CVE-2025-22109 (GCVE-0-2025-22109)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-16 14:12 – Updated: 2026-05-11 21:13
VLAI
Title
ax25: Remove broken autobind
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ax25: Remove broken autobind Binding AX25 socket by using the autobind feature leads to memory leaks in ax25_connect() and also refcount leaks in ax25_release(). Memory leak was detected with kmemleak: ================================================================ unreferenced object 0xffff8880253cd680 (size 96): backtrace: __kmalloc_node_track_caller_noprof (./include/linux/kmemleak.h:43) kmemdup_noprof (mm/util.c:136) ax25_rt_autobind (net/ax25/ax25_route.c:428) ax25_connect (net/ax25/af_ax25.c:1282) __sys_connect_file (net/socket.c:2045) __sys_connect (net/socket.c:2064) __x64_sys_connect (net/socket.c:2067) do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83) entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130) ================================================================ When socket is bound, refcounts must be incremented the way it is done in ax25_bind() and ax25_setsockopt() (SO_BINDTODEVICE). In case of autobind, the refcounts are not incremented. This bug leads to the following issue reported by Syzkaller: ================================================================ ax25_connect(): syz-executor318 uses autobind, please contact jreuter@yaina.de ------------[ cut here ]------------ refcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory. WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 5317 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0xfa/0x1d0 lib/refcount.c:31 Modules linked in: CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 5317 Comm: syz-executor318 Not tainted 6.14.0-rc4-syzkaller-00278-gece144f151ac #0 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2~bpo12+1 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0xfa/0x1d0 lib/refcount.c:31 ... Call Trace: <TASK> __refcount_dec include/linux/refcount.h:336 [inline] refcount_dec include/linux/refcount.h:351 [inline] ref_tracker_free+0x6af/0x7e0 lib/ref_tracker.c:236 netdev_tracker_free include/linux/netdevice.h:4302 [inline] netdev_put include/linux/netdevice.h:4319 [inline] ax25_release+0x368/0x960 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:1080 __sock_release net/socket.c:647 [inline] sock_close+0xbc/0x240 net/socket.c:1398 __fput+0x3e9/0x9f0 fs/file_table.c:464 __do_sys_close fs/open.c:1580 [inline] __se_sys_close fs/open.c:1565 [inline] __x64_sys_close+0x7f/0x110 fs/open.c:1565 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline] do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f ... </TASK> ================================================================ Considering the issues above and the comments left in the code that say: "check if we can remove this feature. It is broken."; "autobinding in this may or may not work"; - it is better to completely remove this feature than to fix it because it is broken and leads to various kinds of memory bugs. Now calling connect() without first binding socket will result in an error (-EINVAL). Userspace software that relies on the autobind feature might get broken. However, this feature does not seem widely used with this specific driver as it was not reliable at any point of time, and it is already broken anyway. E.g. ax25-tools and ax25-apps packages for popular distributions do not use the autobind feature for AF_AX25. Found by Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with Syzkaller.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 61203fdd3e35519db9a98b6ff8983c620ffc4696 (git)
Affected: 1da177e4c3f41524e886b7f1b8a0c1fc7321cac2 , < 2f6efbabceb6b2914ee9bafb86d9a51feae9cce8 (git)
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Linux Linux Affected: 2.6.12
Unaffected: 0 , < 2.6.12 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.14.2 , ≤ 6.14.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.15 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
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          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "include/net/ax25.h",
            "net/ax25/af_ax25.c",
            "net/ax25/ax25_route.c"
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nax25: Remove broken autobind\n\nBinding AX25 socket by using the autobind feature leads to memory leaks\nin ax25_connect() and also refcount leaks in ax25_release(). Memory\nleak was detected with kmemleak:\n\n================================================================\nunreferenced object 0xffff8880253cd680 (size 96):\nbacktrace:\n__kmalloc_node_track_caller_noprof (./include/linux/kmemleak.h:43)\nkmemdup_noprof (mm/util.c:136)\nax25_rt_autobind (net/ax25/ax25_route.c:428)\nax25_connect (net/ax25/af_ax25.c:1282)\n__sys_connect_file (net/socket.c:2045)\n__sys_connect (net/socket.c:2064)\n__x64_sys_connect (net/socket.c:2067)\ndo_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)\nentry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)\n================================================================\n\nWhen socket is bound, refcounts must be incremented the way it is done\nin ax25_bind() and ax25_setsockopt() (SO_BINDTODEVICE). In case of\nautobind, the refcounts are not incremented.\n\nThis bug leads to the following issue reported by Syzkaller:\n\n================================================================\nax25_connect(): syz-executor318 uses autobind, please contact jreuter@yaina.de\n------------[ cut here ]------------\nrefcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 5317 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0xfa/0x1d0 lib/refcount.c:31\nModules linked in:\nCPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 5317 Comm: syz-executor318 Not tainted 6.14.0-rc4-syzkaller-00278-gece144f151ac #0\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2~bpo12+1 04/01/2014\nRIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0xfa/0x1d0 lib/refcount.c:31\n...\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n __refcount_dec include/linux/refcount.h:336 [inline]\n refcount_dec include/linux/refcount.h:351 [inline]\n ref_tracker_free+0x6af/0x7e0 lib/ref_tracker.c:236\n netdev_tracker_free include/linux/netdevice.h:4302 [inline]\n netdev_put include/linux/netdevice.h:4319 [inline]\n ax25_release+0x368/0x960 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:1080\n __sock_release net/socket.c:647 [inline]\n sock_close+0xbc/0x240 net/socket.c:1398\n __fput+0x3e9/0x9f0 fs/file_table.c:464\n __do_sys_close fs/open.c:1580 [inline]\n __se_sys_close fs/open.c:1565 [inline]\n __x64_sys_close+0x7f/0x110 fs/open.c:1565\n do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\n do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f\n ...\n \u003c/TASK\u003e\n================================================================\n\nConsidering the issues above and the comments left in the code that say:\n\"check if we can remove this feature. It is broken.\"; \"autobinding in this\nmay or may not work\"; - it is better to completely remove this feature than\nto fix it because it is broken and leads to various kinds of memory bugs.\n\nNow calling connect() without first binding socket will result in an\nerror (-EINVAL). Userspace software that relies on the autobind feature\nmight get broken. However, this feature does not seem widely used with\nthis specific driver as it was not reliable at any point of time, and it\nis already broken anyway. E.g. ax25-tools and ax25-apps packages for\npopular distributions do not use the autobind feature for AF_AX25.\n\nFound by Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with Syzkaller."
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T21:13:08.594Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61203fdd3e35519db9a98b6ff8983c620ffc4696"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2f6efbabceb6b2914ee9bafb86d9a51feae9cce8"
        }
      ],
      "title": "ax25: Remove broken autobind",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-22109",
    "datePublished": "2025-04-16T14:12:56.405Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-12-29T08:45:45.820Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T21:13:08.594Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-22109",
      "date": "2026-06-16",
      "epss": "0.00141",
      "percentile": "0.03746"
    },
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-22109\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-04-16T15:16:05.167\",\"lastModified\":\"2025-11-03T18:42:15.690\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nax25: Remove broken autobind\\n\\nBinding AX25 socket by using the autobind feature leads to memory leaks\\nin ax25_connect() and also refcount leaks in ax25_release(). Memory\\nleak was detected with kmemleak:\\n\\n================================================================\\nunreferenced object 0xffff8880253cd680 (size 96):\\nbacktrace:\\n__kmalloc_node_track_caller_noprof (./include/linux/kmemleak.h:43)\\nkmemdup_noprof (mm/util.c:136)\\nax25_rt_autobind (net/ax25/ax25_route.c:428)\\nax25_connect (net/ax25/af_ax25.c:1282)\\n__sys_connect_file (net/socket.c:2045)\\n__sys_connect (net/socket.c:2064)\\n__x64_sys_connect (net/socket.c:2067)\\ndo_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83)\\nentry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130)\\n================================================================\\n\\nWhen socket is bound, refcounts must be incremented the way it is done\\nin ax25_bind() and ax25_setsockopt() (SO_BINDTODEVICE). In case of\\nautobind, the refcounts are not incremented.\\n\\nThis bug leads to the following issue reported by Syzkaller:\\n\\n================================================================\\nax25_connect(): syz-executor318 uses autobind, please contact jreuter@yaina.de\\n------------[ cut here ]------------\\nrefcount_t: decrement hit 0; leaking memory.\\nWARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 5317 at lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0xfa/0x1d0 lib/refcount.c:31\\nModules linked in:\\nCPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 5317 Comm: syz-executor318 Not tainted 6.14.0-rc4-syzkaller-00278-gece144f151ac #0\\nHardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2~bpo12+1 04/01/2014\\nRIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0xfa/0x1d0 lib/refcount.c:31\\n...\\nCall Trace:\\n \u003cTASK\u003e\\n __refcount_dec include/linux/refcount.h:336 [inline]\\n refcount_dec include/linux/refcount.h:351 [inline]\\n ref_tracker_free+0x6af/0x7e0 lib/ref_tracker.c:236\\n netdev_tracker_free include/linux/netdevice.h:4302 [inline]\\n netdev_put include/linux/netdevice.h:4319 [inline]\\n ax25_release+0x368/0x960 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:1080\\n __sock_release net/socket.c:647 [inline]\\n sock_close+0xbc/0x240 net/socket.c:1398\\n __fput+0x3e9/0x9f0 fs/file_table.c:464\\n __do_sys_close fs/open.c:1580 [inline]\\n __se_sys_close fs/open.c:1565 [inline]\\n __x64_sys_close+0x7f/0x110 fs/open.c:1565\\n do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [inline]\\n do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83\\n entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f\\n ...\\n \u003c/TASK\u003e\\n================================================================\\n\\nConsidering the issues above and the comments left in the code that say:\\n\\\"check if we can remove this feature. It is broken.\\\"; \\\"autobinding in this\\nmay or may not work\\\"; - it is better to completely remove this feature than\\nto fix it because it is broken and leads to various kinds of memory bugs.\\n\\nNow calling connect() without first binding socket will result in an\\nerror (-EINVAL). Userspace software that relies on the autobind feature\\nmight get broken. However, this feature does not seem widely used with\\nthis specific driver as it was not reliable at any point of time, and it\\nis already broken anyway. E.g. ax25-tools and ax25-apps packages for\\npopular distributions do not use the autobind feature for AF_AX25.\\n\\nFound by Linux Verification Center (linuxtesting.org) with Syzkaller.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: ax25: Eliminar el autobind roto El enlace del socket AX25 mediante la funci\u00f3n autobind genera p\u00e9rdidas de memoria en ax25_connect() y tambi\u00e9n p\u00e9rdidas de recuento de referencias en ax25_release(). Se detect\u00f3 una fuga de memoria con kmemleak: == ... __sys_connect (net/socket.c:2064) __x64_sys_connect (net/socket.c:2067) do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83) entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:130) ===================================================================== Cuando se enlaza un socket, los recuentos de referencias se deben incrementar de la forma en que se hace en ax25_bind() y ax25_setsockopt() (SO_BINDTODEVICE). En caso de enlace autom\u00e1tico, los recuentos de referencias no se incrementan. Este error provoca el siguiente problema reportado por Syzkaller: == ... ADVERTENCIA: CPU: 0 PID: 5317 en lib/refcount.c:31 refcount_warn_saturate+0xfa/0x1d0 lib/refcount.c:31 M\u00f3dulos vinculados: CPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 5317 Comm: syz-executor318 No contaminado 6.14.0-rc4-syzkaller-00278-gece144f151ac #0 Nombre del hardware: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.3-debian-1.16.3-2~bpo12+1 01/04/2014 RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0xfa/0x1d0 lib/refcount.c:31 ... Rastreo de llamadas:  __refcount_dec include/linux/refcount.h:336 [en l\u00ednea] refcount_dec include/linux/refcount.h:351 [en l\u00ednea] ref_tracker_free+0x6af/0x7e0 lib/ref_tracker.c:236 netdev_tracker_free include/linux/netdevice.h:4302 [en l\u00ednea] netdev_put include/linux/netdevice.h:4319 [en l\u00ednea] ax25_release+0x368/0x960 net/ax25/af_ax25.c:1080 __sock_release net/socket.c:647 [en l\u00ednea] sock_close+0xbc/0x240 net/socket.c:1398 __fput+0x3e9/0x9f0 fs/file_table.c:464 __do_sys_close fs/open.c:1580 [en l\u00ednea] __se_sys_close fs/open.c:1565 [en l\u00ednea] __x64_sys_close+0x7f/0x110 fs/open.c:1565 do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:52 [en l\u00ednea] do_syscall_64+0xf3/0x230 arch/x86/entry/common.c:83 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f ...  ===================================================================== Considerando los problemas anteriores y los comentarios que se dejaron en el c\u00f3digo que dicen: \\\"check Si podemos eliminar esta funci\u00f3n, est\u00e1 defectuosa.\\\"; \\\"La vinculaci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica en este caso puede o no funcionar.\\\"; - Es mejor eliminar esta funci\u00f3n por completo que corregirla, ya que est\u00e1 defectuosa y provoca diversos errores de memoria. Ahora, llamar a connect() sin vincular primero el socket generar\u00e1 un error (-EINVAL). El software de espacio de usuario que depende de la funci\u00f3n de vinculaci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica podr\u00eda fallar. Sin embargo, esta funci\u00f3n no parece ser muy utilizada con este controlador espec\u00edfico, ya que no era fiable en ning\u00fan momento y, de todos modos, ya est\u00e1 defectuosa. Por ejemplo, los paquetes ax25-tools y ax25-apps para distribuciones populares no utilizan la funci\u00f3n de vinculaci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica para AF_AX25. Encontrado por el Centro de Verificaci\u00f3n de Linux (linuxtesting.org) con Syzkaller.\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-401\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"2.6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.14.2\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"52F2BE8D-57F3-4A09-90F4-3B7CE68D9CD9\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6.12:-:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"6F62EECE-8FB1-4D57-85D8-CB9E23CF313C\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6.12:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4F76C298-81DC-43E4-8FC9-DC005A2116EF\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6.12:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"0AB349B2-3F78-4197-882B-90ADB3BF645A\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6.12:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"6AC88830-A9BC-4607-B572-A4B502FC9FD0\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6.12:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"476CB3A5-D022-4F13-AAEF-CB6A5785516A\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2f6efbabceb6b2914ee9bafb86d9a51feae9cce8\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/61203fdd3e35519db9a98b6ff8983c620ffc4696\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]}]}}"
  }
}


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