Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-290

Allowed

Authentication Bypass by Spoofing

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

This attack-focused weakness is caused by incorrectly implemented authentication schemes that are subject to spoofing attacks.

925 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GHSA-2VMJ-9H29-92PM

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-31 12:30 – Updated: 2025-01-02 03:30
VLAI
Details

The Electronic Official Document Management System from 2100 Technology has an Authentication Bypass vulnerability. Although the product enforces an IP whitelist for the API used to query user tokens, unauthenticated remote attackers can still deceive the server to obtain tokens of arbitrary users, which can then be used to log into the system.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-13061"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-12-31T12:15:22Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "The Electronic Official Document Management System from 2100 Technology has an Authentication Bypass vulnerability. Although the product enforces an IP whitelist for the API used to query user tokens, unauthenticated remote attackers can still deceive the server to obtain tokens of arbitrary users, which can then be used to log into the system.",
  "id": "GHSA-2vmj-9h29-92pm",
  "modified": "2025-01-02T03:30:47Z",
  "published": "2024-12-31T12:30:45Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-13061"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.chtsecurity.com/news/255984da-6630-4e25-ba9b-5ce6933935a6"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.chtsecurity.com/news/ade9e9af-61d0-4e3c-8aa0-e8524ee2cfbc"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/en/cp-139-8340-d8b16-2.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.twcert.org.tw/tw/cp-132-8339-570fa-1.html"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2VQW-3MP8-CGMX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-09 00:09 – Updated: 2026-06-09 00:09
VLAI
Summary
Puma PROXY Protocol v1 Accepts Repeated Protocol Headers on Persistent Connections
Details

Impact

Puma is vulnerable to source IP spoofing when set_remote_address proxy_protocol: :v1 is enabled and persistent connections are used.

PROXY protocol v1 is a connection-level protocol. Support was added to Puma in v5.5.0. A proxy sends one PROXY header at the beginning of a TCP connection, before any HTTP data. Puma incorrectly re-parsed PROXY protocol headers after each keep-alive request on the same connection. An attacker able to send HTTP requests through a trusted proxy could therefore inject a second PROXY header between HTTP requests. Puma would treat the injected header as authoritative for the next request and overwrite REMOTE_ADDR.

This can mislead applications or middleware that use REMOTE_ADDR for security decisions, rate limiting, auditing, or allow/deny lists.

Only deployments that explicitly enable PROXY protocol v1 are affected, and will have set:

set_remote_address proxy_protocol: :v1

Puma's default configuration is not affected. Deployments that do not use persistent connections to Puma are also not expected to be affected by this issue.

Patches

Users should upgrade to versions 7.2.1 or 8.0.2.

Workarounds

Disable PROXY protocol v1 parsing if it is not required:

ruby # remove/comment this: # set_remote_address proxy_protocol: :v1

Users can also disable persistent connections to Puma, for example:

enable_keep_alives false

References

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "puma"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "8.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "8.0.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "RubyGems",
        "name": "puma"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "5.5.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.2.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-47737"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290",
      "CWE-345"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-09T00:09:44Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nPuma is vulnerable to source IP spoofing when `set_remote_address proxy_protocol: :v1` is enabled and persistent connections are used.\n\nPROXY protocol v1 is a connection-level protocol. [Support was added to Puma in v5.5.0](https://github.com/puma/puma/issues/2651). A proxy sends one PROXY header at the beginning of a TCP connection, before any HTTP data. Puma incorrectly re-parsed PROXY protocol headers after each keep-alive request on the same connection. An attacker able to send HTTP requests through a trusted proxy could therefore inject a second PROXY header between HTTP requests. Puma would treat the injected header as authoritative for the next request and overwrite `REMOTE_ADDR`.\n\nThis can mislead applications or middleware that use `REMOTE_ADDR` for security decisions, rate limiting, auditing, or allow/deny lists.\n\n**Only deployments that explicitly enable PROXY protocol v1 are affected**, and will have set:\n\n```ruby\nset_remote_address proxy_protocol: :v1\n```\n\nPuma\u0027s default configuration is not affected. Deployments that do not use persistent connections to Puma are also not expected to be affected by this issue.\n\n### Patches\n\nUsers should upgrade to versions 7.2.1 or 8.0.2.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nDisable PROXY protocol v1 parsing if it is not required:\n\n ```ruby\n   # remove/comment this:\n   # set_remote_address proxy_protocol: :v1\n ```\n\nUsers can also disable persistent connections to Puma, for example:\n\n```ruby\nenable_keep_alives false\n```\n\n### References\n\n- [HAProxy PROXY protocol specification](https://www.haproxy.org/download/1.8/doc/proxy-protocol.txt)\n- [CVE-2025-31135 / GHSA-c2c3-pqw5-5p7c: go-guerrilla repeated PROXY command source IP spoofing](https://github.com/phires/go-guerrilla/security/advisories/GHSA-c2c3-pqw5-5p7c)\n- [Puma `set_remote_address` documentation](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/lib/puma/dsl.rb)",
  "id": "GHSA-2vqw-3mp8-cgmx",
  "modified": "2026-06-09T00:09:44Z",
  "published": "2026-06-09T00:09:44Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma/security/advisories/GHSA-2vqw-3mp8-cgmx"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/puma/puma"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/puma/CVE-2026-47737.yml"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord/SearchResults?query=CVE-2026-47737"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Puma PROXY Protocol v1 Accepts Repeated Protocol Headers on Persistent Connections"
}

GHSA-2VXM-VP4C-FJFW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-09 01:01 – Updated: 2022-02-09 01:01
VLAI
Summary
Authentication Bypass in Apache Cassandra
Details

Apache Cassandra versions 2.1.0 to 2.1.22, 2.2.0 to 2.2.19, 3.0.0 to 3.0.23, and 3.11.0 to 3.11.9, when using 'dc' or 'rack' internode_encryption setting, allows both encrypted and unencrypted internode connections. A misconfigured node or a malicious user can use the unencrypted connection despite not being in the same rack or dc, and bypass mutual TLS requirement.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.apache.cassandra:cassandra-all"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "2.1.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.0.24"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Maven",
        "name": "org.apache.cassandra:cassandra-all"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.11.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.11.10"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-17516"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-04-02T22:58:25Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-02-03T17:15:00Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Apache Cassandra versions 2.1.0 to 2.1.22, 2.2.0 to 2.2.19, 3.0.0 to 3.0.23, and 3.11.0 to 3.11.9, when using \u0027dc\u0027 or \u0027rack\u0027 internode_encryption setting, allows both encrypted and unencrypted internode connections. A misconfigured node or a malicious user can use the unencrypted connection despite not being in the same rack or dc, and bypass mutual TLS requirement.",
  "id": "GHSA-2vxm-vp4c-fjfw",
  "modified": "2022-02-09T01:01:22Z",
  "published": "2022-02-09T01:01:22Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-17516"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/r81243a412a37a22211754936a13856af07cc68a93d728c52807486e9@%3Ccommits.cassandra.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rcb16f36cafa184dd159e94033f87d0fc274c4752d467f3a09f2ceae4@%3Ccommits.cassandra.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread.html/rd84bec24907617bdb72f7ec907cd7437a0fd5a8886eb55aa84dd1eb8@%3Ccommits.cassandra.apache.org%3E"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20210521-0002"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/cassandra-user/202102.mbox/%3c6E4340A5-D7BE-4D33-9EC5-3B505A626D8D@apache.org%3e"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Authentication Bypass in Apache Cassandra"
}

GHSA-2W86-WV37-W7H5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-12 00:30 – Updated: 2025-06-16 21:31
VLAI
Details

A spoofing attack in ujcms v.8.0.2 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information and execute arbitrary code via a crafted script to the X-Forwarded-For function in the header.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-51350"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-01-11T23:15:08Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A spoofing attack in ujcms v.8.0.2 allows a remote attacker to obtain sensitive information and execute arbitrary code via a crafted script to the X-Forwarded-For function in the header.",
  "id": "GHSA-2w86-wv37-w7h5",
  "modified": "2025-06-16T21:31:18Z",
  "published": "2024-01-12T00:30:17Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-51350"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ujcms/ujcms/issues/7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ujcms/ujcms"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.ujcms.com"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2WGW-W89G-M892

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-09-04 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 07:26
VLAI
Details

This User Activity Log WordPress plugin before 1.6.7 retrieves client IP addresses from potentially untrusted headers, allowing an attacker to manipulate its value. This may be used to hide the source of malicious traffic.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2023-4279"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2023-09-04T12:15:10Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "This User Activity Log WordPress plugin before 1.6.7 retrieves client IP addresses from potentially untrusted headers, allowing an attacker to manipulate its value. This may be used to hide the source of malicious traffic.",
  "id": "GHSA-2wgw-w89g-m892",
  "modified": "2024-04-04T07:26:09Z",
  "published": "2023-09-04T12:30:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-4279"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/2bd2579e-b383-4d12-b207-6fc32cfb82bc"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2X32-JM95-2CPX

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-20 17:52 – Updated: 2021-06-01 17:58
VLAI
Summary
Authentication Bypass in dex
Details

A vulnerability exists in the SAML connector of the github.com/dexidp/dex library used to process SAML Signature Validation. This flaw allows an attacker to bypass SAML authentication. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, as well as system availability. This flaw affects dex versions before 2.27.0.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/dexidp/dex"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "2.27.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-27847"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-228",
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2021-06-01T17:58:22Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2021-05-28T11:15:00Z",
    "severity": "CRITICAL"
  },
  "details": "A vulnerability exists in the SAML connector of the github.com/dexidp/dex library used to process SAML Signature Validation. This flaw allows an attacker to bypass SAML authentication. The highest threat from this vulnerability is to confidentiality, integrity, as well as system availability. This flaw affects dex versions before 2.27.0.",
  "id": "GHSA-2x32-jm95-2cpx",
  "modified": "2021-06-01T17:58:22Z",
  "published": "2021-12-20T17:52:12Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/dexidp/dex/security/advisories/GHSA-m9hp-7r99-94h5"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-27847"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1907732"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://mattermost.com/blog/coordinated-disclosure-go-xml-vulnerabilities"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Authentication Bypass in dex"
}

GHSA-2X3P-PWW2-FG9R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-25 12:30 – Updated: 2024-04-25 12:30
VLAI
Details

An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions before 16.9.6, all versions starting from 16.10 before 16.10.4, all versions starting from 16.11 before 16.11.1. Under certain conditions, an attacker through a crafted email address may be able to bypass domain based restrictions on an instance or a group.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-1347"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-287",
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2024-04-25T11:15:45Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "An issue has been discovered in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions before 16.9.6, all versions starting from 16.10 before 16.10.4, all versions starting from 16.11 before 16.11.1. Under certain conditions, an attacker through a crafted email address may be able to bypass domain based restrictions on an instance or a group.",
  "id": "GHSA-2x3p-pww2-fg9r",
  "modified": "2024-04-25T12:30:50Z",
  "published": "2024-04-25T12:30:50Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1347"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/2355565"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/441093"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2X4H-J98J-X2MW

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-18 15:30 – Updated: 2025-03-21 18:31
VLAI
Details

On IROAD X5 devices, a Bypass of Device Pairing can occur via MAC Address Spoofing. The dashcam's pairing mechanism relies solely on MAC address verification, allowing an attacker to bypass authentication by spoofing an already-paired MAC address that can be captured via an ARP scan.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-30110"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-03-18T15:16:02Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "On IROAD X5 devices, a Bypass of Device Pairing can occur via MAC Address Spoofing. The dashcam\u0027s pairing mechanism relies solely on MAC address verification, allowing an attacker to bypass authentication by spoofing an already-paired MAC address that can be captured via an ARP scan.",
  "id": "GHSA-2x4h-j98j-x2mw",
  "modified": "2025-03-21T18:31:35Z",
  "published": "2025-03-18T15:30:49Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-30110"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/geo-chen/IROAD-V"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://iroad-dashcam.nl/iroad/iroad-x5"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-2XJ4-5VHC-H42R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-07 06:30 – Updated: 2025-04-07 06:30
VLAI
Details

Access control vulnerability in the security verification module Impact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect integrity and confidentiality.

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2024-58127"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-04-07T04:15:19Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "Access control vulnerability in the security verification module\nImpact: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability will affect integrity and confidentiality.",
  "id": "GHSA-2xj4-5vhc-h42r",
  "modified": "2025-04-07T06:30:27Z",
  "published": "2025-04-07T06:30:27Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-58127"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2025/4"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-32QR-WXH8-6RV5

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:30 – Updated: 2022-06-03 00:00
VLAI
Details

Improperly implemented security check in McAfee MVISION Endpoint Detection and Response Client (MVEDR) prior to 3.2.0 may allow local administrators to execute malicious code via stopping a core Windows service leaving McAfee core trust component in an inconsistent state resulting in MVEDR failing open rather than closed

Show details on source website

{
  "affected": [],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2020-7327"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-290"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": false,
    "github_reviewed_at": null,
    "nvd_published_at": "2020-10-15T10:15:00Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "Improperly implemented security check in McAfee MVISION Endpoint Detection and Response Client (MVEDR) prior to 3.2.0 may allow local administrators to execute malicious code via stopping a core Windows service leaving McAfee core trust component in an inconsistent state resulting in MVEDR failing open rather than closed",
  "id": "GHSA-32qr-wxh8-6rv5",
  "modified": "2022-06-03T00:00:34Z",
  "published": "2022-05-24T17:30:47Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-7327"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kc.mcafee.com/corporate/index?page=content\u0026id=SB10331"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ]
}

No mitigation information available for this CWE.

CAPEC-21: Exploitation of Trusted Identifiers

An adversary guesses, obtains, or "rides" a trusted identifier (e.g. session ID, resource ID, cookie, etc.) to perform authorized actions under the guise of an authenticated user or service.

CAPEC-22: Exploiting Trust in Client

An attack of this type exploits vulnerabilities in client/server communication channel authentication and data integrity. It leverages the implicit trust a server places in the client, or more importantly, that which the server believes is the client. An attacker executes this type of attack by communicating directly with the server where the server believes it is communicating only with a valid client. There are numerous variations of this type of attack.

CAPEC-459: Creating a Rogue Certification Authority Certificate

An adversary exploits a weakness resulting from using a hashing algorithm with weak collision resistance to generate certificate signing requests (CSR) that contain collision blocks in their "to be signed" parts. The adversary submits one CSR to be signed by a trusted certificate authority then uses the signed blob to make a second certificate appear signed by said certificate authority. Due to the hash collision, both certificates, though different, hash to the same value and so the signed blob works just as well in the second certificate. The net effect is that the adversary's second X.509 certificate, which the Certification Authority has never seen, is now signed and validated by that Certification Authority.

CAPEC-461: Web Services API Signature Forgery Leveraging Hash Function Extension Weakness

An adversary utilizes a hash function extension/padding weakness, to modify the parameters passed to the web service requesting authentication by generating their own call in order to generate a legitimate signature hash (as described in the notes), without knowledge of the secret token sometimes provided by the web service.

CAPEC-473: Signature Spoof

An attacker generates a message or datablock that causes the recipient to believe that the message or datablock was generated and cryptographically signed by an authoritative or reputable source, misleading a victim or victim operating system into performing malicious actions.

CAPEC-476: Signature Spoofing by Misrepresentation

An attacker exploits a weakness in the parsing or display code of the recipient software to generate a data blob containing a supposedly valid signature, but the signer's identity is falsely represented, which can lead to the attacker manipulating the recipient software or its victim user to perform compromising actions.

CAPEC-59: Session Credential Falsification through Prediction

This attack targets predictable session ID in order to gain privileges. The attacker can predict the session ID used during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-667: Bluetooth Impersonation AttackS (BIAS)

An adversary disguises the MAC address of their Bluetooth enabled device to one for which there exists an active and trusted connection and authenticates successfully. The adversary can then perform malicious actions on the target Bluetooth device depending on the target’s capabilities.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.