Vulnerability-Lookup

FKIE_CVE-2025-1727

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-07-10 23:15 - Updated: 2026-06-17 08:39

Severity

8.1 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

Summary

The protocol used for remote linking over RF for End-of-Train and Head-of-Train (also known as a FRED) relies on a BCH checksum for packet creation. It is possible to create these EoT and HoT packets with a software defined radio and issue brake control commands to the EoT device, disrupting operations or potentially overwhelming the brake systems.

References

	URL	Tags
	ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov	https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-191-10

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "End-of-Train and Head-of-Train remote linking protocol",
          "vendor": "End-of-Train and Head-of-Train remote linking protocol",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "All versions"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "The protocol used for remote linking over RF for End-of-Train and \nHead-of-Train (also known as a FRED) relies on a BCH checksum for packet\n creation. It is possible to create these EoT and HoT packets with a \nsoftware defined radio and issue brake control commands to the EoT \ndevice, disrupting operations or potentially overwhelming the brake \nsystems."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "El protocolo utilizado para la conexi\u00f3n remota por RF para End-of-Train and Head-of-Train (tambi\u00e9n conocido como FRED) se basa en una suma de comprobaci\u00f3n BCH para la creaci\u00f3n de paquetes. Es posible crear estos paquetes EoT y HoT con una radio definida por software y emitir comandos de control de freno al dispositivo EoT, lo que podr\u00eda interrumpir las operaciones o saturar los sistemas de freno."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2025-1727",
  "lastModified": "2026-06-17T08:39:40.447",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV31": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "ADJACENT_NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "baseScore": 8.1,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
          "version": "3.1"
        },
        "exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
        "impactScore": 5.2,
        "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "cvssMetricV40": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackRequirements": "NONE",
          "attackVector": "ADJACENT",
          "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "baseScore": 7.2,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
          "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
          "version": "4.0",
          "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
          "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
        },
        "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2025-1727",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "none"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "total"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2025-07-11T14:06:22.369634Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2025-07-10T23:15:27.600",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
      "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-191-10"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
  "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-1390"
        }
      ],
      "source": "ics-cert@hq.dhs.gov",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

CVE-2025-1727 (GCVE-0-2025-1727)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-10 22:59 – Updated: 2025-07-11 14:06

Title

End-of-Train and Head-of-Train Remote Linking Protocol Weak Authentication

Summary

Severity

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

7.2 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2025-07-11 14:06 UTC

CWE

CWE-1390

Assigner

icscert icscert root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/i…

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
End-of-Train and Head-of-Train remote linking protocol	End-of-Train and Head-of-Train remote linking protocol	Affected: All versions

Credits

Neil Smith and Eric Reuter reported this vulnerability to CISA.

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-1727",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-07-11T14:06:22.369634Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-07-11T14:06:28.251Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "End-of-Train and Head-of-Train remote linking protocol",
          "vendor": "End-of-Train and Head-of-Train remote linking protocol",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "All versions"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Neil Smith and Eric Reuter reported this vulnerability to CISA."
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "The protocol used for remote linking over RF for End-of-Train and \nHead-of-Train (also known as a FRED) relies on a BCH checksum for packet\n creation. It is possible to create these EoT and HoT packets with a \nsoftware defined radio and issue brake control commands to the EoT \ndevice, disrupting operations or potentially overwhelming the brake \nsystems."
            }
          ],
          "value": "The protocol used for remote linking over RF for End-of-Train and \nHead-of-Train (also known as a FRED) relies on a BCH checksum for packet\n creation. It is possible to create these EoT and HoT packets with a \nsoftware defined radio and issue brake control commands to the EoT \ndevice, disrupting operations or potentially overwhelming the brake \nsystems."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "ADJACENT_NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 8.1,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "ADJACENT",
            "baseScore": 7.2,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:A/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
            "version": "4.0",
            "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-1390",
              "description": "CWE-1390",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-07-10T22:59:34.802Z",
        "orgId": "7d14cffa-0d7d-4270-9dc0-52cabd5a23a6",
        "shortName": "icscert"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-191-10"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "ICSA-25-191-10",
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "End-of-Train and Head-of-Train Remote Linking Protocol Weak Authentication",
      "workarounds": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "\u003cp\u003eThe Association of American Railroads (AAR) is pursuing new equipment\n and protocols which should replace traditional End-of-Train and \nHead-of-Train devices. The standards committees involved in these \nupdates are aware of the vulnerability and are investigating mitigating \nsolutions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe AAR Railroad Electronics Standards Committee (RESC) maintains \nthis protocol which is used by multiple manufacturers across the \nindustry, including Hitachi Rail STS USA, Wabtec, Siemens, and others. \nUsers of EoT/HoT devices are recommended to contact their own device \nmanufacturers with questions.\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "The Association of American Railroads (AAR) is pursuing new equipment\n and protocols which should replace traditional End-of-Train and \nHead-of-Train devices. The standards committees involved in these \nupdates are aware of the vulnerability and are investigating mitigating \nsolutions.\n\n\nThe AAR Railroad Electronics Standards Committee (RESC) maintains \nthis protocol which is used by multiple manufacturers across the \nindustry, including Hitachi Rail STS USA, Wabtec, Siemens, and others. \nUsers of EoT/HoT devices are recommended to contact their own device \nmanufacturers with questions."
        }
      ],
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "7d14cffa-0d7d-4270-9dc0-52cabd5a23a6",
    "assignerShortName": "icscert",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-1727",
    "datePublished": "2025-07-10T22:59:34.802Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-02-26T20:19:11.460Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-07-11T14:06:28.251Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.