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CVE-2025-38001 (GCVE-0-2025-38001)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-06 13:41 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:58
VLAI
Title
net_sched: hfsc: Address reentrant enqueue adding class to eltree twice
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net_sched: hfsc: Address reentrant enqueue adding class to eltree twice Savino says: "We are writing to report that this recent patch (141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547) [1] can be bypassed, and a UAF can still occur when HFSC is utilized with NETEM. The patch only checks the cl->cl_nactive field to determine whether it is the first insertion or not [2], but this field is only incremented by init_vf [3]. By using HFSC_RSC (which uses init_ed) [4], it is possible to bypass the check and insert the class twice in the eltree. Under normal conditions, this would lead to an infinite loop in hfsc_dequeue for the reasons we already explained in this report [5]. However, if TBF is added as root qdisc and it is configured with a very low rate, it can be utilized to prevent packets from being dequeued. This behavior can be exploited to perform subsequent insertions in the HFSC eltree and cause a UAF." To fix both the UAF and the infinite loop, with netem as an hfsc child, check explicitly in hfsc_enqueue whether the class is already in the eltree whenever the HFSC_RSC flag is set. [1] https://web.git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547 [2] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1572 [3] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L677 [4] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1574 [5] https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/8DuRWwfqjoRDLDmBMlIfbrsZg9Gx50DHJc1ilxsEBNe2D6NMoigR_eIRIG0LOjMc3r10nUUZtArXx4oZBIdUfZQrwjcQhdinnMis_0G7VEk=@willsroot.io/T/#u
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < e5bee633cc276410337d54b99f77fbc1ad8801e5 (git)
Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < 6672e6c00810056acaac019fe26cdc26fee8a66c (git)
Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < 2c928b3a0b04a431ffcd6c8b7d88a267124a3a28 (git)
Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < a0ec22fa20b252edbe070a9de8501eef63c17ef5 (git)
Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < 295f7c579b07b5b7cf2dffe485f71cc2f27647cb (git)
Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < 2f2190ce4ca972051cac6a8d7937448f8cb9673c (git)
Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < 4e38eaaabfb7fffbb371a51150203e19eee5d70e (git)
Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < 39ed887b1dd2d6b720f87e86692ac3006cc111c8 (git)
Affected: 37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea , < ac9fe7dd8e730a103ae4481147395cc73492d786 (git)
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Linux Linux Affected: 5.0
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.0 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.4.294 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.238 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.185 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.141 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.93 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.32 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.14.10 , ≤ 6.14.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.15.1 , ≤ 6.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.16 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet_sched: hfsc: Address reentrant enqueue adding class to eltree twice\n\nSavino says:\n    \"We are writing to report that this recent patch\n    (141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547) [1]\n    can be bypassed, and a UAF can still occur when HFSC is utilized with\n    NETEM.\n\n    The patch only checks the cl-\u003ecl_nactive field to determine whether\n    it is the first insertion or not [2], but this field is only\n    incremented by init_vf [3].\n\n    By using HFSC_RSC (which uses init_ed) [4], it is possible to bypass the\n    check and insert the class twice in the eltree.\n    Under normal conditions, this would lead to an infinite loop in\n    hfsc_dequeue for the reasons we already explained in this report [5].\n\n    However, if TBF is added as root qdisc and it is configured with a\n    very low rate,\n    it can be utilized to prevent packets from being dequeued.\n    This behavior can be exploited to perform subsequent insertions in the\n    HFSC eltree and cause a UAF.\"\n\nTo fix both the UAF and the infinite loop, with netem as an hfsc child,\ncheck explicitly in hfsc_enqueue whether the class is already in the eltree\nwhenever the HFSC_RSC flag is set.\n\n[1] https://web.git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547\n[2] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1572\n[3] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L677\n[4] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1574\n[5] https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/8DuRWwfqjoRDLDmBMlIfbrsZg9Gx50DHJc1ilxsEBNe2D6NMoigR_eIRIG0LOjMc3r10nUUZtArXx4oZBIdUfZQrwjcQhdinnMis_0G7VEk=@willsroot.io/T/#u"
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              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires configuring an HFSC qdisc with an RSC-only class, a netem child with duplication, and a rate-limiting root qdisc via tc/rtnetlink, then transmitting packets locally through it. Remote peers cannot set up or reach this configuration, so local access is required.\nAC:L - The attacker fully controls every precondition \u2014 the HFSC_RSC class flags, netem\u0027s duplicate probability (settable to 100%), and the TBF rate that stalls dequeue \u2014 so the reentrant double-insertion is triggered deterministically on demand, with no race or state outside attacker control.\nPR:L - CAP_NET_ADMIN is required for tc configuration, but rtnetlink checks it namespace-relative, so an unprivileged user obtains it by creating a user+network namespace (unshare -Urn) and building the qdisc hierarchy on a loopback/dummy device inside it.\nUI:N - The attacker performs the qdisc setup and generates the triggering traffic entirely on their own; no action by any other user or administrator is involved.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel heap memory managed by the same kernel security authority; there is no crossing of a VM, IOMMU, or other trust boundary.\nC:H - The stale eligible-tree edge to a freed hfsc_class yields a use-after-free that is read from during rbtree traversal in eltree_get_mindl()/eltree_get_minel(), and reclaiming the freed slab object with attacker-controlled data gives an arbitrary kernel-memory read primitive.\nI:H - rb_insert_color() and rb_erase() write parent/color pointers into the freed object and into attacker-groomed neighbors, providing a controllable write primitive on reclaimed heap memory that is leverageable for full local privilege escalation.\nA:H - Even without full exploitation, the double insertion causes an infinite loop in hfsc_dequeue() or a use-after-free oops/panic, hanging or crashing the kernel."
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    "datePublished": "2025-06-06T13:41:45.462Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:23.976Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:58:52.422Z",
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    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-38001\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-06-06T14:15:22.183\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-07-30T06:22:43.573\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nnet_sched: hfsc: Address reentrant enqueue adding class to eltree twice\\n\\nSavino says:\\n    \\\"We are writing to report that this recent patch\\n    (141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547) [1]\\n    can be bypassed, and a UAF can still occur when HFSC is utilized with\\n    NETEM.\\n\\n    The patch only checks the cl-\u003ecl_nactive field to determine whether\\n    it is the first insertion or not [2], but this field is only\\n    incremented by init_vf [3].\\n\\n    By using HFSC_RSC (which uses init_ed) [4], it is possible to bypass the\\n    check and insert the class twice in the eltree.\\n    Under normal conditions, this would lead to an infinite loop in\\n    hfsc_dequeue for the reasons we already explained in this report [5].\\n\\n    However, if TBF is added as root qdisc and it is configured with a\\n    very low rate,\\n    it can be utilized to prevent packets from being dequeued.\\n    This behavior can be exploited to perform subsequent insertions in the\\n    HFSC eltree and cause a UAF.\\\"\\n\\nTo fix both the UAF and the infinite loop, with netem as an hfsc child,\\ncheck explicitly in hfsc_enqueue whether the class is already in the eltree\\nwhenever the HFSC_RSC flag is set.\\n\\n[1] https://web.git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547\\n[2] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1572\\n[3] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L677\\n[4] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1574\\n[5] https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/8DuRWwfqjoRDLDmBMlIfbrsZg9Gx50DHJc1ilxsEBNe2D6NMoigR_eIRIG0LOjMc3r10nUUZtArXx4oZBIdUfZQrwjcQhdinnMis_0G7VEk=@willsroot.io/T/#u\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: net_sched: hfsc: Direcci\u00f3n de cola reentrante que a\u00f1ade clase a eltree dos veces. Savino afirma: \\\"Les escribimos para informarles que este parche reciente (141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547) [1] se puede omitir, y a\u00fan puede producirse una UAF cuando se utiliza HFSC con NETEM. El parche solo comprueba el campo cl-\u0026gt;cl_nactive para determinar si es la primera inserci\u00f3n o no [2], pero este campo solo se incrementa con init_vf [3]. Al usar HFSC_RSC (que utiliza init_ed) [4], es posible omitir la comprobaci\u00f3n e insertar la clase dos veces en eltree. En condiciones normales, esto provocar\u00eda un bucle infinito en hfsc_dequeue por las razones que ya explicamos en este informe [5]. Sin embargo, si TBF se a\u00f1ade como qdisc ra\u00edz y es Configurado con una tasa muy baja, puede utilizarse para evitar que los paquetes se desencolan. Este comportamiento puede aprovecharse para realizar inserciones posteriores en el eltree de HFSC y provocar un UAF. Para solucionar tanto el UAF como el bucle infinito, con netem como elemento secundario de hfsc, compruebe expl\u00edcitamente en hfsc_enqueue si la clase ya est\u00e1 en el eltree cuando se activa el indicador HFSC_RSC. [1] https://web.git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=141d34391abbb315d68556b7c67ad97885407547 [2] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1572 [3] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L677 [4] https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v6.15-rc5/source/net/sched/sch_hfsc.c#L1574 [5] https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/8DuRWwfqjoRDLDmBMlIfbrsZg9Gx50DHJc1ilxsEBNe2D6NMoigR_eIRIG0LOjMc3r10nUUZtArXx4oZBIdUfZQrwjcQhdinnMis_0G7VEk=@willsroot.io/T/#u\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"net/sched/sch_hfsc.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"e5bee633cc276410337d54b99f77fbc1ad8801e5\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"6672e6c00810056acaac019fe26cdc26fee8a66c\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"2c928b3a0b04a431ffcd6c8b7d88a267124a3a28\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"a0ec22fa20b252edbe070a9de8501eef63c17ef5\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"295f7c579b07b5b7cf2dffe485f71cc2f27647cb\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"2f2190ce4ca972051cac6a8d7937448f8cb9673c\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"4e38eaaabfb7fffbb371a51150203e19eee5d70e\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"39ed887b1dd2d6b720f87e86692ac3006cc111c8\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"37d9cf1a3ce35de3df6f7d209bfb1f50cf188cea\",\"lessThan\":\"ac9fe7dd8e730a103ae4481147395cc73492d786\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"net/sched/sch_hfsc.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"5.0\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"5.0\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.4.294\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.4.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.10.238\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.10.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"5.15.185\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"5.15.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.141\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.93\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.32\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.14.10\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.14.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.15.1\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.15.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.16\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":5.9},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-835\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.0.1\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.4.294\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"DEC27C91-8035-49D5-8C57-B8F8541B23F7\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.5\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.10.238\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"0DAAEF7F-D560-47FC-8B65-20404DB82432\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"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Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/10/msg00007.html\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/10/msg00008.html\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://syst3mfailure.io/rbtree-family-drama/\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Important",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-30T08:57:08+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-38001",
      "id": "CVE-2025-38001",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-06-06T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:fixed": "817",
      "product_status:known_affected": "232",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "42",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: net_sched: hfsc: Address reentrant enqueue adding class to eltree twice",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-38001.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "important",
      "current_release_date": "2026-08-30T01:57:59Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-38001",
      "id": "CVE-2025-38001",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-06-07T01:57:36Z",
      "product_status:known_affected": "480",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "187",
      "product_status:recommended": "768",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2025-38001",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2025-38001.json",
      "version": "63"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.