Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-287

Discouraged

Improper Authentication

Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft

When an actor claims to have a given identity, the product does not prove or insufficiently proves that the claim is correct.

5966 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-77MH-9XG9-P4R9

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-08 00:00 – Updated: 2022-06-15 00:00
VLAI
Details

A vulnerability was found in Klapp App and classified as problematic. This issue affects some unknown processing of the JSON Web Token Handler. The manipulation leads to weak authentication. The attack may be initiated remotely.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-36533"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-06-07T18:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability was found in Klapp App and classified as problematic. This issue affects some unknown processing of the JSON Web Token Handler. The manipulation leads to weak authentication. The attack may be initiated remotely.",
  "id": "GHSA-77mh-9xg9-p4r9",
  "modified": "2022-06-15T00:00:23Z",
  "published": "2022-06-08T00:00:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36533"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.160763"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.modzero.com/modlog/archives/2020/09/07/knapp_daneben_ist_auch_vorbei/index.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-77P4-47R7-PRGW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-06 00:30 – Updated: 2022-12-06 21:30
VLAI
Details

AMI MegaRAC Redfish Arbitrary Code Execution

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-40259"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-798"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-12-05T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "AMI MegaRAC Redfish Arbitrary Code Execution",
  "id": "GHSA-77p4-47r7-prgw",
  "modified": "2022-12-06T21:30:45Z",
  "published": "2022-12-06T00:30:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-40259"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://9443417.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net/hubfs/9443417/Security%20Advisories/AMI-SA-2023001.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cp.ami.com/MegaRAC%20Security%20Advisory/SP-X/AMI_MegaRAC_SPx_Arbitrary_Code_via_Redfish_API.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cp.ami.com/MegaRAC%20Security%20Advisory/SP-X/AMI_MegaRAC_SPx_Redfish_Authentication_Vulnerabilities.pdf"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://eclypsium.com/2022/12/05/supply-chain-vulnerabilities-put-server-ecosystem-at-risk"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-77WW-5VQP-X7VX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:01 – Updated: 2022-08-06 00:00
VLAI
Details

Multiple vulnerabilities in Cisco SD-WAN vManage Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or gain access to sensitive information, or allow an authenticated, local attacker to gain escalated privileges or gain unauthorized access to the application. For more information about these vulnerabilities, see the Details section of this advisory.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-1468"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20",
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-06T13:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Multiple vulnerabilities in Cisco SD-WAN vManage Software could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to execute arbitrary code or gain access to sensitive information, or allow an authenticated, local attacker to gain escalated privileges or gain unauthorized access to the application. For more information about these vulnerabilities, see the Details section of this advisory.",
  "id": "GHSA-77ww-5vqp-x7vx",
  "modified": "2022-08-06T00:00:45Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T19:01:36Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1468"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-sd-wan-vmanage-4TbynnhZ"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-77XH-FCHR-JP69

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:43 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:43
VLAI
Details

Calling of non-existent provider in SMP sdk prior to version 3.0.9 allows unauthorized actions including denial of service attack by hijacking the provider.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2021-25342"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-03-04T22:15:00Z",
    "severity": "LOW"
  },
  "details": "Calling of non-existent provider in SMP sdk prior to version 3.0.9 allows unauthorized actions including denial of service attack by hijacking the provider.",
  "id": "GHSA-77xh-fchr-jp69",
  "modified": "2022-05-24T17:43:41Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:43:41Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25342"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.samsungmobile.com/serviceWeb.smsb"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-7843-HCHM-WF25

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-01 23:31 – Updated: 2022-05-01 23:31
VLAI
Details

The ExpandCert function in Apache-SSL before apache_1.3.41+ssl_1.59 does not properly handle (1) '/' and (2) '=' characters in a Distinguished Name (DN) in a client certificate, which might allow remote attackers to bypass authentication via a crafted DN that triggers overwriting of environment variables.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2008-0555"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-20",
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2008-04-04T00:44:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "The ExpandCert function in Apache-SSL before apache_1.3.41+ssl_1.59 does not properly handle (1) \u0027/\u0027 and (2) \u0027=\u0027 characters in a Distinguished Name (DN) in a client certificate, which might allow remote attackers to bypass authentication via a crafted DN that triggers overwriting of environment variables.",
  "id": "GHSA-7843-hchm-wf25",
  "modified": "2022-05-01T23:31:26Z",
  "published": "2022-05-01T23:31:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2008-0555"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/41618"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://secunia.com/advisories/29644"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://securityreason.com/securityalert/3797"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.apache-ssl.org/advisory-cve-2008-0555.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.cynops.de/advisories/CVE-2008-0555.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.klink.name/security/aklink-sa-2008-005-apache-ssl.txt"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/1/490386/100/0/threaded"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/28576"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1019784"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.vupen.com/english/advisories/2008/1079/references"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": []
}

GHSA-786H-39X7-JGMJ

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-14 00:30 – Updated: 2024-09-20 15:30
VLAI
Details

Improper authentication in some Zoom clients before version 5.16.5 may allow an authenticated user to conduct a denial of service via network access.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-49646"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-347"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-12-13T23:15:08Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Improper authentication in some Zoom clients before version 5.16.5 may allow an authenticated user to conduct a denial of service via network access.",
  "id": "GHSA-786h-39x7-jgmj",
  "modified": "2024-09-20T15:30:35Z",
  "published": "2023-12-14T00:30:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49646"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.zoom.com/en/trust/security-bulletin/ZSB-23062"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-789V-H9HW-38PG

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-11-14 19:00 – Updated: 2022-11-18 16:11
VLAI
Summary
Apache SOAP contains unauthenticated RPCRouterServlet
Details

** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** In the default configuration of Apache SOAP, an RPCRouterServlet is available without authentication. This gives an attacker the possibility to invoke methods on the classpath that meet certain criteria. Depending on what classes are available on the classpath this might even lead to arbitrary remote code execution. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "soap:soap"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.0.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-45378"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-306",
      "CWE-502"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2022-11-18T16:11:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-11-14T14:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** In the default configuration of Apache SOAP, an RPCRouterServlet is available without authentication. This gives an attacker the possibility to invoke methods on the classpath that meet certain criteria. Depending on what classes are available on the classpath this might even lead to arbitrary remote code execution. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.",
  "id": "GHSA-789v-h9hw-38pg",
  "modified": "2022-11-18T16:11:22Z",
  "published": "2022-11-14T19:00:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45378"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/g4l64s283njhnph2otx7q4gs2j952d31"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/11/14/4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Apache SOAP contains unauthenticated RPCRouterServlet"
}

GHSA-78PC-4XG6-X467

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-12 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-12 00:00
VLAI
Details

Multiple Lenze products of the cabinet series skip the password verification upon second login. After a user has been logged on to the device once, a remote attacker can get full access without knowledge of the password.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2022-2302"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2022-07-11T11:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "Multiple Lenze products of the cabinet series skip the password verification upon second login. After a user has been logged on to the device once, a remote attacker can get full access without knowledge of the password.",
  "id": "GHSA-78pc-4xg6-x467",
  "modified": "2022-07-12T00:00:57Z",
  "published": "2022-07-12T00:00:57Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-2302"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cert.vde.com/en/advisories/VDE-2022-030"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-78X2-CWP9-5J42

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-08-20 20:04 – Updated: 2024-10-29 20:00
VLAI
Summary
Ghost's improper authentication allows access to member information and actions
Details

Impact

Improper authentication on some endpoints used for member actions would allow an attacker to perform member-only actions, and read member information.

Vulnerable versions

This security vulnerability is present in Ghost v4.46.0-v5.89.5.

Ghost(Pro) customers are automatically updated to fixed versions ahead of disclosure.

If you're a self-hoster, please follow our update instructions.

Patches

v5.89.5 contains a fix for this issue.

Workarounds

Disable site membership in Ghost settings.

For more information

If you have any questions or comments about this advisory:

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "ghost"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "4.46.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "5.89.5"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "@tryghost/portal"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.22.2"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.39.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-43409"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-284",
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2024-08-20T20:04:49Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-08-20T15:15:24Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nImproper authentication on some endpoints used for member actions would allow an attacker to perform member-only actions, and read member information.\n\n### Vulnerable versions\n\nThis security vulnerability is present in Ghost v4.46.0-v5.89.5.\n\nGhost(Pro) customers are automatically updated to fixed versions ahead of disclosure.\n\nIf you\u0027re a self-hoster, please follow our [update instructions](https://ghost.org/docs/update).\n\n### Patches\n\nv5.89.5 contains a fix for this issue.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDisable site membership in Ghost settings.\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n\n* Email us at [security@ghost.org](mailto:security@ghost.org)\n",
  "id": "GHSA-78x2-cwp9-5j42",
  "modified": "2024-10-29T20:00:41Z",
  "published": "2024-08-20T20:04:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TryGhost/Ghost/security/advisories/GHSA-78x2-cwp9-5j42"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-43409"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/TryGhost/Ghost/commit/dac25612520b571f58679764ecc27109e641d1db"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/TryGhost/Ghost"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Ghost\u0027s improper authentication allows access to member information and actions"
}

GHSA-7923-5QWC-8V2Q

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-22 09:30 – Updated: 2025-10-31 21:30
VLAI
Details

The communication protocol implemented in Ghost Robotics Vision 60 v0.27.2 could allow an attacker to send commands to the robot from an external attack station, impersonating the control station (tablet) and gaining unauthorised full control of the robot. The absence of encryption and authentication mechanisms in the communication protocol allows an attacker to capture legitimate traffic between the robot and the controller, replicate it, and send any valid command to the robot from any attacking computer or device. The communication protocol used in this interface is based on MAVLink, a widely documented protocol, which increases the likelihood of attack. There are two methods for connecting to the robot remotely: Wi-Fi and 4G/LTE.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-41108"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-22T09:15:36Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The communication protocol implemented in Ghost Robotics Vision 60 v0.27.2 could allow an attacker to send commands to the robot from an external attack station, impersonating the control station (tablet) and gaining unauthorised full control of the robot. The absence of encryption and authentication mechanisms in the communication protocol allows an attacker to capture legitimate traffic between the robot and the controller, replicate it, and send any valid command to the robot from any attacking computer or device. The communication protocol used in this interface is based on MAVLink, a widely documented protocol, which increases the likelihood of attack. There are two methods for connecting to the robot remotely: Wi-Fi and 4G/LTE.",
  "id": "GHSA-7923-5qwc-8v2q",
  "modified": "2025-10-31T21:30:58Z",
  "published": "2025-10-22T09:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-41108"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/multiple-vulnerabilities-ghost-robotics-vision-60"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ]
}

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use an authentication framework or library such as the OWASP ESAPI Authentication feature.

CAPEC-114: Authentication Abuse

An attacker obtains unauthorized access to an application, service or device either through knowledge of the inherent weaknesses of an authentication mechanism, or by exploiting a flaw in the authentication scheme's implementation. In such an attack an authentication mechanism is functioning but a carefully controlled sequence of events causes the mechanism to grant access to the attacker.

CAPEC-115: Authentication Bypass

An attacker gains access to application, service, or device with the privileges of an authorized or privileged user by evading or circumventing an authentication mechanism. The attacker is therefore able to access protected data without authentication ever having taken place.

CAPEC-151: Identity Spoofing

Identity Spoofing refers to the action of assuming (i.e., taking on) the identity of some other entity (human or non-human) and then using that identity to accomplish a goal. An adversary may craft messages that appear to come from a different principle or use stolen / spoofed authentication credentials.

CAPEC-194: Fake the Source of Data

An adversary takes advantage of improper authentication to provide data or services under a falsified identity. The purpose of using the falsified identity may be to prevent traceability of the provided data or to assume the rights granted to another individual. One of the simplest forms of this attack would be the creation of an email message with a modified "From" field in order to appear that the message was sent from someone other than the actual sender. The root of the attack (in this case the email system) fails to properly authenticate the source and this results in the reader incorrectly performing the instructed action. Results of the attack vary depending on the details of the attack, but common results include privilege escalation, obfuscation of other attacks, and data corruption/manipulation.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-57: Utilizing REST's Trust in the System Resource to Obtain Sensitive Data

This attack utilizes a REST(REpresentational State Transfer)-style applications' trust in the system resources and environment to obtain sensitive data once SSL is terminated.

CAPEC-593: Session Hijacking

This type of attack involves an adversary that exploits weaknesses in an application's use of sessions in performing authentication. The adversary is able to steal or manipulate an active session and use it to gain unathorized access to the application.

CAPEC-633: Token Impersonation

An adversary exploits a weakness in authentication to create an access token (or equivalent) that impersonates a different entity, and then associates a process/thread to that that impersonated token. This action causes a downstream user to make a decision or take action that is based on the assumed identity, and not the response that blocks the adversary.

CAPEC-650: Upload a Web Shell to a Web Server

By exploiting insufficient permissions, it is possible to upload a web shell to a web server in such a way that it can be executed remotely. This shell can have various capabilities, thereby acting as a "gateway" to the underlying web server. The shell might execute at the higher permission level of the web server, providing the ability the execute malicious code at elevated levels.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.