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CVE-2026-89988 (GCVE-0-2026-89988)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-16 10:33 – Updated: 2026-09-16 14:41
VLAI
Title
kprobes: Protect kprobe_blacklist with RCU
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: kprobes: Protect kprobe_blacklist with RCU __within_kprobe_blacklist() traverses kprobe_blacklist without holding kprobe_mutex. When a module is unloaded, kprobe_remove_area_blacklist() removes blacklist entries and immediately frees them with kfree(). A concurrent call to within_kprobe_blacklist() can therefore dereference freed memory. Furthermore, within_kprobe_blacklist() can be called in atomic or non-preemptible contexts where the sleeping kprobe_mutex cannot be taken. Protect kprobe_blacklist with RCU. Use guard(rcu)() and list_for_each_entry_rcu() for traversal, list_add_tail_rcu() for insertions, list_del_rcu() for deletions, and kfree_rcu() to reclaim entries safely after a grace period.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: 376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13 , < 8f406205003f741225f620f0e357ca0de71d45e3 (git)
Affected: 376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13 , < 630ed8734a02b992e8a97538179c2ece42c5210f (git)
Affected: 376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13 , < 518d9b5568bb06f86e4434f7a30faa9612ea91ad (git)
Affected: 376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13 , < 5da247e4d1e8661d4d6f997101d59967e8994e32 (git)
Affected: 376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13 , < 6e62cf983a2bd547e6bbd3f935539233e5f97f8f (git)
Affected: 376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13 , < 0c4256196b3a105307e2235fbfd85e768bbcdd0f (git)
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Linux Linux Affected: 3.16
Unaffected: 0 , < 3.16 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.188 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.157 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.110 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.18.51 , ≤ 6.18.* (semver)
Unaffected: 7.2.5 , ≤ 7.2.* (semver)
Unaffected: 7.3-rc2 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
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{
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      "affected": [
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          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "include/linux/kprobes.h",
            "kernel/kprobes.c"
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              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.18.51",
              "versionType": "semver"
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              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.2.5",
              "versionType": "semver"
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            {
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              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "7.3-rc2",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
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        }
      ],
      "cpeApplicability": [
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          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nkprobes: Protect kprobe_blacklist with RCU\n\n__within_kprobe_blacklist() traverses kprobe_blacklist without holding\nkprobe_mutex. When a module is unloaded, kprobe_remove_area_blacklist()\nremoves blacklist entries and immediately frees them with kfree().\nA concurrent call to within_kprobe_blacklist() can therefore dereference\nfreed memory.\n\nFurthermore, within_kprobe_blacklist() can be called in atomic or\nnon-preemptible contexts where the sleeping kprobe_mutex cannot be taken.\n\nProtect kprobe_blacklist with RCU. Use guard(rcu)() and\nlist_for_each_entry_rcu() for traversal, list_add_tail_rcu() for\ninsertions, list_del_rcu() for deletions, and kfree_rcu() to reclaim\nentries safely after a grace period."
        }
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            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
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            "version": "3.1"
          },
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              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - The UAF is reached only via local syscalls: x86 perf_event_open() hardware execute breakpoints and register_kprobe() (tracefs, perf kprobes, BPF). It is not invoked from network packet processing or a remote service.\nAC:L - An attacker can loop the blacklist walk while concurrently causing module COMING/GOING so kprobe_remove_area_blacklist() does list_del/kfree, creating both sides of the race. Attacker-driven use-after-free races are AC:L.\nPR:L - x86 hw_breakpoint_arch_parse() calls within_kprobe_blacklist() for kernel execute breakpoints during perf_event_open() before hw_breakpoint_parse()\u0027s CAP_SYS_ADMIN check, so an unprivileged user can trigger the walk. Module autoload via request_module() can mutate the list without CAP_SYS_MODULE.\nUI:N - The attacker triggers the race with their own syscalls (perf_event_open and module autoload/unload). No separate victim action is required.\nS:U - The bug is kernel-heap use-after-free in kprobes. Effects stay inside the kernel\u0027s security authority and do not cross a VM, IOMMU, or other boundary.\nC:H - Concurrent walk versus kfree of struct kprobe_blacklist_entry is a heap use-after-free. Reclaiming the object yields an arbitrary kernel read primitive, so confidentiality impact is high.\nI:H - A heap use-after-free on a list node is exploitable via heap spraying for an arbitrary write and control-flow hijack, so integrity impact is high.\nA:H - Following the freed blacklist entry\u0027s next pointer or fields causes a kernel oops or panic, taking down the system."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-09-16T14:41:04.007Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8f406205003f741225f620f0e357ca0de71d45e3"
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-89988",
    "datePublished": "2026-09-16T10:33:03.003Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-09-11T19:38:34.779Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-16T14:41:04.007Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
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  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2026-89988\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2026-09-16T11:17:09.890\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-09-16T15:18:22.680\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Received\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nkprobes: Protect kprobe_blacklist with RCU\\n\\n__within_kprobe_blacklist() traverses kprobe_blacklist without holding\\nkprobe_mutex. When a module is unloaded, kprobe_remove_area_blacklist()\\nremoves blacklist entries and immediately frees them with kfree().\\nA concurrent call to within_kprobe_blacklist() can therefore dereference\\nfreed memory.\\n\\nFurthermore, within_kprobe_blacklist() can be called in atomic or\\nnon-preemptible contexts where the sleeping kprobe_mutex cannot be taken.\\n\\nProtect kprobe_blacklist with RCU. Use guard(rcu)() and\\nlist_for_each_entry_rcu() for traversal, list_add_tail_rcu() for\\ninsertions, list_del_rcu() for deletions, and kfree_rcu() to reclaim\\nentries safely after a grace period.\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"include/linux/kprobes.h\",\"kernel/kprobes.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13\",\"lessThan\":\"8f406205003f741225f620f0e357ca0de71d45e3\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13\",\"lessThan\":\"630ed8734a02b992e8a97538179c2ece42c5210f\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13\",\"lessThan\":\"518d9b5568bb06f86e4434f7a30faa9612ea91ad\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13\",\"lessThan\":\"5da247e4d1e8661d4d6f997101d59967e8994e32\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13\",\"lessThan\":\"6e62cf983a2bd547e6bbd3f935539233e5f97f8f\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"376e242429bf8539ef39a080ac113c8799840b13\",\"lessThan\":\"0c4256196b3a105307e2235fbfd85e768bbcdd0f\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"include/linux/kprobes.h\",\"kernel/kprobes.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"3.16\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"3.16\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.188\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.6.157\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.6.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.12.110\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.12.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.18.51\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.18.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"7.2.5\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"7.2.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"7.3-rc2\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":5.9}]},\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0c4256196b3a105307e2235fbfd85e768bbcdd0f\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/518d9b5568bb06f86e4434f7a30faa9612ea91ad\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5da247e4d1e8661d4d6f997101d59967e8994e32\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/630ed8734a02b992e8a97538179c2ece42c5210f\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/6e62cf983a2bd547e6bbd3f935539233e5f97f8f\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8f406205003f741225f620f0e357ca0de71d45e3\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\"}]}}"
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

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  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
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  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


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