established behind the back of the owning mm, corrupting page-table and pinning invariants the kernel relies on.\nA:H - GUP-fast traversing page tables of an unrelated address space while that process is concurrently tearing down and re-populating them is exactly the unsynchronized page-table access the kernel elsewhere prevents with tlb_remove_table_sync_one(), and it readily produces inconsistent refcount/mapcount state, VM_WARN/BUG trips, and oops in mm paths. The race can be re-armed in a loop by an unprivileged process."
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ns390/mm: Fix in_atomic() handling in do_secure_storage_access()\n\nKernel user spaces accesses to not exported pages in atomic context\nincorrectly try to resolve the page fault.\nWith debug options enabled call traces like this can be seen:\n\nBUG: sleeping function called from invalid context at kernel/locking/rwsem.c:1523\nin_atomic(): 1, irqs_disabled(): 0, non_block: 0, pid: 419074, name: qemu-system-s39\npreempt_count: 1, expected: 0\nRCU nest depth: 0, expected: 0\nINFO: lockdep is turned off.\nPreemption disabled at:\n[\u003c00000383ea47cfa2\u003e] copy_page_from_iter_atomic+0xa2/0x8a0\nCPU: 12 UID: 0 PID: 419074 Comm: qemu-system-s39\nTainted: G        W           6.16.0-20250531.rc0.git0.69b3a602feac.63.fc42.s390x+debug #1 PREEMPT\nTainted: [W]=WARN\nHardware name: IBM 3931 A01 703 (LPAR)\nCall Trace:\n [\u003c00000383e990d282\u003e] dump_stack_lvl+0xa2/0xe8\n [\u003c00000383e99bf152\u003e] __might_resched+0x292/0x2d0\n [\u003c00000383eaa7c374\u003e] down_read+0x34/0x2d0\n [\u003c00000383e99432f8\u003e] do_secure_storage_access+0x108/0x360\n [\u003c00000383eaa724b0\u003e] __do_pgm_check+0x130/0x220\n [\u003c00000383eaa842e4\u003e] pgm_check_handler+0x114/0x160\n [\u003c00000383ea47d028\u003e] copy_page_from_iter_atomic+0x128/0x8a0\n([\u003c00000383ea47d016\u003e] copy_page_from_iter_atomic+0x116/0x8a0)\n [\u003c00000383e9c45eae\u003e] generic_perform_write+0x16e/0x310\n [\u003c00000383e9eb87f4\u003e] ext4_buffered_write_iter+0x84/0x160\n [\u003c00000383e9da0de4\u003e] vfs_write+0x1c4/0x460\n [\u003c00000383e9da123c\u003e] ksys_write+0x7c/0x100\n [\u003c00000383eaa7284e\u003e] __do_syscall+0x15e/0x280\n [\u003c00000383eaa8417e\u003e] system_call+0x6e/0x90\nINFO: lockdep is turned off.\n\nIt is not allowed to take the mmap_lock while in atomic context. Therefore\nhandle such a secure storage access fault as if the accessed page is not\nmapped: the uaccess function will return -EFAULT, and the caller has to\ndeal with this. Usually this means that the access is retried in process\ncontext, which allows to resolve the page fault (or in this case export the\npage)."
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T21:26:27.837Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d2e317dfd2d1fe416c77315d17c5d57dbe374915"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/11709abccf93b08adde95ef313c300b0d4bc28f1"
        }
      ],
      "title": "s390/mm: Fix in_atomic() handling in do_secure_storage_access()",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-38359",
    "datePublished": "2025-07-25T12:47:30.441Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:24.007Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T21:26:27.837Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}