Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2022-0860 (GCVE-0-2022-0860)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-03-11 12:50 – Updated: 2024-08-02 23:40

Title

Improper Authorization in cobbler/cobbler

Summary

Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.

Severity

8.2 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

CWE

CWE-285 - Improper Authorization

Assigner

@huntrdev Scorecard

References

5 references

URL	Tags
https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af1…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa9…	x_refsource_MISC
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac…	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac…	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA
https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac…	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
cobbler	cobbler/cobbler	Affected: unspecified , < 3.3.2 (custom)	guessed

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              "type": "Primary"
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2022-03-11T13:15:07.937",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "security@huntr.dev",
            "tags": [
              "Patch",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
          },
          {
            "source": "security@huntr.dev",
            "tags": [
              "Exploit",
              "Issue Tracking",
              "Patch",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
          },
          {
            "source": "security@huntr.dev",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/"
          },
          {
            "source": "security@huntr.dev",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/"
          },
          {
            "source": "security@huntr.dev",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Patch",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Exploit",
              "Issue Tracking",
              "Patch",
              "Third Party Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "security@huntr.dev",
        "vulnStatus": "Modified",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-285"
              }
            ],
            "source": "security@huntr.dev",
            "type": "Secondary"
          },
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-863"
              }
            ],
            "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
            "type": "Secondary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "current_release_date": "2026-02-24T19:35:49+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2022-0860",
      "id": "CVE-2022-0860",
      "initial_release_date": "2022-03-11T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "cobbler: Improper Authorization in cobbler",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2022/cve-2022-0860.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "important",
      "current_release_date": "2026-08-31T01:52:22Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2022-0860",
      "id": "CVE-2022-0860",
      "initial_release_date": "2023-02-15T03:34:39Z",
      "product_status:known_affected": "399",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
      "product_status:recommended": "4",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2022-0860",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2022-0860.json",
      "version": "31"
    }
  }
}

CNVD-2022-20579

Vulnerability from cnvd - Published: 2022-03-18

Title

Cobbler授权问题漏洞（CNVD-2022-20579）

Description

Cobbler是一款网络安装服务器套件，它主要用于快速建立Linux网络安装环境。 Cobbler3.3.2之前版本中存在授权问题漏洞，该漏洞源于应用中存在错误的授权。攻击者可利用该漏洞导致过期的账户仍然可以登录。

Severity

高

Patch Name

Cobbler授权问题漏洞（CNVD-2022-20579）的补丁

Patch Description

Cobbler是一款网络安装服务器套件，它主要用于快速建立Linux网络安装环境。 Cobbler3.3.2之前版本中存在授权问题漏洞，该漏洞源于应用中存在错误的授权。攻击者可利用该漏洞导致过期的账户仍然可以登录。目前，供应商发布了安全公告及相关补丁信息，修复了此漏洞。

Formal description

厂商已发布了漏洞修复程序，请及时关注更新： https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa

Reference

https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d

Impacted products

Name
Cobbler Cobbler <3.3.2

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "cves": {
    "cve": {
      "cveNumber": "CVE-2022-0860",
      "cveUrl": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0860"
    }
  },
  "description": "Cobbler\u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u88c5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5957\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u5efa\u7acbLinux\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u88c5\u73af\u5883\u3002\n\nCobbler3.3.2\u4e4b\u524d\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u6388\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u8be5\u6f0f\u6d1e\u6e90\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6388\u6743\u3002\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u8be5\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u8d26\u6237\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5f55\u3002",
  "formalWay": "\u5382\u5546\u5df2\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u6f0f\u6d1e\u4fee\u590d\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u8bf7\u53ca\u65f6\u5173\u6ce8\u66f4\u65b0\uff1a\r\nhttps://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa",
  "isEvent": "\u901a\u7528\u8f6f\u786c\u4ef6\u6f0f\u6d1e",
  "number": "CNVD-2022-20579",
  "openTime": "2022-03-18",
  "patchDescription": "Cobbler\u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u88c5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5957\u4ef6\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5feb\u901f\u5efa\u7acbLinux\u7f51\u7edc\u5b89\u88c5\u73af\u5883\u3002\r\n\r\nCobbler3.3.2\u4e4b\u524d\u7248\u672c\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u6388\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff0c\u8be5\u6f0f\u6d1e\u6e90\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u6388\u6743\u3002\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u8be5\u6f0f\u6d1e\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fc7\u671f\u7684\u8d26\u6237\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u767b\u5f55\u3002\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u4f9b\u5e94\u5546\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u5b89\u5168\u516c\u544a\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u8865\u4e01\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4fee\u590d\u4e86\u6b64\u6f0f\u6d1e\u3002",
  "patchName": "Cobbler\u6388\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff08CNVD-2022-20579\uff09\u7684\u8865\u4e01",
  "products": {
    "product": "Cobbler Cobbler \u003c3.3.2"
  },
  "referenceLink": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d",
  "serverity": "\u9ad8",
  "submitTime": "2022-03-15",
  "title": "Cobbler\u6388\u6743\u95ee\u9898\u6f0f\u6d1e\uff08CNVD-2022-20579\uff09"
}

FKIE_CVE-2022-0860

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2022-03-11 13:15 - Updated: 2026-06-17 04:21

Severity

9.1 (Critical) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

Summary

Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.

References

URL	Tags
security@huntr.dev	https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa	Patch, Third Party Advisory
security@huntr.dev	https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d	Exploit, Issue Tracking, Patch, Third Party Advisory
security@huntr.dev	https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/
security@huntr.dev	https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/
security@huntr.dev	https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa	Patch, Third Party Advisory
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d	Exploit, Issue Tracking, Patch, Third Party Advisory
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/

Impacted products

Vendor	Product	Version
cobbler_project	cobbler	*
fedoraproject	fedora	34
fedoraproject	fedora	35
fedoraproject	fedora	36

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "cobbler/cobbler",
          "vendor": "cobbler",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "3.3.2",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "unspecified",
              "versionType": "custom"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "security@huntr.dev"
    }
  ],
  "configurations": [
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:cobbler_project:cobbler:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "17C04986-BDCA-44A7-8FF7-52E8A5BABFC9",
              "versionEndExcluding": "3.3.2",
              "vulnerable": true
            }
          ],
          "negate": false,
          "operator": "OR"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:34:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "A930E247-0B43-43CB-98FF-6CE7B8189835",
              "vulnerable": true
            },
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:35:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "80E516C0-98A4-4ADE-B69F-66A772E2BAAA",
              "vulnerable": true
            },
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:36:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "5C675112-476C-4D7C-BCB9-A2FB2D0BC9FD",
              "vulnerable": true
            }
          ],
          "negate": false,
          "operator": "OR"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "Una Autorizaci\u00f3n Inapropiada en el repositorio GitHub cobbler/cobbler versiones anteriores a 3.3.2"
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2022-0860",
  "lastModified": "2026-06-17T04:21:23.200",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV2": [
      {
        "acInsufInfo": false,
        "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
        "cvssData": {
          "accessComplexity": "LOW",
          "accessVector": "NETWORK",
          "authentication": "NONE",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 6.4,
          "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL",
          "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL",
          "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:N",
          "version": "2.0"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 10.0,
        "impactScore": 4.9,
        "obtainAllPrivilege": false,
        "obtainOtherPrivilege": false,
        "obtainUserPrivilege": false,
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "type": "Primary",
        "userInteractionRequired": false
      }
    ],
    "cvssMetricV30": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 8.2,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "LOW",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
          "version": "3.0"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
        "impactScore": 4.2,
        "source": "security@huntr.dev",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 9.1,
          "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
        "impactScore": 5.2,
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "type": "Primary"
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2022-03-11T13:15:07.937",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security@huntr.dev",
      "tags": [
        "Patch",
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
    },
    {
      "source": "security@huntr.dev",
      "tags": [
        "Exploit",
        "Issue Tracking",
        "Patch",
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
    },
    {
      "source": "security@huntr.dev",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/"
    },
    {
      "source": "security@huntr.dev",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/"
    },
    {
      "source": "security@huntr.dev",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/"
    },
    {
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
      "tags": [
        "Patch",
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
    },
    {
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
      "tags": [
        "Exploit",
        "Issue Tracking",
        "Patch",
        "Third Party Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
    },
    {
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/"
    },
    {
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/"
    },
    {
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce%40lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security@huntr.dev",
  "vulnStatus": "Modified",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-285"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security@huntr.dev",
      "type": "Secondary"
    },
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-863"
        }
      ],
      "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-MCG6-H362-CMQ5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-11 20:52 – Updated: 2024-11-18 16:26

Summary

Improper Authorization in cobbler

Details

Impact

If PAM is correctly configured and a user account is set to expired, the expired user-account is still able to successfully log into Cobbler in all places (Web UI, CLI & XMLRPC-API).

The same applies to user accounts with passwords set to be expired.

Patches

There is a patch for the latest Cobbler 3.3.2 available, however a backport will be done for 3.2.x.

Workarounds

Delete expired accounts which are able to access Cobbler via PAM.
Use chage -l <username> to lock the account. If the account has SSH-Keys attached then remove them completely.

References

Originally discovered by @ysf at https://www.huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d/

How to test if my Cobbler instance is affected?

The following pytest test assumes that your PAM setup is correct. In case the added user is not able to login, this test does not make sense to be executed.

def test_pam_login_with_expired_user():
    # Arrange
    # create pam testuser
    test_username = "expired_user"
    test_password = "password"
    test_api = CobblerAPI()
    subprocess_1 = subprocess.run(
        ["perl", "-e", "'print crypt(\"%s\", \"%s\")'" % (test_username, test_password)],
        stdout=subprocess.PIPE
    )
    subprocess.run(["useradd", "-p", subprocess_1.stdout, test_username])
    # change user to be expired
    subprocess.run(["chage", "-E0", test_username])

    # Act
    result = pam.authenticate(test_api, test_username, test_password)

    # Assert - login should fail
    assert not result

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in the Cobbler repository * Ask in the Gitter/Matrix Chat * Email us at cobbler.project@gmail.com

Severity

8.2 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

6.7 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "cobbler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-0860"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-285",
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-03-11T20:52:04Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-03-11T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nIf PAM is correctly configured and a user account is set to expired, the expired user-account is still able to successfully log into Cobbler in all places (Web UI, CLI \u0026 XMLRPC-API).\n\nThe same applies to user accounts with passwords set to be expired.\n\n### Patches\n\nThere is a patch for the latest Cobbler `3.3.2` available, however a backport will be done for `3.2.x`.\n\n### Workarounds\n\n- Delete expired accounts which are able to access Cobbler via PAM.\n- Use `chage -l \u003cusername\u003e` to lock the account. If the account has SSH-Keys attached then remove them completely.\n\n### References\n\n- Originally discovered by @ysf at https://www.huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d/\n\n### How to test if my Cobbler instance is affected?\n\nThe following `pytest` test assumes that your PAM setup is correct. In case the added user is not able to login, this test does not make sense to be executed.\n\n```python\ndef test_pam_login_with_expired_user():\n    # Arrange\n    # create pam testuser\n    test_username = \"expired_user\"\n    test_password = \"password\"\n    test_api = CobblerAPI()\n    subprocess_1 = subprocess.run(\n        [\"perl\", \"-e\", \"\u0027print crypt(\\\"%s\\\", \\\"%s\\\")\u0027\" % (test_username, test_password)],\n        stdout=subprocess.PIPE\n    )\n    subprocess.run([\"useradd\", \"-p\", subprocess_1.stdout, test_username])\n    # change user to be expired\n    subprocess.run([\"chage\", \"-E0\", test_username])\n\n    # Act\n    result = pam.authenticate(test_api, test_username, test_password)\n\n    # Assert - login should fail\n    assert not result\n```\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [the Cobbler repository](https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/issues/new/choose)\n* Ask in the [Gitter/Matrix Chat](https://gitter.im/cobbler/community)\n* Email us at [cobbler.project@gmail.com](mailto:cobbler.project@gmail.com)\n",
  "id": "GHSA-mcg6-h362-cmq5",
  "modified": "2024-11-18T16:26:19Z",
  "published": "2022-03-11T20:52:04Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/security/advisories/GHSA-mcg6-h362-cmq5"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0860"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-mcg6-h362-cmq5"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/cobbler/PYSEC-2022-177.yaml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Improper Authorization in cobbler"
}

GSD-2022-0860

Vulnerability from gsd - Updated: 2023-12-13 01:19

Details

Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.

Aliases

CVE-2022-0860

Aliases

CVE-2022-0860

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "GSD": {
    "alias": "CVE-2022-0860",
    "description": "Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.",
    "id": "GSD-2022-0860",
    "references": [
      "https://www.suse.com/security/cve/CVE-2022-0860.html"
    ]
  },
  "gsd": {
    "metadata": {
      "exploitCode": "unknown",
      "remediation": "unknown",
      "reportConfidence": "confirmed",
      "type": "vulnerability"
    },
    "osvSchema": {
      "aliases": [
        "CVE-2022-0860"
      ],
      "details": "Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.",
      "id": "GSD-2022-0860",
      "modified": "2023-12-13T01:19:11.781375Z",
      "schema_version": "1.4.0"
    }
  },
  "namespaces": {
    "cve.org": {
      "CVE_data_meta": {
        "ASSIGNER": "security@huntr.dev",
        "ID": "CVE-2022-0860",
        "STATE": "PUBLIC",
        "TITLE": "Improper Authorization in cobbler/cobbler"
      },
      "affects": {
        "vendor": {
          "vendor_data": [
            {
              "product": {
                "product_data": [
                  {
                    "product_name": "cobbler/cobbler",
                    "version": {
                      "version_data": [
                        {
                          "version_affected": "\u003c",
                          "version_value": "3.3.2"
                        }
                      ]
                    }
                  }
                ]
              },
              "vendor_name": "cobbler"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "data_format": "MITRE",
      "data_type": "CVE",
      "data_version": "4.0",
      "description": {
        "description_data": [
          {
            "lang": "eng",
            "value": "Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2."
          }
        ]
      },
      "impact": {
        "cvss": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "baseScore": 8.2,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "integrityImpact": "LOW",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
          "version": "3.0"
        }
      },
      "problemtype": {
        "problemtype_data": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "eng",
                "value": "CWE-285 Improper Authorization"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      "references": {
        "reference_data": [
          {
            "name": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d",
            "refsource": "CONFIRM",
            "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
          },
          {
            "name": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa",
            "refsource": "MISC",
            "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
          },
          {
            "name": "FEDORA-2022-224e71968f",
            "refsource": "FEDORA",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/"
          },
          {
            "name": "FEDORA-2022-445ec90e7c",
            "refsource": "FEDORA",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/"
          },
          {
            "name": "FEDORA-2022-ad2b0ad61b",
            "refsource": "FEDORA",
            "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/"
          }
        ]
      },
      "source": {
        "advisory": "c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d",
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      }
    },
    "gitlab.com": {
      "advisories": [
        {
          "affected_range": "\u003c3.3.2",
          "affected_versions": "All versions before 3.3.2",
          "cwe_ids": [
            "CWE-1035",
            "CWE-937"
          ],
          "date": "2022-03-11",
          "description": "Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.",
          "fixed_versions": [
            "3.3.2"
          ],
          "identifier": "CVE-2022-0860",
          "identifiers": [
            "GHSA-mcg6-h362-cmq5",
            "CVE-2022-0860"
          ],
          "not_impacted": "All versions starting from 3.3.2",
          "package_slug": "pypi/Cobbler",
          "pubdate": "2022-03-11",
          "solution": "Upgrade to version 3.3.2 or above.",
          "title": "Improper Authorization in cobbler",
          "urls": [
            "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/security/advisories/GHSA-mcg6-h362-cmq5",
            "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0860",
            "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa",
            "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d",
            "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-mcg6-h362-cmq5"
          ],
          "uuid": "475723c9-d999-4a89-a7f0-4ad527660320"
        }
      ]
    },
    "nvd.nist.gov": {
      "configurations": {
        "CVE_data_version": "4.0",
        "nodes": [
          {
            "children": [],
            "cpe_match": [
              {
                "cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:a:cobbler_project:cobbler:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                "cpe_name": [],
                "versionEndExcluding": "3.3.2",
                "vulnerable": true
              }
            ],
            "operator": "OR"
          },
          {
            "children": [],
            "cpe_match": [
              {
                "cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:34:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                "cpe_name": [],
                "vulnerable": true
              },
              {
                "cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:35:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                "cpe_name": [],
                "vulnerable": true
              },
              {
                "cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:o:fedoraproject:fedora:36:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                "cpe_name": [],
                "vulnerable": true
              }
            ],
            "operator": "OR"
          }
        ]
      },
      "cve": {
        "CVE_data_meta": {
          "ASSIGNER": "security@huntr.dev",
          "ID": "CVE-2022-0860"
        },
        "data_format": "MITRE",
        "data_type": "CVE",
        "data_version": "4.0",
        "description": {
          "description_data": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2."
            }
          ]
        },
        "problemtype": {
          "problemtype_data": [
            {
              "description": [
                {
                  "lang": "en",
                  "value": "CWE-285"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        "references": {
          "reference_data": [
            {
              "name": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d",
              "refsource": "CONFIRM",
              "tags": [
                "Exploit",
                "Issue Tracking",
                "Patch",
                "Third Party Advisory"
              ],
              "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "tags": [
                "Patch",
                "Third Party Advisory"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
            },
            {
              "name": "FEDORA-2022-224e71968f",
              "refsource": "FEDORA",
              "tags": [
                "Mailing List",
                "Third Party Advisory"
              ],
              "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/"
            },
            {
              "name": "FEDORA-2022-ad2b0ad61b",
              "refsource": "FEDORA",
              "tags": [
                "Third Party Advisory"
              ],
              "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/"
            },
            {
              "name": "FEDORA-2022-445ec90e7c",
              "refsource": "FEDORA",
              "tags": [
                "Third Party Advisory"
              ],
              "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "impact": {
        "baseMetricV2": {
          "acInsufInfo": false,
          "cvssV2": {
            "accessComplexity": "LOW",
            "accessVector": "NETWORK",
            "authentication": "NONE",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 6.4,
            "confidentialityImpact": "PARTIAL",
            "integrityImpact": "PARTIAL",
            "vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:N",
            "version": "2.0"
          },
          "exploitabilityScore": 10.0,
          "impactScore": 4.9,
          "obtainAllPrivilege": false,
          "obtainOtherPrivilege": false,
          "obtainUserPrivilege": false,
          "severity": "MEDIUM",
          "userInteractionRequired": false
        },
        "baseMetricV3": {
          "cvssV3": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "baseScore": 9.1,
            "baseSeverity": "CRITICAL",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
          "impactScore": 5.2
        }
      },
      "lastModifiedDate": "2022-05-23T22:05Z",
      "publishedDate": "2022-03-11T13:15Z"
    }
  }
}

OPENSUSE-SU-2024:11904-1

Vulnerability from csaf_opensuse - Published: 2024-06-15 00:00 - Updated: 2024-06-15 00:00

Summary

cobbler-3.3.2.0+git.9044aa99-1.1 on GA media

Severity

Moderate

Scope

1 vulnerability in this advisory, including CVE-2022-0860.

CVE-2022-0860

8.2 (High)


                
                  CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Recommended: 8 products

Open the full advisory

PYSEC-2022-177

Vulnerability from pysec - Published: 2022-03-11 13:15 - Updated: 2022-04-11 00:47

Details

Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.

Impacted products

Name	purl
cobbler	pkg:pypi/cobbler

Aliases

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "cobbler",
        "purl": "pkg:pypi/cobbler"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler",
          "type": "GIT"
        },
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "0.6.3-2",
        "3.1.2",
        "3.2.1",
        "3.2.2",
        "3.3.0",
        "3.3.1"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-0860",
    "GHSA-mcg6-h362-cmq5"
  ],
  "details": "Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.",
  "id": "PYSEC-2022-177",
  "modified": "2022-04-11T00:47:24.533946Z",
  "published": "2022-03-11T13:15:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
    },
    {
      "type": "FIX",
      "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/DYWYHWVVRUSPCV5SWBOSAMQJQLTSBTKY/"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/IYSHMF6MEIITFAG7EJ3IQKVUN7MDV2XM/"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/D4KCNZYBQC2FM5SEEDRQZO4LRZ4ZECMG/"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-mcg6-h362-cmq5"
    }
  ]
}

SUSE-SU-2022:3750-1

Vulnerability from csaf_suse - Published: 2022-10-26 08:45 - Updated: 2026-09-20 14:42

Summary

Security update for SUSE Manager Server 4.3

Severity

Moderate

Scope

2 vulnerabilities in this advisory, including CVE-2022-0860.

CVE-2022-0860

8.2 (High)


                
                  CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Recommended: 90 products

Open the full advisory

SUSE-SU-2022:3761-1

Vulnerability from csaf_suse - Published: 2022-10-26 08:58 - Updated: 2026-09-20 14:42

Summary

Security update for release-notes-susemanager, release-notes-susemanager-proxy

Severity

Moderate

Scope

5 vulnerabilities in this advisory, including CVE-2022-0860.

CVE-2022-0860

8.2 (High)


                
                  CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Recommended: 5 products

Open the full advisory

SUSE-SU-2023:0592-1

Vulnerability from csaf_suse - Published: 2023-03-02 08:32 - Updated: 2026-09-20 14:56

Summary

Security update for SUSE Manager Server 4.2

Severity

Critical

Scope

5 vulnerabilities in this advisory, including CVE-2022-0860.

CVE-2022-0860

8.2 (High)


                
                  CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

Recommended: 98 products

Open the full advisory

UBUNTU-CVE-2022-0860 (CVE-2022-0860)

Vulnerability from osv_ubuntu – Published: 2022-03-11 13:15 – Updated: 2025-07-16 05:00 – Source website

Details

Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.

Severity

9.1 (Critical)


                    
                      CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

8.2 (High)


                    
                      CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

N/A (UNKNOWN)

low

References

URL

Type

	https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2022-0860	REPORT
	https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af1…	REPORT
	https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa9…	REPORT
	https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-6475-1	ADVISORY
	https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-0860	REPORT

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "availability": "Available with Ubuntu Pro: https://ubuntu.com/pro",
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "cobbler",
            "binary_version": "2.4.1-0ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "cobbler-common",
            "binary_version": "2.4.1-0ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "cobbler-web",
            "binary_version": "2.4.1-0ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "koan",
            "binary_version": "2.4.1-0ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "python-cobbler",
            "binary_version": "2.4.1-0ubuntu2+esm1"
          },
          {
            "binary_name": "python-koan",
            "binary_version": "2.4.1-0ubuntu2+esm1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:16.04:LTS",
        "name": "cobbler",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/cobbler@2.4.1-0ubuntu2+esm1?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/xenial"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.4.1-0ubuntu2+esm1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "2.4.1-0ubuntu2"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "details": "Improper Authorization in GitHub repository cobbler/cobbler prior to 3.3.2.",
  "id": "UBUNTU-CVE-2022-0860",
  "modified": "2025-07-16T05:00:24Z",
  "published": "2022-03-11T13:15:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2022-0860"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/c458b868-63df-414e-af10-47e3745caa1d"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/cobbler/cobbler/commit/9044aa990a94752fa5bd5a24051adde099280bfa"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://ubuntu.com/security/notices/USN-6475-1"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-0860"
    }
  ],
  "related": [
    "USN-6475-1"
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.7.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "low",
      "type": "Ubuntu"
    }
  ],
  "upstream": [
    "CVE-2022-0860"
  ]
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2022-0860 (GCVE-0-2022-0860)

Impact

Patches

Workarounds

References

How to test if my Cobbler instance is affected?

For more information

UBUNTU-CVE-2022-0860 (CVE-2022-0860)

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Related by attack behaviour