CVE-2026-31426 (GCVE-0-2026-31426)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-13 13:40 – Updated: 2026-08-05 12:22
VLAI
Title
ACPI: EC: clean up handlers on probe failure in acpi_ec_setup()
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ACPI: EC: clean up handlers on probe failure in acpi_ec_setup() When ec_install_handlers() returns -EPROBE_DEFER on reduced-hardware platforms, it has already started the EC and installed the address space handler with the struct acpi_ec pointer as handler context. However, acpi_ec_setup() propagates the error without any cleanup. The caller acpi_ec_add() then frees the struct acpi_ec for non-boot instances, leaving a dangling handler context in ACPICA. Any subsequent AML evaluation that accesses an EC OpRegion field dispatches into acpi_ec_space_handler() with the freed pointer, causing a use-after-free: BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in mutex_lock (kernel/locking/mutex.c:289) Write of size 8 at addr ffff88800721de38 by task init/1 Call Trace: <TASK> mutex_lock (kernel/locking/mutex.c:289) acpi_ec_space_handler (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1362) acpi_ev_address_space_dispatch (drivers/acpi/acpica/evregion.c:293) acpi_ex_access_region (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:246) acpi_ex_field_datum_io (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:509) acpi_ex_extract_from_field (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:700) acpi_ex_read_data_from_field (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfield.c:327) acpi_ex_resolve_node_to_value (drivers/acpi/acpica/exresolv.c:392) </TASK> Allocated by task 1: acpi_ec_alloc (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1424) acpi_ec_add (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1692) Freed by task 1: kfree (mm/slub.c:6876) acpi_ec_add (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1751) The bug triggers on reduced-hardware EC platforms (ec->gpe < 0) when the GPIO IRQ provider defers probing. Once the stale handler exists, any unprivileged sysfs read that causes AML to touch an EC OpRegion (battery, thermal, backlight) exercises the dangling pointer. Fix this by calling ec_remove_handlers() in the error path of acpi_ec_setup() before clearing first_ec. ec_remove_handlers() checks each EC_FLAGS_* bit before acting, so it is safe to call regardless of how far ec_install_handlers() progressed: -ENODEV (handler not installed): only calls acpi_ec_stop() -EPROBE_DEFER (handler installed): removes handler, stops EC
Severity
7 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: 03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21 , < 022d1727f33ff90b3e1775125264e3023901952e (git)
Affected: 03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21 , < 9c886e63b69658959633937e3acb7ca8addf7499 (git)
Affected: 03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21 , < 808c0f156f48d5b8ca34088cbbfba8444e606cbc (git)
Affected: 03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21 , < d04c007047c88158141d9bd5eac761cdadd3782c (git)
Affected: 03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21 , < be1a827e15991e874e0d5222d0ea5fdad01960fe (git)
Affected: 03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21 , < f6484cadbcaf26b5844b51bd7307a663dda48ef6 (git)
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Linux Linux Affected: 5.7
Unaffected: 0 , < 5.7 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.168 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.131 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.80 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.18.21 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.19.11 , ≤ 6.19.* (semver)
Unaffected: 7.0 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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{
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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nACPI: EC: clean up handlers on probe failure in acpi_ec_setup()\n\nWhen ec_install_handlers() returns -EPROBE_DEFER on reduced-hardware\nplatforms, it has already started the EC and installed the address\nspace handler with the struct acpi_ec pointer as handler context.\nHowever, acpi_ec_setup() propagates the error without any cleanup.\n\nThe caller acpi_ec_add() then frees the struct acpi_ec for non-boot\ninstances, leaving a dangling handler context in ACPICA.\n\nAny subsequent AML evaluation that accesses an EC OpRegion field\ndispatches into acpi_ec_space_handler() with the freed pointer,\ncausing a use-after-free:\n\n BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in mutex_lock (kernel/locking/mutex.c:289)\n Write of size 8 at addr ffff88800721de38 by task init/1\n Call Trace:\n  \u003cTASK\u003e\n  mutex_lock (kernel/locking/mutex.c:289)\n  acpi_ec_space_handler (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1362)\n  acpi_ev_address_space_dispatch (drivers/acpi/acpica/evregion.c:293)\n  acpi_ex_access_region (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:246)\n  acpi_ex_field_datum_io (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:509)\n  acpi_ex_extract_from_field (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:700)\n  acpi_ex_read_data_from_field (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfield.c:327)\n  acpi_ex_resolve_node_to_value (drivers/acpi/acpica/exresolv.c:392)\n  \u003c/TASK\u003e\n\n Allocated by task 1:\n  acpi_ec_alloc (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1424)\n  acpi_ec_add (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1692)\n\n Freed by task 1:\n  kfree (mm/slub.c:6876)\n  acpi_ec_add (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1751)\n\nThe bug triggers on reduced-hardware EC platforms (ec-\u003egpe \u003c 0)\nwhen the GPIO IRQ provider defers probing. Once the stale handler\nexists, any unprivileged sysfs read that causes AML to touch an\nEC OpRegion (battery, thermal, backlight) exercises the dangling\npointer.\n\nFix this by calling ec_remove_handlers() in the error path of\nacpi_ec_setup() before clearing first_ec. ec_remove_handlers()\nchecks each EC_FLAGS_* bit before acting, so it is safe to call\nregardless of how far ec_install_handlers() progressed:\n\n  -ENODEV  (handler not installed): only calls acpi_ec_stop()\n  -EPROBE_DEFER (handler installed): removes handler, stops EC"
        }
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      "metrics": [
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            "baseScore": 7,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
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              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - Exploitation requires local access to read world-readable sysfs files (battery, thermal, backlight) that trigger AML evaluation of EC OpRegion fields, dispatching into the dangling handler.\nAC:H - The vulnerability only manifests on ACPI reduced-hardware platforms where the EC uses GpioInt (ec-\u003egpe \u003c 0) and the GPIO IRQ provider defers probing \u2014 both conditions are entirely outside the attacker\u0027s control.\nPR:L - The triggering sysfs files (thermal zones, battery status, backlight) are world-readable (permission 444), so any unprivileged local user can trigger the AML evaluation that exercises the dangling pointer.\nUI:N - No user interaction is required; the attacker directly reads sysfs files to trigger the use-after-free.\nS:U - The vulnerability and its impact remain within the kernel security authority; there is no crossing of a security boundary such as VM escape or sandbox escape.\nC:H - The use-after-free in acpi_ec_space_handler() allows reading fields from the freed acpi_ec struct whose memory may be reallocated with attacker-controlled content, providing arbitrary memory read primitives.\nI:H - The use-after-free involves a write of 8 bytes via mutex_lock(\u0026ec-\u003emutex) into the freed object, and further EC transaction operations through the corrupted struct can provide write primitives exploitable for control flow hijacking.\nA:H - The KASAN report demonstrates a kernel crash (slab-use-after-free) triggered by the dangling pointer dereference in mutex_lock, causing a kernel oops or panic."
            }
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        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:22:24.451Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
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      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/022d1727f33ff90b3e1775125264e3023901952e"
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        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9c886e63b69658959633937e3acb7ca8addf7499"
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/808c0f156f48d5b8ca34088cbbfba8444e606cbc"
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d04c007047c88158141d9bd5eac761cdadd3782c"
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        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/be1a827e15991e874e0d5222d0ea5fdad01960fe"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f6484cadbcaf26b5844b51bd7307a663dda48ef6"
        }
      ],
      "title": "ACPI: EC: clean up handlers on probe failure in acpi_ec_setup()",
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-31426",
    "datePublished": "2026-04-13T13:40:29.635Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-03-09T15:48:24.088Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:22:24.451Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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      "cve": "CVE-2026-31426",
      "date": "2026-08-11",
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    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2026-31426\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2026-04-13T14:16:12.600\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-06-17T10:33:41.717\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nACPI: EC: clean up handlers on probe failure in acpi_ec_setup()\\n\\nWhen ec_install_handlers() returns -EPROBE_DEFER on reduced-hardware\\nplatforms, it has already started the EC and installed the address\\nspace handler with the struct acpi_ec pointer as handler context.\\nHowever, acpi_ec_setup() propagates the error without any cleanup.\\n\\nThe caller acpi_ec_add() then frees the struct acpi_ec for non-boot\\ninstances, leaving a dangling handler context in ACPICA.\\n\\nAny subsequent AML evaluation that accesses an EC OpRegion field\\ndispatches into acpi_ec_space_handler() with the freed pointer,\\ncausing a use-after-free:\\n\\n BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in mutex_lock (kernel/locking/mutex.c:289)\\n Write of size 8 at addr ffff88800721de38 by task init/1\\n Call Trace:\\n  \u003cTASK\u003e\\n  mutex_lock (kernel/locking/mutex.c:289)\\n  acpi_ec_space_handler (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1362)\\n  acpi_ev_address_space_dispatch (drivers/acpi/acpica/evregion.c:293)\\n  acpi_ex_access_region (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:246)\\n  acpi_ex_field_datum_io (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:509)\\n  acpi_ex_extract_from_field (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfldio.c:700)\\n  acpi_ex_read_data_from_field (drivers/acpi/acpica/exfield.c:327)\\n  acpi_ex_resolve_node_to_value (drivers/acpi/acpica/exresolv.c:392)\\n  \u003c/TASK\u003e\\n\\n Allocated by task 1:\\n  acpi_ec_alloc (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1424)\\n  acpi_ec_add (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1692)\\n\\n Freed by task 1:\\n  kfree (mm/slub.c:6876)\\n  acpi_ec_add (drivers/acpi/ec.c:1751)\\n\\nThe bug triggers on reduced-hardware EC platforms (ec-\u003egpe \u003c 0)\\nwhen the GPIO IRQ provider defers probing. Once the stale handler\\nexists, any unprivileged sysfs read that causes AML to touch an\\nEC OpRegion (battery, thermal, backlight) exercises the dangling\\npointer.\\n\\nFix this by calling ec_remove_handlers() in the error path of\\nacpi_ec_setup() before clearing first_ec. ec_remove_handlers()\\nchecks each EC_FLAGS_* bit before acting, so it is safe to call\\nregardless of how far ec_install_handlers() progressed:\\n\\n  -ENODEV  (handler not installed): only calls acpi_ec_stop()\\n  -EPROBE_DEFER (handler installed): removes handler, stops EC\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"drivers/acpi/ec.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21\",\"lessThan\":\"022d1727f33ff90b3e1775125264e3023901952e\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21\",\"lessThan\":\"9c886e63b69658959633937e3acb7ca8addf7499\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21\",\"lessThan\":\"808c0f156f48d5b8ca34088cbbfba8444e606cbc\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21\",\"lessThan\":\"d04c007047c88158141d9bd5eac761cdadd3782c\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21\",\"lessThan\":\"be1a827e15991e874e0d5222d0ea5fdad01960fe\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"03e9a0e05739cf872fee494b06c75c0469704a21\",\"lessThan\":\"f6484cadbcaf26b5844b51bd7307a663dda48ef6\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"drivers/acpi/ec.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"5.7\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"5.7\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.168\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.131\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.80\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.18.21\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.18.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.19.11\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.19.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"7.0\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.0,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"HIGH\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.0,\"impactScore\":5.9}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-416\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.168\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"0910DB26-69F0-4F59-B2B3-DC2B0824D0F6\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.131\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"CE6ED4D4-0046-4573-BFA9-D64143B6A89F\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.80\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"97EB19EC-A11E-49C6-9D2F-6F6EC6CB98B6\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.18.21\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"ED39847A-3B46-4729-B7CA-B2C30B9FA8FE\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.19\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.19.11\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4CA2E747-A9EC-4518-9AA2-B4247FC748B7\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:5.7:-:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"3D23CE42-BDB2-4216-8495-230ABE98FCDD\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F253B622-8837-4245-BCE5-A7BF8FC76A16\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4AE85AD8-4641-4E7C-A2F4-305E2CD9EE64\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F666C8D8-6538-46D4-B318-87610DE64C34\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"02259FDA-961B-47BC-AE7F-93D7EC6E90C2\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"58A9FEFF-C040-420D-8F0A-BFDAAA1DF258\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc6:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"1D2315C0-D46F-4F85-9754-F9E5E11374A6\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/022d1727f33ff90b3e1775125264e3023901952e\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/808c0f156f48d5b8ca34088cbbfba8444e606cbc\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/9c886e63b69658959633937e3acb7ca8addf7499\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/be1a827e15991e874e0d5222d0ea5fdad01960fe\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d04c007047c88158141d9bd5eac761cdadd3782c\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/f6484cadbcaf26b5844b51bd7307a663dda48ef6\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-02T17:13:34+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2026-31426",
      "id": "CVE-2026-31426",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-04-13T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_affected": "246",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "28",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: ACPI: EC: clean up handlers on probe failure in acpi_ec_setup()",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-31426.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-15T05:22:55Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2026-31426",
      "id": "CVE-2026-31426",
      "initial_release_date": "2026-04-13T23:26:35Z",
      "product_status:first_fixed": "2",
      "product_status:known_affected": "154",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "82",
      "product_status:recommended": "268",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2026-31426",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2026-31426.json",
      "version": "8"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

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Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.