rhsa-2017_0332
Vulnerability from csaf_redhat
Published
2017-02-27 23:12
Modified
2024-11-14 22:38
Summary
Red Hat Security Advisory: qemu-kvm-rhev security update
Notes
Topic
An update for qemu-kvm-rhev is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7.
Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.
Details
KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on a variety of architectures. The qemu-kvm-rhev packages provide the user-space component for running virtual machines that use KVM in environments managed by Red Hat products.
Security Fix(es):
* Quick emulator (QEMU) built with the Cirrus CLGD 54xx VGA emulator support is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds access issue. It could occur while copying VGA data via bitblt copy in backward mode. A privileged user inside a guest could use this flaw to crash the QEMU process resulting in DoS or potentially execute arbitrary code on the host with privileges of QEMU process on the host. (CVE-2017-2615)
* Quick emulator (QEMU) built with the Cirrus CLGD 54xx VGA Emulator support is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds access issue. The issue could occur while copying VGA data in cirrus_bitblt_cputovideo. A privileged user inside guest could use this flaw to crash the QEMU process OR potentially execute arbitrary code on host with privileges of the QEMU process. (CVE-2017-2620)
Red Hat would like to thank Wjjzhang (Tencent.com Inc.) and Li Qiang (360.cn Inc.) for reporting CVE-2017-2615.
Terms of Use
This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original.
{ document: { aggregate_severity: { namespace: "https://access.redhat.com/security/updates/classification/", text: "Important", }, category: "csaf_security_advisory", csaf_version: "2.0", distribution: { text: "Copyright © Red Hat, Inc. All rights reserved.", tlp: { label: "WHITE", url: "https://www.first.org/tlp/", }, }, lang: "en", notes: [ { category: "summary", text: "An update for qemu-kvm-rhev is now available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7.\n\nRed Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.", title: "Topic", }, { category: "general", text: "KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on a variety of architectures. The qemu-kvm-rhev packages provide the user-space component for running virtual machines that use KVM in environments managed by Red Hat products.\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* Quick emulator (QEMU) built with the Cirrus CLGD 54xx VGA emulator support is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds access issue. It could occur while copying VGA data via bitblt copy in backward mode. A privileged user inside a guest could use this flaw to crash the QEMU process resulting in DoS or potentially execute arbitrary code on the host with privileges of QEMU process on the host. (CVE-2017-2615)\n\n* Quick emulator (QEMU) built with the Cirrus CLGD 54xx VGA Emulator support is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds access issue. The issue could occur while copying VGA data in cirrus_bitblt_cputovideo. A privileged user inside guest could use this flaw to crash the QEMU process OR potentially execute arbitrary code on host with privileges of the QEMU process. (CVE-2017-2620)\n\nRed Hat would like to thank Wjjzhang (Tencent.com Inc.) and Li Qiang (360.cn Inc.) for reporting CVE-2017-2615.", title: "Details", }, { category: "legal_disclaimer", text: "This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original.", title: "Terms of Use", }, ], publisher: { category: "vendor", contact_details: "https://access.redhat.com/security/team/contact/", issuing_authority: "Red Hat Product Security is responsible for vulnerability handling across all Red Hat products and services.", name: "Red Hat Product Security", namespace: "https://www.redhat.com", }, references: [ { category: "self", summary: "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:0332", url: "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:0332", }, { category: "external", summary: "https://access.redhat.com/security/updates/classification/#important", url: "https://access.redhat.com/security/updates/classification/#important", }, { category: "external", summary: "1418200", url: "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1418200", }, { category: "external", summary: "1420484", url: "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1420484", }, { category: "self", summary: "Canonical URL", url: "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/advisories/2017/rhsa-2017_0332.json", }, ], title: "Red Hat Security Advisory: qemu-kvm-rhev security update", tracking: { current_release_date: "2024-11-14T22:38:31+00:00", generator: { date: "2024-11-14T22:38:31+00:00", engine: { name: "Red Hat SDEngine", version: "4.2.1", }, }, id: "RHSA-2017:0332", initial_release_date: "2017-02-27T23:12:29+00:00", revision_history: [ { date: "2017-02-27T23:12:29+00:00", number: "1", summary: "Initial version", }, { date: "2017-02-27T23:12:29+00:00", number: "2", summary: "Last updated version", }, { date: "2024-11-14T22:38:31+00:00", number: "3", summary: "Last generated version", }, ], status: "final", version: "3", }, }, product_tree: { branches: [ { branches: [ { branches: [ { category: "product_name", name: "Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7", product: { name: "Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7", product_id: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0", product_identification_helper: { cpe: "cpe:/a:redhat:openstack:6::el7", }, }, }, ], category: "product_family", name: "Red Hat OpenStack Platform", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version", name: "qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product: { name: "qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_id: "qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_identification_helper: { purl: "pkg:rpm/redhat/qemu-kvm-common-rhev@2.6.0-28.el7_3.6?arch=x86_64&epoch=10", }, }, }, { category: "product_version", name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product: { name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_id: "qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_identification_helper: { purl: "pkg:rpm/redhat/qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo@2.6.0-28.el7_3.6?arch=x86_64&epoch=10", }, }, }, { category: "product_version", name: "qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product: { name: "qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_id: "qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_identification_helper: { purl: "pkg:rpm/redhat/qemu-img-rhev@2.6.0-28.el7_3.6?arch=x86_64&epoch=10", }, }, }, { category: "product_version", name: "qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product: { name: "qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_id: "qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_identification_helper: { purl: "pkg:rpm/redhat/qemu-kvm-tools-rhev@2.6.0-28.el7_3.6?arch=x86_64&epoch=10", }, }, }, { category: "product_version", name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product: { name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_id: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", product_identification_helper: { purl: "pkg:rpm/redhat/qemu-kvm-rhev@2.6.0-28.el7_3.6?arch=x86_64&epoch=10", }, }, }, ], category: "architecture", name: "x86_64", }, { branches: [ { category: "product_version", name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", product: { name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", product_id: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", product_identification_helper: { purl: "pkg:rpm/redhat/qemu-kvm-rhev@2.6.0-28.el7_3.6?arch=src&epoch=10", }, }, }, ], category: "architecture", name: "src", }, ], category: "vendor", name: "Red Hat", }, ], relationships: [ { category: "default_component_of", full_product_name: { name: "qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7", product_id: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", }, product_reference: "qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", relates_to_product_reference: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0", }, { category: "default_component_of", full_product_name: { name: "qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7", product_id: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", }, product_reference: "qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", relates_to_product_reference: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0", }, { category: "default_component_of", full_product_name: { name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7", product_id: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", }, product_reference: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", relates_to_product_reference: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0", }, { category: "default_component_of", full_product_name: { name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7", product_id: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", }, product_reference: "qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", relates_to_product_reference: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0", }, { category: "default_component_of", full_product_name: { name: "qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7", product_id: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", }, product_reference: "qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", relates_to_product_reference: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0", }, { category: "default_component_of", full_product_name: { name: "qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64 as a component of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 6.0 (Juno) for RHEL 7", product_id: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", }, product_reference: "qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", relates_to_product_reference: "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0", }, ], }, vulnerabilities: [ { acknowledgments: [ { names: [ "Li Qiang", ], organization: "360.cn Inc.", }, { names: [ "Wjjzhang", ], organization: "Tencent.com Inc.", }, ], cve: "CVE-2017-2615", cwe: { id: "CWE-787", name: "Out-of-bounds Write", }, discovery_date: "2017-01-25T00:00:00+00:00", ids: [ { system_name: "Red Hat Bugzilla ID", text: "1418200", }, ], notes: [ { category: "description", text: "Quick emulator (QEMU) built with the Cirrus CLGD 54xx VGA emulator support is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds access issue. It could occur while copying VGA data via bitblt copy in backward mode. A privileged user inside a guest could use this flaw to crash the QEMU process resulting in DoS or potentially execute arbitrary code on the host with privileges of QEMU process on the host.", title: "Vulnerability description", }, { category: "summary", text: "Qemu: display: cirrus: oob access while doing bitblt copy backward mode", title: "Vulnerability summary", }, { category: "general", text: "The CVSS score(s) listed for this vulnerability do not reflect the associated product's status, and are included for informational purposes to better understand the severity of this vulnerability.", title: "CVSS score applicability", }, ], product_status: { fixed: [ "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", ], }, references: [ { category: "self", summary: "Canonical URL", url: "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2017-2615", }, { category: "external", summary: "RHBZ#1418200", url: "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1418200", }, { category: "external", summary: "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2017-2615", url: "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2017-2615", }, { category: "external", summary: "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2615", url: "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2615", }, ], release_date: "2017-01-24T00:00:00+00:00", remediations: [ { category: "vendor_fix", date: "2017-02-27T23:12:29+00:00", details: "For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:\n\nhttps://access.redhat.com/articles/11258\n\nAfter installing this update, shut down all running virtual machines. Once all virtual machines have shut down, start them again for this update to take effect.", product_ids: [ "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", ], restart_required: { category: "none", }, url: "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:0332", }, ], scores: [ { cvss_v2: { accessComplexity: "MEDIUM", accessVector: "ADJACENT_NETWORK", authentication: "SINGLE", availabilityImpact: "PARTIAL", baseScore: 4.9, confidentialityImpact: "PARTIAL", integrityImpact: "PARTIAL", vectorString: "AV:A/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P", version: "2.0", }, cvss_v3: { attackComplexity: "HIGH", attackVector: "ADJACENT_NETWORK", availabilityImpact: "LOW", baseScore: 5.5, baseSeverity: "MEDIUM", confidentialityImpact: "LOW", integrityImpact: "LOW", privilegesRequired: "LOW", scope: "CHANGED", userInteraction: "NONE", vectorString: "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L", version: "3.0", }, products: [ "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", ], }, ], threats: [ { category: "impact", details: "Important", }, ], title: "Qemu: display: cirrus: oob access while doing bitblt copy backward mode", }, { cve: "CVE-2017-2620", cwe: { id: "CWE-787", name: "Out-of-bounds Write", }, discovery_date: "2017-02-09T00:00:00+00:00", ids: [ { system_name: "Red Hat Bugzilla ID", text: "1420484", }, ], notes: [ { category: "description", text: "Quick emulator (QEMU) built with the Cirrus CLGD 54xx VGA Emulator support is vulnerable to an out-of-bounds access issue. The issue could occur while copying VGA data in cirrus_bitblt_cputovideo. A privileged user inside guest could use this flaw to crash the QEMU process OR potentially execute arbitrary code on host with privileges of the QEMU process.", title: "Vulnerability description", }, { category: "summary", text: "Qemu: display: cirrus: potential arbitrary code execution via cirrus_bitblt_cputovideo", title: "Vulnerability summary", }, { category: "general", text: "The CVSS score(s) listed for this vulnerability do not reflect the associated product's status, and are included for informational purposes to better understand the severity of this vulnerability.", title: "CVSS score applicability", }, ], product_status: { fixed: [ "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", ], }, references: [ { category: "self", summary: "Canonical URL", url: "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2017-2620", }, { category: "external", summary: "RHBZ#1420484", url: "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1420484", }, { category: "external", summary: "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2017-2620", url: "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2017-2620", }, { category: "external", summary: "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2620", url: "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-2620", }, { category: "external", summary: "https://xenbits.xen.org/xsa/advisory-209.html", url: "https://xenbits.xen.org/xsa/advisory-209.html", }, ], release_date: "2017-02-21T00:00:00+00:00", remediations: [ { category: "vendor_fix", date: "2017-02-27T23:12:29+00:00", details: "For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:\n\nhttps://access.redhat.com/articles/11258\n\nAfter installing this update, shut down all running virtual machines. Once all virtual machines have shut down, start them again for this update to take effect.", product_ids: [ "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", ], restart_required: { category: "none", }, url: "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2017:0332", }, ], scores: [ { cvss_v2: { accessComplexity: "MEDIUM", accessVector: "ADJACENT_NETWORK", authentication: "SINGLE", availabilityImpact: "PARTIAL", baseScore: 4.9, confidentialityImpact: "PARTIAL", integrityImpact: "PARTIAL", vectorString: "AV:A/AC:M/Au:S/C:P/I:P/A:P", version: "2.0", }, cvss_v3: { attackComplexity: "HIGH", attackVector: "ADJACENT_NETWORK", availabilityImpact: "LOW", baseScore: 5.5, baseSeverity: "MEDIUM", confidentialityImpact: "LOW", integrityImpact: "LOW", privilegesRequired: "LOW", scope: "CHANGED", userInteraction: "NONE", vectorString: "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L", version: "3.0", }, products: [ "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-img-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-common-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.src", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-rhev-debuginfo-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", "7Server-RH7-RHOS-6.0:qemu-kvm-tools-rhev-10:2.6.0-28.el7_3.6.x86_64", ], }, ], threats: [ { category: "impact", details: "Important", }, ], title: "Qemu: display: cirrus: potential arbitrary code execution via cirrus_bitblt_cputovideo", }, ], }
Log in or create an account to share your comment.
Security Advisory comment format.
This schema specifies the format of a comment related to a security advisory.
Title of the comment
Description of the comment
Loading…
Loading…
Loading…
Sightings
Author | Source | Type | Date |
---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability is confirmed from an analyst perspective.
- Exploited: This vulnerability was exploited and seen by the user reporting the sighting.
- Patched: This vulnerability was successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.
- Not exploited: This vulnerability was not exploited or seen by the user reporting the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expresses doubt about the veracity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: This vulnerability was not successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.