cve-2009-1271
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2009-04-08 18:00
Modified
2024-08-07 05:04
Severity ?
Summary
The JSON_parser function (ext/json/JSON_parser.c) in PHP 5.2.x before 5.2.9 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (segmentation fault) via a malformed string to the json_decode API function.
Impacted products
n/an/a
Show details on NVD website


{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-08-07T05:04:49.407Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "name": "[oss-security] 20090401 CVE request: PHP 5.2.9",
            "tags": [
              "mailing-list",
              "x_refsource_MLIST",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2009/04/01/9"
          },
          {
            "name": "DSA-1775",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_DEBIAN",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2009/dsa-1775"
          },
          {
            "name": "FEDORA-2009-3768",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_FEDORA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2009-May/msg01451.html"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_MISC",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://cvs.php.net/viewvc.cgi/php-src/ext/json/JSON_parser.c?r1=1.1.2.14\u0026r2=1.1.2.15"
          },
          {
            "name": "34770",
            "tags": [
              "third-party-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SECUNIA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34770"
          },
          {
            "name": "APPLE-SA-2009-09-10-2",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_APPLE",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2009/Sep/msg00004.html"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_CONFIRM",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://www.php.net/releases/5_2_9.php"
          },
          {
            "name": "35007",
            "tags": [
              "third-party-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SECUNIA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35007"
          },
          {
            "name": "34933",
            "tags": [
              "third-party-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SECUNIA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34933"
          },
          {
            "name": "34830",
            "tags": [
              "third-party-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SECUNIA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34830"
          },
          {
            "name": "USN-761-2",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_UBUNTU",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-761-2"
          },
          {
            "name": "RHSA-2009:0350",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_REDHAT",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2009-0350.html"
          },
          {
            "name": "FEDORA-2009-3848",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_FEDORA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2009-May/msg01465.html"
          },
          {
            "name": "35003",
            "tags": [
              "third-party-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SECUNIA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35003"
          },
          {
            "name": "35685",
            "tags": [
              "third-party-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SECUNIA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35685"
          },
          {
            "name": "SUSE-SR:2009:012",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SUSE",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2009-07/msg00002.html"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_CONFIRM",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3865"
          },
          {
            "name": "36701",
            "tags": [
              "third-party-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SECUNIA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/36701"
          },
          {
            "name": "MDVSA-2009:090",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_MANDRIVA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2009:090"
          },
          {
            "name": "35306",
            "tags": [
              "third-party-advisory",
              "x_refsource_SECUNIA",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35306"
          },
          {
            "name": "USN-761-1",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_UBUNTU",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/761-1/"
          },
          {
            "name": "DSA-1789",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_DEBIAN",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2009/dsa-1789"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "n/a",
          "vendor": "n/a",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "n/a"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2009-02-26T00:00:00",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "The JSON_parser function (ext/json/JSON_parser.c) in PHP 5.2.x before 5.2.9 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (segmentation fault) via a malformed string to the json_decode API function."
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "description": "n/a",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "text"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2018-10-03T20:57:01",
        "orgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
        "shortName": "mitre"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "name": "[oss-security] 20090401 CVE request: PHP 5.2.9",
          "tags": [
            "mailing-list",
            "x_refsource_MLIST"
          ],
          "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2009/04/01/9"
        },
        {
          "name": "DSA-1775",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_DEBIAN"
          ],
          "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2009/dsa-1775"
        },
        {
          "name": "FEDORA-2009-3768",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_FEDORA"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2009-May/msg01451.html"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_MISC"
          ],
          "url": "http://cvs.php.net/viewvc.cgi/php-src/ext/json/JSON_parser.c?r1=1.1.2.14\u0026r2=1.1.2.15"
        },
        {
          "name": "34770",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SECUNIA"
          ],
          "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34770"
        },
        {
          "name": "APPLE-SA-2009-09-10-2",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_APPLE"
          ],
          "url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2009/Sep/msg00004.html"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "http://www.php.net/releases/5_2_9.php"
        },
        {
          "name": "35007",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SECUNIA"
          ],
          "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35007"
        },
        {
          "name": "34933",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SECUNIA"
          ],
          "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34933"
        },
        {
          "name": "34830",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SECUNIA"
          ],
          "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34830"
        },
        {
          "name": "USN-761-2",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_UBUNTU"
          ],
          "url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-761-2"
        },
        {
          "name": "RHSA-2009:0350",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_REDHAT"
          ],
          "url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2009-0350.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "FEDORA-2009-3848",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_FEDORA"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2009-May/msg01465.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "35003",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SECUNIA"
          ],
          "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35003"
        },
        {
          "name": "35685",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SECUNIA"
          ],
          "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35685"
        },
        {
          "name": "SUSE-SR:2009:012",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SUSE"
          ],
          "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2009-07/msg00002.html"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3865"
        },
        {
          "name": "36701",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SECUNIA"
          ],
          "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/36701"
        },
        {
          "name": "MDVSA-2009:090",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_MANDRIVA"
          ],
          "url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2009:090"
        },
        {
          "name": "35306",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory",
            "x_refsource_SECUNIA"
          ],
          "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35306"
        },
        {
          "name": "USN-761-1",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_UBUNTU"
          ],
          "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/761-1/"
        },
        {
          "name": "DSA-1789",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_DEBIAN"
          ],
          "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2009/dsa-1789"
        }
      ],
      "x_legacyV4Record": {
        "CVE_data_meta": {
          "ASSIGNER": "cve@mitre.org",
          "ID": "CVE-2009-1271",
          "STATE": "PUBLIC"
        },
        "affects": {
          "vendor": {
            "vendor_data": [
              {
                "product": {
                  "product_data": [
                    {
                      "product_name": "n/a",
                      "version": {
                        "version_data": [
                          {
                            "version_value": "n/a"
                          }
                        ]
                      }
                    }
                  ]
                },
                "vendor_name": "n/a"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "data_format": "MITRE",
        "data_type": "CVE",
        "data_version": "4.0",
        "description": {
          "description_data": [
            {
              "lang": "eng",
              "value": "The JSON_parser function (ext/json/JSON_parser.c) in PHP 5.2.x before 5.2.9 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (segmentation fault) via a malformed string to the json_decode API function."
            }
          ]
        },
        "problemtype": {
          "problemtype_data": [
            {
              "description": [
                {
                  "lang": "eng",
                  "value": "n/a"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        "references": {
          "reference_data": [
            {
              "name": "[oss-security] 20090401 CVE request: PHP 5.2.9",
              "refsource": "MLIST",
              "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2009/04/01/9"
            },
            {
              "name": "DSA-1775",
              "refsource": "DEBIAN",
              "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2009/dsa-1775"
            },
            {
              "name": "FEDORA-2009-3768",
              "refsource": "FEDORA",
              "url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2009-May/msg01451.html"
            },
            {
              "name": "http://cvs.php.net/viewvc.cgi/php-src/ext/json/JSON_parser.c?r1=1.1.2.14\u0026r2=1.1.2.15",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "url": "http://cvs.php.net/viewvc.cgi/php-src/ext/json/JSON_parser.c?r1=1.1.2.14\u0026r2=1.1.2.15"
            },
            {
              "name": "34770",
              "refsource": "SECUNIA",
              "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34770"
            },
            {
              "name": "APPLE-SA-2009-09-10-2",
              "refsource": "APPLE",
              "url": "http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2009/Sep/msg00004.html"
            },
            {
              "name": "http://www.php.net/releases/5_2_9.php",
              "refsource": "CONFIRM",
              "url": "http://www.php.net/releases/5_2_9.php"
            },
            {
              "name": "35007",
              "refsource": "SECUNIA",
              "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35007"
            },
            {
              "name": "34933",
              "refsource": "SECUNIA",
              "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34933"
            },
            {
              "name": "34830",
              "refsource": "SECUNIA",
              "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/34830"
            },
            {
              "name": "USN-761-2",
              "refsource": "UBUNTU",
              "url": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-761-2"
            },
            {
              "name": "RHSA-2009:0350",
              "refsource": "REDHAT",
              "url": "http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2009-0350.html"
            },
            {
              "name": "FEDORA-2009-3848",
              "refsource": "FEDORA",
              "url": "https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2009-May/msg01465.html"
            },
            {
              "name": "35003",
              "refsource": "SECUNIA",
              "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35003"
            },
            {
              "name": "35685",
              "refsource": "SECUNIA",
              "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35685"
            },
            {
              "name": "SUSE-SR:2009:012",
              "refsource": "SUSE",
              "url": "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2009-07/msg00002.html"
            },
            {
              "name": "http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3865",
              "refsource": "CONFIRM",
              "url": "http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3865"
            },
            {
              "name": "36701",
              "refsource": "SECUNIA",
              "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/36701"
            },
            {
              "name": "MDVSA-2009:090",
              "refsource": "MANDRIVA",
              "url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2009:090"
            },
            {
              "name": "35306",
              "refsource": "SECUNIA",
              "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/35306"
            },
            {
              "name": "USN-761-1",
              "refsource": "UBUNTU",
              "url": "https://usn.ubuntu.com/761-1/"
            },
            {
              "name": "DSA-1789",
              "refsource": "DEBIAN",
              "url": "http://www.debian.org/security/2009/dsa-1789"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "8254265b-2729-46b6-b9e3-3dfca2d5bfca",
    "assignerShortName": "mitre",
    "cveId": "CVE-2009-1271",
    "datePublished": "2009-04-08T18:00:00",
    "dateReserved": "2009-04-08T00:00:00",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-08-07T05:04:49.407Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "meta": {
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2009-1271\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"cve@mitre.org\",\"published\":\"2009-04-08T18:30:00.187\",\"lastModified\":\"2018-10-03T21:59:19.900\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"The JSON_parser function (ext/json/JSON_parser.c) in PHP 5.2.x before 5.2.9 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (segmentation fault) via a malformed string to the json_decode API function.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"La funci\u00f3n JSON_parser (ext/json/JSON_parser.c) en PHP v5.2.x anteriores a v5.2.9 permite a atacantes remotos provocar una denegaci\u00f3n de servicio (falta de segmentaci\u00f3n) a trav\u00e9s de una cadena formada de forma incorrecta a la funci\u00f3n API json_decode.\\r\\n\"}],\"vendorComments\":[{\"organization\":\"Red Hat\",\"comment\":\"This issue did not affect PHP versions as shipped in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1, 3, 4, and 5, and Red Hat Application Stack v1. PHP version in Red Hat Application Stack v2 was fixed via: https://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2009-0350.html\",\"lastModified\":\"2009-04-15T00:00:00\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV2\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"2.0\",\"vectorString\":\"AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P\",\"accessVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"accessComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"authentication\":\"NONE\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"PARTIAL\",\"baseScore\":5.0},\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"exploitabilityScore\":10.0,\"impactScore\":2.9,\"acInsufInfo\":false,\"obtainAllPrivilege\":false,\"obtainUserPrivilege\":false,\"obtainOtherPrivilege\":false,\"userInteractionRequired\":false}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"NVD-CWE-Other\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.0:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"CD02D837-FD28-4E0F-93F8-25E8D1C84A99\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"88358D1E-BE6F-4CE3-A522-83D1FA4739E3\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.2:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"D8B97B03-7DA7-4A5F-89B4-E78CAB20DE17\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.3:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"86767200-6C9C-4C3E-B111-0E5BE61E197B\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"B00B416D-FF23-4C76-8751-26D305F0FA0F\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.4:*:windows:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F526115E-A68E-4B10-AA6A-9CD26CB81AF3\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"CCB6CDDD-70D3-4004-BCE0-8C4723076103\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A782CA26-9C38-40A8-92AE-D47B14D2FCE3\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.7:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"1C0E7E2A-4770-4B68-B74C-5F5A6E1876DC\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:php:php:5.2.8:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"0892C89E-9389-4452-B7E0-981A763CD426\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"http://cvs.php.net/viewvc.cgi/php-src/ext/json/JSON_parser.c?r1=1.1.2.14\u0026r2=1.1.2.15\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://lists.apple.com/archives/security-announce/2009/Sep/msg00004.html\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2009-07/msg00002.html\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://secunia.com/advisories/34770\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://secunia.com/advisories/34830\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://secunia.com/advisories/34933\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://secunia.com/advisories/35003\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://secunia.com/advisories/35007\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://secunia.com/advisories/35306\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://secunia.com/advisories/35685\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://secunia.com/advisories/36701\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://support.apple.com/kb/HT3865\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://www.debian.org/security/2009/dsa-1775\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://www.debian.org/security/2009/dsa-1789\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2009:090\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2009/04/01/9\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://www.php.net/releases/5_2_9.php\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\",\"tags\":[\"Vendor Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"http://www.redhat.com/support/errata/RHSA-2009-0350.html\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-761-2\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"https://usn.ubuntu.com/761-1/\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2009-May/msg01451.html\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.redhat.com/archives/fedora-package-announce/2009-May/msg01465.html\",\"source\":\"cve@mitre.org\"}]}}"
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.


Loading...

Loading...

Loading...

Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability is confirmed from an analyst perspective.
  • Exploited: This vulnerability was exploited and seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Patched: This vulnerability was successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not exploited: This vulnerability was not exploited or seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expresses doubt about the veracity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: This vulnerability was not successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.