icsa-18-226-02
Vulnerability from csaf_cisa
Published
2018-08-07 00:00
Modified
2022-09-13 00:00
Summary
Siemens OpenSSL Vulnerability in Industrial Products (Update E)
Notes
Summary
Several Siemens industrial products are affected by a vulnerability in
OpenSSL, that could result in data being sent out unencrypted by the
SSL/TLS record layer. Siemens has released updates for the affected
products and recommends to update to the latest versions.
General Recommendations
As a general security measure, Siemens strongly recommends to protect
network access to devices with appropriate mechanisms. In order to
operate the devices in a protected IT environment, Siemens recommends
to configure the environment according to Siemens' operational
guidelines for Industrial Security (Download:
https://www.siemens.com/cert/operational-guidelines-industrial-
security), and to follow the recommendations in the product manuals.
Additional information on Industrial Security by Siemens can be found
at: https://www.siemens.com/industrialsecurity
Additional Resources
For further inquiries on security vulnerabilities in Siemens products and solutions, please contact the Siemens ProductCERT: https://www.siemens.com/cert/advisories
Terms of Use
Siemens Security Advisories are subject to the terms and conditions contained in Siemens' underlying license terms or other applicable agreements previously agreed to with Siemens (hereinafter "License Terms"). To the extent applicable to information, software or documentation made available in or through a Siemens Security Advisory, the Terms of Use of Siemens' Global Website (https://www.siemens.com/terms_of_use, hereinafter "Terms of Use"), in particular Sections 8-10 of the Terms of Use, shall apply additionally. In case of conflicts, the License Terms shall prevail over the Terms of Use.
Legal Notice
All information products included in https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics are provided "as is" for informational purposes only. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) does not provide any warranties of any kind regarding any information contained within. DHS does not endorse any commercial product or service, referenced in this product or otherwise. Further dissemination of this product is governed by the Traffic Light Protocol (TLP) marking in the header. For more information about TLP, see https://us-cert.cisa.gov/tlp/.
Advisory Conversion Disclaimer
This CISA CSAF advisory was converted from Siemens ProductCERT's CSAF advisory.
Critical infrastructure sectors
Multiple
Countries/areas deployed
Worldwide
Company headquarters location
Germany
Recommended Practices
CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the exploitation risk of these vulnerabilities.
Recommended Practices
Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, and ensure they are not accessible from the internet.
Recommended Practices
Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolate them from business networks.
Recommended Practices
When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most recent version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as its connected devices.
Recommended Practices
CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.
Recommended Practices
CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.
Recommended Practices
CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets. Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.
Recommended Practices
Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.
{ document: { acknowledgments: [ { organization: "Siemens ProductCERT", summary: "reporting this vulnerability to CISA.", }, { names: [ "Artem Zinenko", ], organization: "Kaspersky", summary: "pointing out that SIPLUS should also be mentioned", }, ], category: "csaf_security_advisory", csaf_version: "2.0", distribution: { text: "Disclosure is not limited", tlp: { label: "WHITE", url: "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/tlp/", }, }, notes: [ { category: "summary", text: "Several Siemens industrial products are affected by a vulnerability in\nOpenSSL, that could result in data being sent out unencrypted by the\nSSL/TLS record layer. Siemens has released updates for the affected\nproducts and recommends to update to the latest versions.", title: "Summary", }, { category: "general", text: "As a general security measure, Siemens strongly recommends to protect\nnetwork access to devices with appropriate mechanisms. In order to\noperate the devices in a protected IT environment, Siemens recommends\nto configure the environment according to Siemens' operational\nguidelines for Industrial Security (Download:\nhttps://www.siemens.com/cert/operational-guidelines-industrial-\nsecurity), and to follow the recommendations in the product manuals.\n\nAdditional information on Industrial Security by Siemens can be found\nat: https://www.siemens.com/industrialsecurity", title: "General Recommendations", }, { category: "general", text: "For further inquiries on security vulnerabilities in Siemens products and solutions, please contact the Siemens ProductCERT: https://www.siemens.com/cert/advisories", title: "Additional Resources", }, { category: "legal_disclaimer", text: "Siemens Security Advisories are subject to the terms and conditions contained in Siemens' underlying license terms or other applicable agreements previously agreed to with Siemens (hereinafter \"License Terms\"). To the extent applicable to information, software or documentation made available in or through a Siemens Security Advisory, the Terms of Use of Siemens' Global Website (https://www.siemens.com/terms_of_use, hereinafter \"Terms of Use\"), in particular Sections 8-10 of the Terms of Use, shall apply additionally. In case of conflicts, the License Terms shall prevail over the Terms of Use.", title: "Terms of Use", }, { category: "legal_disclaimer", text: "All information products included in https://us-cert.cisa.gov/ics are provided \"as is\" for informational purposes only. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) does not provide any warranties of any kind regarding any information contained within. DHS does not endorse any commercial product or service, referenced in this product or otherwise. Further dissemination of this product is governed by the Traffic Light Protocol (TLP) marking in the header. For more information about TLP, see https://us-cert.cisa.gov/tlp/.", title: "Legal Notice", }, { category: "other", text: "This CISA CSAF advisory was converted from Siemens ProductCERT's CSAF advisory.", title: "Advisory Conversion Disclaimer", }, { category: "other", text: "Multiple", title: "Critical infrastructure sectors", }, { category: "other", text: "Worldwide", title: "Countries/areas deployed", }, { category: "other", text: "Germany", title: "Company headquarters location", }, { category: "general", text: "CISA recommends users take defensive measures to minimize the exploitation risk of these vulnerabilities.", title: "Recommended Practices", }, { category: "general", text: "Minimize network exposure for all control system devices and/or systems, and ensure they are not accessible from the internet.", title: "Recommended Practices", }, { category: "general", text: "Locate control system networks and remote devices behind firewalls and isolate them from business networks.", title: "Recommended Practices", }, { category: "general", text: "When remote access is required, use more secure methods, such as Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), recognizing VPNs may have vulnerabilities and should be updated to the most recent version available. Also recognize VPN is only as secure as its connected devices.", title: "Recommended Practices", }, { category: "general", text: "CISA reminds organizations to perform proper impact analysis and risk assessment prior to deploying defensive measures.", title: "Recommended Practices", }, { category: "general", text: "CISA also provides a section for control systems security recommended practices on the ICS webpage on cisa.gov. Several CISA products detailing cyber defense best practices are available for reading and download, including Improving Industrial Control Systems Cybersecurity with Defense-in-Depth Strategies.", title: "Recommended Practices", }, { category: "general", text: "CISA encourages organizations to implement recommended cybersecurity strategies for proactive defense of ICS assets. Additional mitigation guidance and recommended practices are publicly available on the ICS webpage at cisa.gov in the technical information paper, ICS-TIP-12-146-01B--Targeted Cyber Intrusion Detection and Mitigation Strategies.", title: "Recommended Practices", }, { category: "general", text: "Organizations observing suspected malicious activity should follow established internal procedures and report findings to CISA for tracking and correlation against other incidents.", title: "Recommended Practices", }, ], publisher: { category: "other", contact_details: "central@cisa.dhs.gov", name: "CISA", namespace: "https://www.cisa.gov/", }, references: [ { category: "self", summary: "SSA-179516 OpenSSL Vulnerability in Industrial Products - CSAF Version", url: "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/csaf/ssa-179516.json", }, { category: "self", summary: "SSA-179516 OpenSSL Vulnerability in Industrial Products - TXT Version", url: "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/txt/ssa-179516.txt", }, { category: "self", summary: "SSA-179516 OpenSSL Vulnerability in Industrial Products - PDF Version", url: "https://cert-portal.siemens.com/productcert/pdf/ssa-179516.pdf", }, { category: "self", summary: "ICS Advisory ICSA-18-226-02 JSON", url: "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cisagov/CSAF/develop/csaf_files/OT/white/2018/icsa-18-226-02.json", }, { category: "self", summary: "ICS Advisory ICSA-18-226-02 - Web Version", url: "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-18-226-02", }, { category: "external", summary: "Recommended Practices", url: "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/alerts/ICS-ALERT-10-301-01", }, { category: "external", summary: "Recommended Practices", url: "https://www.cisa.gov/resources-tools/resources/ics-recommended-practices", }, { category: "external", summary: "Recommended Practices", url: "https://www.cisa.gov/topics/industrial-control-systems", }, { category: "external", summary: "Recommended Practices", url: "https://us-cert.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/recommended_practices/NCCIC_ICS-CERT_Defense_in_Depth_2016_S508C.pdf", }, { category: "external", summary: "Recommended Practices", url: "https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Cybersecurity_Best_Practices_for_Industrial_Control_Systems.pdf", }, { category: "external", summary: "Recommended Practices", url: "https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/tips/ICS-TIP-12-146-01B", }, ], title: "Siemens OpenSSL Vulnerability in Industrial Products (Update E)", tracking: { current_release_date: "2022-09-13T00:00:00.000000Z", generator: { engine: { name: "CISA CSAF Generator", version: "1.0.0", }, }, id: "ICSA-18-226-02", initial_release_date: "2018-08-07T00:00:00.000000Z", revision_history: [ { date: "2018-08-07T00:00:00.000000Z", legacy_version: "1.0", number: "1", summary: "Publication Date", }, { date: "2018-09-11T00:00:00.000000Z", legacy_version: "1.1", number: "2", summary: "Added WinCC OA patches, removed OC1 variant indicator as F is also affected", }, { date: "2018-10-09T00:00:00.000000Z", legacy_version: "1.2", number: "3", summary: "Added update for SIMATIC S7-1200 CPU, SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) V13, SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) V13", }, { date: "2018-11-13T00:00:00.000000Z", legacy_version: "1.3", number: "4", summary: "Added update for SIMATIC HMI WinCC Flexible, SIMATIC IPC DiagMonitor", }, { date: "2019-02-12T00:00:00.000000Z", legacy_version: "1.4", number: "5", summary: "Added update for SIMATIC S7-1500 Software Controller, SIMATIC ET 200SP Open Controller CPU 1515SP PC", }, { date: "2019-04-09T00:00:00.000000Z", legacy_version: "1.5", number: "6", summary: "Added update for SIMATIC IPC DiagBase and SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) V14", }, { date: "2020-02-10T00:00:00.000000Z", legacy_version: "1.6", number: "7", summary: "SIPLUS devices now explicitly mentioned in the list of affected products", }, { date: "2022-09-13T00:00:00.000000Z", legacy_version: "1.7", number: "8", summary: "Added fix for SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) V14; updated fix information for SIMATIC IPC DiagBase and DiagMonitor", }, ], status: "final", version: "8", }, }, product_tree: { branches: [ { branches: [ { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V03.01", product: { name: "MindConnect IoT2040", product_id: "CSAFPID-0001", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "MindConnect IoT2040", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V03.01", product: { name: "MindConnect Nano (IPC227D)", product_id: "CSAFPID-0002", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "MindConnect Nano (IPC227D)", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: ">=V2.0_<V2.1.6", product: { name: "SIMATIC ET 200SP Open Controller CPU 1515SP PC (incl. SIPLUS variants)", product_id: "CSAFPID-0003", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC ET 200SP Open Controller CPU 1515SP PC (incl. SIPLUS variants)", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V15.1", product: { name: "SIMATIC HMI WinCC Flexible", product_id: "CSAFPID-0004", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC HMI WinCC Flexible", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V2.1.1.0", product: { name: "SIMATIC IPC DiagBase", product_id: "CSAFPID-0005", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC IPC DiagBase", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V5.0.3", product: { name: "SIMATIC IPC DiagMonitor", product_id: "CSAFPID-0006", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC IPC DiagMonitor", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V4.2.3", product: { name: "SIMATIC S7-1200 CPU family (incl. SIPLUS variants)", product_id: "CSAFPID-0007", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC S7-1200 CPU family (incl. SIPLUS variants)", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V2.5.2", product: { name: "SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU family (incl. related ET200 CPUs and SIPLUS variants)", product_id: "CSAFPID-0008", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC S7-1500 CPU family (incl. related ET200 CPUs and SIPLUS variants)", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: ">=V2.0_and_<V2.6", product: { name: "SIMATIC S7-1500 Software Controller", product_id: "CSAFPID-0009", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC S7-1500 Software Controller", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V13_SP2_Update_2", product: { name: "SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) V13", product_id: "CSAFPID-0010", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) V13", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V14_SP1_Update_6", product: { name: "SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) V14", product_id: "CSAFPID-0011", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) V14", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V15_Update_2", product: { name: "SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) V15", product_id: "CSAFPID-0012", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC STEP 7 (TIA Portal) V15", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V13_SP2_Update_2", product: { name: "SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) V13", product_id: "CSAFPID-0013", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) V13", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V14_SP1_Upd_6", product: { name: "SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) V14", product_id: "CSAFPID-0014", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) V14", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V15_Update_2", product: { name: "SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) V15", product_id: "CSAFPID-0015", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC WinCC (TIA Portal) V15", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V3.14_P021", product: { name: "SIMATIC WinCC OA V3.14", product_id: "CSAFPID-0016", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC WinCC OA V3.14", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V3.15_P014", product: { name: "SIMATIC WinCC OA V3.15", product_id: "CSAFPID-0017", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC WinCC OA V3.15", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V3.16_P002", product: { name: "SIMATIC WinCC OA V3.16", product_id: "CSAFPID-0018", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SIMATIC WinCC OA V3.16", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<V4.1.8", product: { name: "SINUMERIK Integrate Access MyMachine service engineer client as part of Sinumerik Integrate Product suite", product_id: "CSAFPID-0019", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SINUMERIK Integrate Access MyMachine service engineer client as part of Sinumerik Integrate Product suite", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version_range", name: "<=2.0.11_/_3.0.11", product: { name: "SINUMERIK Integrate Operate Client as part of Sinumerik Integrate Product suite", product_id: "CSAFPID-0020", }, }, ], category: "product_name", name: "SINUMERIK Integrate Operate Client as part of Sinumerik Integrate Product suite", }, ], category: "vendor", name: "Siemens", }, ], }, vulnerabilities: [ { cve: "CVE-2017-3737", cwe: { id: "CWE-319", name: "Cleartext Transmission of Sensitive Information", }, notes: [ { category: "summary", text: "In OpenSSL 1.0.2 an \"error state\" mechanism was introduced. This \"error state\" mechanism does not work correctly if SSL_read() or SSL_write() is called directly by an application. This could result in data being sent out unencrypted by the SSL/TLS record layer.\r\n\r\nSuccessful exploitation requires an attacker to cause a fatal error in the victim's SSL/TLS handshake algorithm, and that the targeted application calls SSL_read() or SSL_write() after having already received a fatal error. No user interaction or privileges are required to exploit this security vulnerability. The vulnerability could allow to compromise confidentiality of data by transmitting it unencrypted over the network.", title: "Summary", }, ], product_status: { known_affected: [ "CSAFPID-0001", "CSAFPID-0002", "CSAFPID-0003", "CSAFPID-0004", "CSAFPID-0005", "CSAFPID-0006", "CSAFPID-0007", "CSAFPID-0008", "CSAFPID-0009", "CSAFPID-0010", "CSAFPID-0011", "CSAFPID-0012", "CSAFPID-0013", "CSAFPID-0014", "CSAFPID-0015", "CSAFPID-0016", "CSAFPID-0017", "CSAFPID-0018", "CSAFPID-0019", "CSAFPID-0020", ], }, remediations: [ { category: "mitigation", details: "Limit network access using appropriate mechanisms (e.g., firewalls)", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0001", "CSAFPID-0002", "CSAFPID-0003", "CSAFPID-0004", "CSAFPID-0005", "CSAFPID-0006", "CSAFPID-0007", "CSAFPID-0008", "CSAFPID-0009", "CSAFPID-0010", "CSAFPID-0011", "CSAFPID-0012", "CSAFPID-0013", "CSAFPID-0014", "CSAFPID-0015", "CSAFPID-0016", "CSAFPID-0017", "CSAFPID-0018", "CSAFPID-0019", "CSAFPID-0020", ], }, { category: "mitigation", details: "Disable web server within the device configuration if it is not used\nor limit access to the web server on a particular Ethernet/PROFINET\nport/interface if possible (setting is under General / Web server\naccess).", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0007", ], }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V3.14 P021 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0016", ], url: "https://www.winccoa.com/downloads/category/versions-patches.html", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V3.15 P014 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0017", ], url: "https://www.winccoa.com/downloads/category/versions-patches.html", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V3.16 P002 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0018", ], url: "https://www.winccoa.com/downloads/category/versions-patches.html", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V2.0.12 / 3.0.12, installing latest Sinumerik Integrate Product suite.", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0020", ], url: "https://w3.siemens.com/aspa_app", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V4.1.8, installing latest Sinumerik Integrate Product suite.", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0019", ], url: "https://w3.siemens.com/aspa_app", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V2.6 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0009", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/us/en/view/109478528", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V03.01 or later version. Use the Mindsphere web frontend to update", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0001", "CSAFPID-0002", ], }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V15.1 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0004", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/us/en/view/109758794", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V2.1.1.0 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0005", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109792891", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V5.0.3 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0006", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109740915", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V13 SP2 Update 2 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0010", "CSAFPID-0013", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109759753", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V14 SP1 Update 6 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0011", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109747387", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V14 SP1 Upd 6 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0014", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109747387", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V15 Update 2 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0012", "CSAFPID-0015", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109755826", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V2.5.2 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0008", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/ww/en/view/109478459", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V4.2.3 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0007", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/us/en/view/109741461", }, { category: "vendor_fix", details: "Update to V2.1.6 or later version", product_ids: [ "CSAFPID-0003", ], url: "https://support.industry.siemens.com/cs/us/en/view/109759122", }, ], scores: [ { cvss_v3: { baseScore: 5.9, baseSeverity: "MEDIUM", vectorString: "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:P/RL:O/RC:C", version: "3.1", }, products: [ "CSAFPID-0001", "CSAFPID-0002", "CSAFPID-0003", "CSAFPID-0004", "CSAFPID-0005", "CSAFPID-0006", "CSAFPID-0007", "CSAFPID-0008", "CSAFPID-0009", "CSAFPID-0010", "CSAFPID-0011", "CSAFPID-0012", "CSAFPID-0013", "CSAFPID-0014", "CSAFPID-0015", "CSAFPID-0016", "CSAFPID-0017", "CSAFPID-0018", "CSAFPID-0019", "CSAFPID-0020", ], }, ], title: "CVE-2017-3737", }, ], }
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Sightings
Author | Source | Type | Date |
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Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability is confirmed from an analyst perspective.
- Exploited: This vulnerability was exploited and seen by the user reporting the sighting.
- Patched: This vulnerability was successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.
- Not exploited: This vulnerability was not exploited or seen by the user reporting the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expresses doubt about the veracity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: This vulnerability was not successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.