CVE-2025-68321 (GCVE-0-2025-68321)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-16 15:44 – Updated: 2026-08-05 12:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
page_pool: always add GFP_NOWARN for ATOMIC allocations
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
page_pool: always add GFP_NOWARN for ATOMIC allocations
Driver authors often forget to add GFP_NOWARN for page allocation
from the datapath. This is annoying to users as OOMs are a fact
of life, and we pretty much expect network Rx to hit page allocation
failures during OOM. Make page pool add GFP_NOWARN for ATOMIC allocations
by default.
Severity
7.5 (High)
Assigner
References
6 references
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | CPE status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f , < 0ec2cd5c58793d0c622797cd5fbe26634b357210
(git)
Affected: ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f , < 9835a0fd59a1df5ec0740fdab6d50db68e0f10de (git) Affected: ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f , < 7613c06ffa89c1e2266fb532e23ef7dfdf269d73 (git) Affected: ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f , < 3671a0775952026228ae44e096eb144bca75f8dc (git) Affected: ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f , < ab48dc0e23eb714b3f233f8e8f6deed7df2051f5 (git) Affected: ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f , < f3b52167a0cb23b27414452fbc1278da2ee884fc (git) |
guessed | |
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
4.18
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.18 (semver) Unaffected: 5.15.197 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.1.159 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.6.117 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.12.58 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.17.8 , ≤ 6.17.* (semver) Unaffected: 6.18 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix) |
guessed |
{
"containers": {
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "Linux",
"programFiles": [
"net/core/page_pool.c"
],
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"version": "ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f",
"versionType": "git"
},
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"status": "affected",
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"versionType": "git"
},
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"versionType": "git"
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"status": "affected",
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"versionType": "git"
},
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"status": "affected",
"version": "ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"lessThan": "f3b52167a0cb23b27414452fbc1278da2ee884fc",
"status": "affected",
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"versionType": "git"
}
]
},
{
"defaultStatus": "affected",
"product": "Linux",
"programFiles": [
"net/core/page_pool.c"
],
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "4.18"
},
{
"lessThan": "4.18",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "5.15.197",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.1.159",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.6.117",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.12.58",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.17.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.17.8",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.18",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
}
]
}
],
"cpeApplicability": [
{
"nodes": [
{
"cpeMatch": [
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "5.15.197",
"versionStartIncluding": "4.18",
"vulnerable": true
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.1.159",
"versionStartIncluding": "4.18",
"vulnerable": true
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.6.117",
"versionStartIncluding": "4.18",
"vulnerable": true
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.12.58",
"versionStartIncluding": "4.18",
"vulnerable": true
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.17.8",
"versionStartIncluding": "4.18",
"vulnerable": true
},
{
"criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"versionEndExcluding": "6.18",
"versionStartIncluding": "4.18",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npage_pool: always add GFP_NOWARN for ATOMIC allocations\n\nDriver authors often forget to add GFP_NOWARN for page allocation\nfrom the datapath. This is annoying to users as OOMs are a fact\nof life, and we pretty much expect network Rx to hit page allocation\nfailures during OOM. Make page pool add GFP_NOWARN for ATOMIC allocations\nby default."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.5,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"scenarios": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "AV:N - Remote Ethernet traffic can reach RX NAPI buffer-refill paths in page-pool drivers such as bnxt and mlx4 before firewall or protocol authentication.\nAC:L - A sustained packet flood can drain recycled buffers and force atomic slow-path allocations under memory pressure; no race or attacker-independent timing condition is required.\nPR:N - The receive path processes packets before authentication and requires no capability, local account, or namespace access.\nUI:N - No victim action is required once the affected network interface is active.\nS:U - The vulnerability and its availability effects remain within the host kernel and its logging resources.\nC:N - The bug creates no out-of-bounds access, use-after-free, or attacker-accessible memory disclosure; diagnostics are not returned to the remote peer.\nI:N - Adding __GFP_NOWARN changes only diagnostic emission and does not alter memory contents, allocation results, or control flow.\nA:H - Sustained failures repeatedly invoke expensive stack and memory-state dumps, which can monopolize slow console or logging paths and exhaust log storage on constrained systems. Although globally rate-limited, the resulting persistent disruption can become severe in a reasonable network-appliance deployment."
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:10:53.192Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0ec2cd5c58793d0c622797cd5fbe26634b357210"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9835a0fd59a1df5ec0740fdab6d50db68e0f10de"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7613c06ffa89c1e2266fb532e23ef7dfdf269d73"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3671a0775952026228ae44e096eb144bca75f8dc"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ab48dc0e23eb714b3f233f8e8f6deed7df2051f5"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f3b52167a0cb23b27414452fbc1278da2ee884fc"
}
],
"title": "page_pool: always add GFP_NOWARN for ATOMIC allocations",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-68321",
"datePublished": "2025-12-16T15:44:19.066Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-12-16T14:48:05.295Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:10:53.192Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2025-68321",
"date": "2026-09-29",
"epss": "0.00441",
"percentile": "0.35873"
},
"nvd": {
"cve": {
"affected": [
{
"affectedData": [
{
"defaultStatus": "unaffected",
"product": "Linux",
"programFiles": [
"net/core/page_pool.c"
],
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"lessThan": "0ec2cd5c58793d0c622797cd5fbe26634b357210",
"status": "affected",
"version": "ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"lessThan": "9835a0fd59a1df5ec0740fdab6d50db68e0f10de",
"status": "affected",
"version": "ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"lessThan": "7613c06ffa89c1e2266fb532e23ef7dfdf269d73",
"status": "affected",
"version": "ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
"lessThan": "3671a0775952026228ae44e096eb144bca75f8dc",
"status": "affected",
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"versionType": "git"
},
{
"lessThan": "ab48dc0e23eb714b3f233f8e8f6deed7df2051f5",
"status": "affected",
"version": "ff7d6b27f894f1469dc51ccb828b7363ccd9799f",
"versionType": "git"
},
{
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"status": "affected",
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"versionType": "git"
}
]
},
{
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"product": "Linux",
"programFiles": [
"net/core/page_pool.c"
],
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
"vendor": "Linux",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "4.18"
},
{
"lessThan": "4.18",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "0",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "5.15.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "5.15.197",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.1.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.1.159",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.6.117",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.12.58",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.17.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.17.8",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.18",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
}
]
}
],
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67"
}
],
"cveTags": [],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npage_pool: always add GFP_NOWARN for ATOMIC allocations\n\nDriver authors often forget to add GFP_NOWARN for page allocation\nfrom the datapath. This is annoying to users as OOMs are a fact\nof life, and we pretty much expect network Rx to hit page allocation\nfailures during OOM. Make page pool add GFP_NOWARN for ATOMIC allocations\nby default."
}
],
"id": "CVE-2025-68321",
"lastModified": "2026-07-30T06:24:38.380",
"metrics": {
"cvssMetricV31": [
{
"cvssData": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.5,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
"exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
"impactScore": 3.6,
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"type": "Secondary"
}
]
},
"published": "2025-12-16T16:16:11.690",
"references": [
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0ec2cd5c58793d0c622797cd5fbe26634b357210"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3671a0775952026228ae44e096eb144bca75f8dc"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/7613c06ffa89c1e2266fb532e23ef7dfdf269d73"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9835a0fd59a1df5ec0740fdab6d50db68e0f10de"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ab48dc0e23eb714b3f233f8e8f6deed7df2051f5"
},
{
"source": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f3b52167a0cb23b27414452fbc1278da2ee884fc"
}
],
"sourceIdentifier": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"vulnStatus": "Deferred"
}
},
"redhat_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "Low",
"current_release_date": "2026-07-30T10:07:36+00:00",
"cve": "CVE-2025-68321",
"id": "CVE-2025-68321",
"initial_release_date": "2025-12-16T00:00:00+00:00",
"product_status:known_affected": "260",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "14",
"source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
"status": "final",
"title": "kernel: Linux kernel: Denial of Service due to page allocation failures",
"url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-68321.json",
"version": "3"
},
"suse_vex": {
"aggregate_severity": "moderate",
"current_release_date": "2026-08-28T16:49:50Z",
"cve": "CVE-2025-68321",
"id": "CVE-2025-68321",
"initial_release_date": "2025-12-17T00:23:39Z",
"product_status:known_affected": "325",
"product_status:known_not_affected": "96",
"source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
"status": "interim",
"title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2025-68321",
"url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2025-68321.json",
"version": "15"
}
}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.
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Related by attack behaviour
Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.
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