GHSA-2WC2-FM75-P42X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-09 13:37 – Updated: 2026-07-09 13:37Summary
The CSS selector parser in soupsieve (the CSS selector engine for Beautiful Soup 4) allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists. An attacker who can supply a crafted CSS selector string to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup's .select() / .select_one() can cause the application to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input, leading to memory exhaustion and denial of service.
To be completely transparent, AI tools helped surface this issue. However, it was independently reproduced and carefully validated. Researchers follow responsible disclosure practices and originally shared this report privately.
A 500 KB selector string triggers allocation of approximately 244 MB of heap memory - a 488x— amplification ratio**.
Details
Affected code: soupsieve/css_parser.py, lines ~204, 925, 1106
The soupsieve CSS parser splits comma-separated selector lists and creates one CSSSelector object per list item. Each CSSSelector object contains parsed selector data structures including SelectorList, Selector, and associated tag/attribute/pseudo-class metadata.
When a selector string such as a,a,a,... (with 250,000 comma-separated items) is passed to sv.compile(), the parser:
- Tokenises the entire string and identifies each comma-delimited segment (line ~1106)
- Parses each segment into a full
Selectorobject with all associated metadata (line ~925) - Stores all parsed selectors in a
SelectorList(line ~204)
Root cause: No limit is enforced on the number of selectors in a comma-separated list. The parser will attempt to parse and store an arbitrary number of selectors, with each selector object consuming approximately 976 bytes of heap memory. The total allocation scales linearly with the number of list items, but the amplification ratio (output memory / input bytes) is extremely high because each single-character selector like a expands into a complex object graph.
Attack surface: Any application that passes user-supplied CSS selectors to soupsieve.compile() or Beautiful Soup's .select() / .select_one().
Proof of Concept
import tracemalloc
import soupsieve as sv
tracemalloc.start()
# Build a 500 KB selector string: "a,a,a,...,a" (250,000 items)
count = 250_000
selector = ",".join("a" for _ in range(count))
print(f"Selector string size: {len(selector):,} bytes ({len(selector) / 1024:.0f} KB)")
# Compile the selector — this allocates ~244 MB
compiled = sv.compile(selector)
current, peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()
tracemalloc.stop()
print(f"Compiled selector count: {len(compiled.selectors):,}")
print(f"Current memory: {current / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB")
print(f"Peak memory: {peak / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB")
print(f"Amplification ratio: {peak / len(selector):.0f}x")
# Expected output:
# Selector string size: 499,999 bytes (488 KB)
# Compiled selector count: 250,000
# Current memory: ~244 MB
# Peak memory: ~244 MB
# Amplification ratio: ~488x
Impact
Severity: High
An attacker can exhaust available memory on any server-side Python application that compiles user-supplied CSS selectors via soupsieve. This can cause:
- OOM kills in containerised deployments (Kubernetes pods, Docker containers) with memory limits
- Swap thrashing on bare-metal servers, degrading performance for all co-located processes
- Process termination via Python's
MemoryErrorexception if the system runs out of addressable memory
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Input size | ~500 KB selector string |
| Memory allocated | ~244 MB |
| Amplification ratio | ~488× |
| Per-object overhead | ~976 bytes per selector |
| Authentication required | None |
| User interaction required | None |
Scalability of attack: The memory allocation scales linearly - doubling the selector count doubles memory usage. An attacker can tune the payload to exactly exhaust a target's memory limits. Multiple concurrent requests multiply the effect.
Downstream exposure: soupsieve is an automatic dependency of beautifulsoup4, one of the most widely installed Python packages. Any web application accepting CSS selectors from users (e.g., web scraping APIs, content filtering tools, CMS preview features) is potentially affected.
Credit
Discovered by a security research team from the University of Sydney, focused on detecting open source software vulnerabilities. Liyi Zhou: https://lzhou1110.github.io/ Ziyue Wang: https://zyy0530.github.io/ Strick: https://str1ckl4nd.github.io/ Maurice: https://maurice.busystar.org/ Chenchen Yu: https://7thparkk.github.io/
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 2.8.3"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "soupsieve"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.8.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-49476"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-09T13:37:40Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nThe CSS selector parser in soupsieve (the CSS selector engine for Beautiful Soup 4) allocates unbounded memory when compiling large comma-separated selector lists. An attacker who can supply a crafted CSS selector string to `soupsieve.compile()` or Beautiful Soup\u0027s `.select()` / `.select_one()` can cause the application to allocate hundreds of megabytes of heap memory from a relatively small input, leading to memory exhaustion and denial of service.\n\nTo be completely transparent, AI tools helped surface this issue. However, it was independently reproduced and carefully validated. Researchers follow responsible disclosure practices and originally shared this report privately.\n\nA **500 KB** selector string triggers allocation of approximately **244 MB** of heap memory - a 488x\u2014 amplification ratio**.\n\n### Details\n\n**Affected code:** `soupsieve/css_parser.py`, lines ~204, 925, 1106\n\nThe soupsieve CSS parser splits comma-separated selector lists and creates one `CSSSelector` object per list item. Each `CSSSelector` object contains parsed selector data structures including `SelectorList`, `Selector`, and associated tag/attribute/pseudo-class metadata.\n\nWhen a selector string such as `a,a,a,...` (with 250,000 comma-separated items) is passed to `sv.compile()`, the parser:\n\n1. Tokenises the entire string and identifies each comma-delimited segment (line ~1106)\n2. Parses each segment into a full `Selector` object with all associated metadata (line ~925)\n3. Stores all parsed selectors in a `SelectorList` (line ~204)\n\n**Root cause:** No limit is enforced on the number of selectors in a comma-separated list. The parser will attempt to parse and store an arbitrary number of selectors, with each selector object consuming approximately **976 bytes** of heap memory. The total allocation scales linearly with the number of list items, but the amplification ratio (output memory / input bytes) is extremely high because each single-character selector like `a` expands into a complex object graph.\n\n**Attack surface:** Any application that passes user-supplied CSS selectors to `soupsieve.compile()` or Beautiful Soup\u0027s `.select()` / `.select_one()`.\n\n### Proof of Concept\n\n```python\nimport tracemalloc\nimport soupsieve as sv\n\ntracemalloc.start()\n\n# Build a 500 KB selector string: \"a,a,a,...,a\" (250,000 items)\ncount = 250_000\nselector = \",\".join(\"a\" for _ in range(count))\nprint(f\"Selector string size: {len(selector):,} bytes ({len(selector) / 1024:.0f} KB)\")\n\n# Compile the selector \u00e2\u20ac\u201d this allocates ~244 MB\ncompiled = sv.compile(selector)\n\ncurrent, peak = tracemalloc.get_traced_memory()\ntracemalloc.stop()\n\nprint(f\"Compiled selector count: {len(compiled.selectors):,}\")\nprint(f\"Current memory: {current / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB\")\nprint(f\"Peak memory: {peak / 1024 / 1024:.1f} MB\")\nprint(f\"Amplification ratio: {peak / len(selector):.0f}x\")\n\n# Expected output:\n# Selector string size: 499,999 bytes (488 KB)\n# Compiled selector count: 250,000\n# Current memory: ~244 MB\n# Peak memory: ~244 MB\n# Amplification ratio: ~488x\n```\n\n### Impact\n\n**Severity: High**\n\nAn attacker can exhaust available memory on any server-side Python application that compiles user-supplied CSS selectors via soupsieve. This can cause:\n\n- **OOM kills** in containerised deployments (Kubernetes pods, Docker containers) with memory limits\n- **Swap thrashing** on bare-metal servers, degrading performance for all co-located processes\n- **Process termination** via Python\u0027s `MemoryError` exception if the system runs out of addressable memory\n\n| Parameter | Value |\n|---|---|\n| Input size | ~500 KB selector string |\n| Memory allocated | ~244 MB |\n| Amplification ratio | ~488\u00c3\u2014 |\n| Per-object overhead | ~976 bytes per selector |\n| Authentication required | None |\n| User interaction required | None |\n\n**Scalability of attack:** The memory allocation scales linearly - doubling the selector count doubles memory usage. An attacker can tune the payload to exactly exhaust a target\u0027s memory limits. Multiple concurrent requests multiply the effect.\n\n**Downstream exposure:** soupsieve is an automatic dependency of `beautifulsoup4`, one of the most widely installed Python packages. Any web application accepting CSS selectors from users (e.g., web scraping APIs, content filtering tools, CMS preview features) is potentially affected.\n\n---\n### Credit\n\nDiscovered by a security research team from the University of Sydney, focused on detecting open source software vulnerabilities.\nLiyi Zhou: https://lzhou1110.github.io/\nZiyue Wang: https://zyy0530.github.io/\nStrick: https://str1ckl4nd.github.io/\nMaurice: https://maurice.busystar.org/\nChenchen Yu: https://7thparkk.github.io/",
"id": "GHSA-2wc2-fm75-p42x",
"modified": "2026-07-09T13:37:40Z",
"published": "2026-07-09T13:37:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/facelessuser/soupsieve/security/advisories/GHSA-2wc2-fm75-p42x"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/facelessuser/soupsieve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Soup Sieve has Memory Exhaustion via Large Comma-Separated Selector Lists"
}
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.