cvelistv5 - cve-2023-28431

CVE-2023-28431 (GCVE-0-2023-28431)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-03-22 20:11 – Updated: 2025-02-25 14:51

Summary

Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier's `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks. No fixes for `num-bigint` are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix.

Severity ?

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

CWE

CWE-682 - Incorrect Calculation

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

URL

Tags

	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/a…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017	x_refsource_MISC
	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af…	x_refsource_MISC
	https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	paritytech	frontier	Affected: <= 0.1.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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GSD-2023-28431

Vulnerability from gsd - Updated: 2023-12-13 01:20

Details

Aliases

CVE-2023-28431

Aliases

CVE-2023-28431

JSON

To clipboard

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    "id": "GSD-2023-28431"
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        "STATE": "PUBLIC"
      },
      "affects": {
        "vendor": {
          "vendor_data": [
            {
              "product": {
                "product_data": [
                  {
                    "product_name": "frontier",
                    "version": {
                      "version_data": [
                        {
                          "version_affected": "=",
                          "version_value": "\u003c= 0.1.0"
                        }
                      ]
                    }
                  }
                ]
              },
              "vendor_name": "paritytech"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "data_format": "MITRE",
      "data_type": "CVE",
      "data_version": "4.0",
      "description": {
        "description_data": [
          {
            "lang": "eng",
            "value": "Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier\u0027s `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks. No fixes for `num-bigint` are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix."
          }
        ]
      },
      "impact": {
        "cvss": [
          {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "problemtype": {
        "problemtype_data": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "cweId": "CWE-682",
                "lang": "eng",
                "value": "CWE-682: Incorrect Calculation"
              }
            ]
          }
        ]
      },
      "references": {
        "reference_data": [
          {
            "name": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6",
            "refsource": "MISC",
            "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6"
          },
          {
            "name": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017",
            "refsource": "MISC",
            "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017"
          },
          {
            "name": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219",
            "refsource": "MISC",
            "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219"
          },
          {
            "name": "https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134",
            "refsource": "MISC",
            "url": "https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134"
          }
        ]
      },
      "source": {
        "advisory": "GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6",
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      }
    },
    "nvd.nist.gov": {
      "configurations": {
        "CVE_data_version": "4.0",
        "nodes": [
          {
            "children": [],
            "cpe_match": [
              {
                "cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:a:parity:frontier:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                "cpe_name": [],
                "versionEndExcluding": "2023-03-15",
                "vulnerable": true
              }
            ],
            "operator": "OR"
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        ]
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      "cve": {
        "CVE_data_meta": {
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        "data_type": "CVE",
        "data_version": "4.0",
        "description": {
          "description_data": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier\u0027s `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks. No fixes for `num-bigint` are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix."
            }
          ]
        },
        "problemtype": {
          "problemtype_data": [
            {
              "description": [
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                  "lang": "en",
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        },
        "references": {
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            {
              "name": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "tags": [
                "Patch"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "tags": [
                "Product"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "tags": [
                "Patch"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6",
              "refsource": "MISC",
              "tags": [
                "Vendor Advisory"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "impact": {
        "baseMetricV3": {
          "cvssV3": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
          "impactScore": 3.6
        }
      },
      "lastModifiedDate": "2023-03-28T16:27Z",
      "publishedDate": "2023-03-22T21:15Z"
    }
  }
}

GHSA-FCMM-54JP-7VF6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-21 22:31 – Updated: 2024-10-24 21:21

Summary

Frontier's modexp precompile is slow for even modulus

Details

Impact

Frontier's modexp precompile uses num-bigint crate under the hood. In the implementation, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the modexp precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks.

Patches

No fixes for num-bigint is currently available, and thus this advisory will be first fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in num-bigint or switching to another modexp implementation.

The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at PR 1017.

The recommendations are as follows:

If you anticipate malicious validators, it's recommended to issue an emergency runtime upgrade as soon as possible.
If you do not anticipate malicious validators, it's recommended to issue a normal runtime upgrade, as Substrate has builtin timeout protection when validators are building blocks.

Workarounds

None.

References

A similar issue was presented in Geth's implementation and the fix can be found here.

Severity ?

7.5 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "crates.io",
        "name": "pallet-evm-precompile-modexp"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "last_affected": "1.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-28431"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-682"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2023-03-21T22:31:30Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-03-22T21:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nFrontier\u0027s `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. [In the implementation](https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134), the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks.\n\n### Patches\n\nNo fixes for `num-bigint` is currently available, and thus this advisory will be first fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation.\n\nThe short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at [PR 1017](https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017).\n\nThe recommendations are as follows:\n\n- If you anticipate malicious validators, it\u0027s recommended to issue an emergency runtime upgrade as soon as possible.\n- If you do not anticipate malicious validators, it\u0027s recommended to issue a normal runtime upgrade, as Substrate has builtin timeout protection when validators are building blocks.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nNone.\n\n### References\n\nA similar issue was presented in Geth\u0027s implementation and the fix can be found [here](https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/420897).\n",
  "id": "GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6",
  "modified": "2024-10-24T21:21:00Z",
  "published": "2023-03-21T22:31:30Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28431"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/polkadot-evm/frontier"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Frontier\u0027s modexp precompile is slow for even modulus"
}

FKIE_CVE-2023-28431

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2023-03-22 21:15 - Updated: 2024-11-21 07:55

Severity ?

7.5 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
7.5 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Summary

References

URL	Tags
security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219	Patch
security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017	Patch
security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6	Vendor Advisory
security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134	Product
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219	Patch
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017	Patch
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6	Vendor Advisory
af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108	https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134	Product

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	parity	frontier	*

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "configurations": [
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:parity:frontier:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "D94BBB99-5FB0-4821-903E-58E016A7407F",
              "versionEndExcluding": "2023-03-15",
              "vulnerable": true
            }
          ],
          "negate": false,
          "operator": "OR"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "Frontier is an Ethereum compatibility layer for Substrate. Frontier\u0027s `modexp` precompile uses `num-bigint` crate under the hood. In the implementation prior to pull request 1017, the cases for modulus being even and modulus being odd are treated separately. Odd modulus uses the fast Montgomery multiplication, and even modulus uses the slow plain power algorithm. This gas cost discrepancy was not accounted for in the `modexp` precompile, leading to possible denial of service attacks.\n\nNo fixes for `num-bigint` are currently available, and thus this issue is fixed in the short term by raising the gas costs for even modulus, and in the long term fixing it in `num-bigint` or switching to another modexp implementation. The short-term fix for Frontier is deployed at pull request 1017. There are no known workarounds aside from applying the fix."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2023-28431",
  "lastModified": "2024-11-21T07:55:03.163",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 7.5,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
        "impactScore": 3.6,
        "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      },
      {
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          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 7.5,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 3.9,
        "impactScore": 3.6,
        "source": "nvd@nist.gov",
        "type": "Primary"
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2023-03-22T21:15:18.170",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "tags": [
        "Patch"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "tags": [
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      "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/pull/1017"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "tags": [
        "Vendor Advisory"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "tags": [
        "Product"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134"
    },
    {
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
      "tags": [
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      "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/commit/5af12e94d7dfc8a0208a290643a800f55de7b219"
    },
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    },
    {
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      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/paritytech/frontier/security/advisories/GHSA-fcmm-54jp-7vf6"
    },
    {
      "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
      "tags": [
        "Product"
      ],
      "url": "https://github.com/rust-num/num-bigint/blob/6f2b8e0fc218dbd0f49bebb8db2d1a771fe6bafa/src/biguint/power.rs#L134"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Modified",
  "weaknesses": [
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-682"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "type": "Primary"
    }
  ]
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

Action not permitted

CVE-2023-28431 (GCVE-0-2023-28431)

GSD-2023-28431

GHSA-FCMM-54JP-7VF6

Impact

Patches

Workarounds

References

FKIE_CVE-2023-28431

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature