Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-294

Allowed

Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay

Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete

A capture-replay flaw exists when the design of the product makes it possible for a malicious user to sniff network traffic and bypass authentication by replaying it to the server in question to the same effect as the original message (or with minor changes).

474 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-117470 (GCVE-0-2026-117470)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 05:53 – Updated: 2026-10-27 05:53
VLAI
Title
WebAuthn assertion replay permits second-factor bypass in Psono Server
Summary
Psono Server CE & EE versions 3.1.0 through 7.2.3 did not consume a stored WebAuthn challenge after assertion verification. An unauthenticated remote attacker who possessed the user's password and one captured valid WebAuthn assertion could replay that assertion with separate login tokens while the stored challenge remained unchanged, bypassing the WebAuthn second factor. The attack required capture of a valid assertion and did not itself disclose plaintext secrets.
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
esaqa CNA under the ENISA root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 5 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
esaqa GmbH Psono Affected: 3.1.0 , < 7.2.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-27 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-116825 (GCVE-0-2026-116825)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-26 23:05 – Updated: 2026-10-26 23:05
VLAI
Title
YesWiki from 4.6.2 before 4.7.0 HTTP Signature Replay via ActivityPub Inbox
Summary
YesWiki from 4.6.2 before 4.7.0 lacks replay protection in HttpSignatureService::verifySignature(), which never validates the Date header or tracks seen signatures. Attackers who capture a signed request to the /api/forms/{formId}/actor/inbox endpoint can replay it later to re-execute Delete, Update, Follow, or Undo actions.
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6904 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
YesWiki yeswiki Affected: 4.6.2 , < 4.7.0 (semver)
Unaffected: 4.7.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:yeswiki:yeswiki:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-12 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-116201 (GCVE-0-2026-116201)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-25 13:20 – Updated: 2026-10-25 13:20
VLAI
Title
Snipe-IT before 8.5.0 SAML Assertion Replay via Race Condition
Summary
Snipe-IT before 8.5.0 contains a SAML assertion replay vulnerability that allows attackers to reuse captured assertions by exploiting a non-atomic nonce check in the SAML acs handler. Attackers can send concurrent POST requests to /saml/acs with one captured assertion to obtain multiple authenticated victim sessions that evade IdP-driven revocation.
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6904 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
grokability snipe-it Affected: 0 , < 8.5.0 (semver)
Unaffected: 8.5.0 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:snipeitapp:snipe-it:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-08 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-114617 (GCVE-0-2026-114617)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 21:25 – Updated: 2026-10-23 15:00
VLAI
Title
Authlib: ID token can disable its own nonce validation via the nonce_supported claim
Summary
Authlib is a Python library which builds OAuth and OpenID Connect servers. Prior to 1.9.0, OpenIDMixin.parse_id_token() reads the nonce_supported decision from the untrusted ID token being validated and sets the expected nonce to null when that claim is the JSON boolean false. In implicit and hybrid relying parties, or applications that directly accept externally supplied ID tokens, an attacker with a captured validly signed token can bypass the nonce-to-session binding and replay the victim's token into an attacker-controlled session. Plain authorization code flow is not affected, and the token must still pass signature, issuer, and audience validation. OpenIDMixin.parse_id_token() trusts nonce_supported in both authlib/integrations/base_client/sync_openid.py and authlib/integrations/base_client/async_openid.py to disable the expected nonce. This issue is fixed in version 1.9.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 14:48 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
  • CWE-807 - Reliance on Untrusted Inputs in a Security Decision
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7820 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
authlib authlib Affected: < 1.9.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-105485 (GCVE-0-2026-105485)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 18:18 – Updated: 2026-10-06 19:00
VLAI
Summary
Authentication bypass OAuth device authorization flow in Devolutions Server 2026.3.7.0 and earlier allows a remote attacker to take over a user's account via replay of a captured device verification link by an authenticated victim.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-06 19:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication bypass by capture-replay
Assigner
DEVOLUTIONS CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard E 44/100 over 67 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Devolutions Server Affected: 0 , < 2026.3.8 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-104381 (GCVE-0-2026-104381)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 15:52 – Updated: 2026-10-27 15:52
VLAI
Title
Fireware OS Missing Authentication in FireCluster State Sync Allows BOVPN Tunnel Denial of Service
Summary
A missing authentication vulnerability in Fireware OS's FireCluster state synchronization feature allows an unauthenticated attacker positioned on the cluster synchronization network segment to force premature VPN tunnel termination by sending crafted cluster synchronization traffic.
Assigner
WatchGuard CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard A 91/100 over 93 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
WatchGuard Fireware OS Affected: 2025.1 , < 2026.4 (custom)
Affected: 12.0 , < 12.12.4 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
WatchGuard Fireware OS Affected: 12.0 , < 12.5.22 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-104105 (GCVE-0-2026-104105)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-14 20:37 – Updated: 2026-10-15 13:52
VLAI
Title
FileRise: TOTP codes are not single-use — valid 6-digit code can be replayed within its window (capture-replay)
Summary
FileRise is a self-hosted web-based file manager with multi-file upload, editing, and batch operations. Prior to 3.23.0, FileRise verifies that a TOTP code is valid for the accepted time window but does not record that the same account and time step already succeeded. An attacker who has the target account's valid primary credential and captures a TOTP code after its successful use can replay that code from another pending-login session before the window closes. The issue does not by itself disclose the primary credential or TOTP code. This issue is fixed in version 3.23.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-15 13:50 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-287 - Improper Authentication
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7820 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
error311 FileRise Affected: < 3.23.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-103655 (GCVE-0-2026-103655)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-01 08:08 – Updated: 2026-10-01 15:25
VLAI
Title
MISP TOTP Code Replay Allows Duplicate Authentication Within Validity Period
Summary
MISP contains a vulnerability in its two-factor authentication (TOTP) verification process that permits a valid one-time code to be accepted more than once within its time-based validity window. The issue exists in the user login flow where a TOTP code is verified as a second authentication factor. Because the system did not record whether a given TOTP period had already been consumed, the same code remained valid for its entire time window (typically 30 seconds). An attacker who captures a legitimate code during a user's login could replay it to authenticate a second session as that user. Preconditions: - The target user has TOTP-based two-factor authentication enabled. - The attacker is in a position to observe or intercept the TOTP code during a legitimate login (e.g., network-level interception, shoulder surfing, or a compromised client). - The replay must occur within the TOTP validity period. Security impact: - Unauthorized account access by replaying a captured one-time code. - Potential compromise of threat-intelligence data and administrative functions accessible to the targeted user. Affected versions: <v2.5.48.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
Supplier · CIRCL (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 07:52 UTC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-01 15:25 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass via Logical Flaw
Assigner
CIRCL CNA under the ENISA root
CNA scorecard A 90/100 over 247 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MISP MISP Affected: 0 , < 2.5.48 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:misp:misp:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
GCVE extensions
bcp-05-x-01
AI-assisted vulnerability information annotation
GCVE-BCP-05-X-01
Whole record AI-generated Human-reviewed GNA-1

Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.

ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
Model Source Identifier
qwen3.8:27b ollama qwen3.8:27b
bcp-05-x-02
Patch-to-vulnerability generation provenance
GCVE-BCP-05-X-02
Generator
patch2vuln.py on 2026-10-01 07:52
Model
qwen3.8:27b
Input
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/a020fa47b.patch 6fce2d1f789e…
Confidence
medium
Commit Subject Patch SHA-256
a020fa47b6c3 fix: [security] Refuse a TOTP code that was already used to 6fce2d1f789e…
Fix summary

The fix introduces a single-use enforcement mechanism for TOTP codes. Upon successful verification, the system records the TOTP period step in a Redis key scoped to the user and step number, using a SET-NX (set-if-not-exists) operation with a TTL of three times the TOTP period. Any subsequent attempt to authenticate with a code from the same period will fail the SET-NX check and be rejected, effectively making each TOTP code single-use within its validity window.

Patch summary

In app/Controller/UsersController.php, the otp() method was modified to capture the current timestamp and pass it to the TOTP verify call. A new private method __claimTotpStep() was added, which computes the TOTP step (intdiv of elapsed time over period), constructs a Redis key of the form misp:otp:totp_used:{userId}:{step}, and attempts a SET with NX and EX (3x period) flags via RedisTool. The login proceeds only if both the TOTP verification and the claim succeed. Thirteen lines added, one line modified.

CVSS rationale

AV:N: the TOTP code is transmitted over the network during login. AC:H: exploitation requires the attacker to intercept a valid TOTP code during a legitimate login and replay it within the short validity window (typically 30 s), which is a non-trivial timing and positioning requirement. AT:N: no manipulation of the target system is needed. PR:N: the attacker is unauthenticated. UI:N: no user interaction beyond the victim's normal login is required. VC:H / VI:H: successful exploitation grants full access to the targeted user's account, including threat-intelligence data and administrative capabilities. VA:L: the attacker could disrupt services by modifying or deleting data. SC/SI/SA:N: no impact on secondary systems is evidenced.

Weakness rationale
  • CWE-294 The TOTP verification logic accepted the same code multiple times within its validity period because no state was tracked to mark a period as consumed. This is a logical flaw in the authentication mechanism that permits replay of a valid one-time credential, fitting CWE-294 more precisely than the broader CWE-287.
Attack pattern rationale
  • CAPEC-122 The closest available CAPEC pattern is Session Hijacking, as the attacker gains unauthorized access to a user's authenticated session by replaying a captured credential (the TOTP code). The mapping is imperfect because the attack targets a one-time authentication token rather than a persistent session identifier, and the window is very short (one TOTP period). No CAPEC specifically covers one-time-code replay, so CAPEC-122 is the best available match.
Assumptions to verify
  • The affected version range is inferred from the tag_version_boundary (v2.5.48, 40 commits after fix); the exact first affected version is not stated in the patch metadata and is recorded as unspecified.
  • The TOTP validity period is assumed to be the standard 30 seconds based on the OTPHP library default; the patch does not hard-code a specific period value.
  • The CAPEC-122 mapping is the closest available pattern; no CAPEC specifically addresses one-time-code replay, so the mapping carries uncertainty.
  • CVSS AC is rated High because exploitation requires intercepting a valid TOTP code during a live login and replaying it within a short time window; if the attacker already possesses the code (e.g., via a compromised client), complexity would be lower.
  • The Redis dependency for the fix is assumed to be available in the deployment; if Redis is unavailable, the fix's behavior is not specified in the patch.
  • The Co-Authored-By line references an AI tool (Claude Opus 5.5); it is credited as a tool rather than a human remediation developer.
Model comparison

Selected qwen3.8:27b by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.

Model Score Agreement Confidence Assumptions
qwen3.8:27b 6 11 medium 6
bcp-05-x-03
Vulnerability handling and disclosure timeline
GCVE-BCP-05-X-03
  1. 2026-09-23 14:24 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (a020fa47b6c3cb5b43d841afe2ccf149889fad6b): fix: [security] Refuse a TOTP code that was already used to https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/a020fa47b.patch
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-103314 (GCVE-0-2026-103314)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 12:14 – Updated: 2026-10-20 21:30
VLAI
Title
Stackrox: stackrox: saml response replay allows multiple central authentication tokens
Summary
A flaw was found in Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes (RHACS). The Central SAML authentication ACS endpoint does not retain used SAML assertion or response identifiers to prevent replay. An attacker who obtains a valid, unexpired signed SAML response can submit it multiple times and receive distinct Central authentication tokens for the mapped identity.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 15:06 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
redhat CNA under the redhat root
CNA scorecard B 82/100 over 1042 records in the last 180 days details
References
URL Tags
https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:85932 vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-103314 vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2543879 issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security for Kubernetes 4.11 Unaffected: 1792492060 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4.11::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Advanced Cluster Security 4     cpe:/a:redhat:advanced_cluster_security:4
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-19 10:00
Show details on NVD website

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      "title": "Stackrox: stackrox: saml response replay allows multiple central authentication tokens",
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          "value": "Until an update is available, restrict network access to the Central SAML ACS endpoint to trusted identity providers and networks, and reduce SAML assertion lifetimes at the identity provider where possible.\n\n--- CME Mitigation Guidance (2026-10-20) ---\nDisclaimer: The following mitigation solutions are provided as a courtesy, pending the application of an official patch. This content was generated utilizing AI tools in conjunction with data from https://cmetaxonomy.org. Customers are advised to independently evaluate and test these temporary mitigations within their own infrastructure.\n\nThe highest-value action is to enforce replay tracking on the Central SAML Assertion Consumer Service endpoint to record and reject previously consumed assertion and response identifiers: upgrade to RHACS 4.11.6 (or the fixed Advanced Cluster Security/Rhacs Main Rhel builds), which record and reject previously consumed SAML response and assertion identifiers at the ACS endpoint, closing all 2 injection vectors (SAML response replay, SAML assertion identifier reuse). Until patched, this is only a concern on RHACS Central deployments on Linux with SAML authentication enabled and a reachable ACS endpoint \u2014 Deployments that do not use SAML authentication or rely on OIDC ID-token logins are unaffected \u2014 so Restrict network access to the Central SAML ACS endpoint to trusted identity providers and networks, and reduce SAML assertion lifetimes at the identity provider. As a compensating measure, Configure host-based firewall rules using firewalld or nftables to restrict reachability to the Central SAML ACS endpoint to authorized identity providers and trusted client subnets and Apply network segmentation via VLANs or subnets to isolate the network path to RHACS Central and restrict reachability to the SAML ACS endpoint. These controls limit blast radius and contain exploitation, but they do not fix the underlying missing SAML replay protection defect \u2014 apply the upstream patch to fully remediate.\n\nHighest-impact CME: CME-202 Host-Based Firewall (firewalld/nftables) (medium)"
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CVE-2026-100834 (GCVE-0-2026-100834)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-27 01:28 – Updated: 2026-09-30 17:03
VLAI
Title
http4k before 6.48.0.0 Digest Authentication Replay Protection Bypass
Summary
http4k's Digest authentication module (org.http4k:http4k-security-digest) before versions 6.48.0.0, 5.42.0.0 and 4.51.0.0 defaults the nonceVerifier parameter of ServerFilters.DigestAuth and DigestAuthProvider to { true }, so every nonce is accepted regardless of its value, age, or prior use. Applications relying on this default have no replay protection on Digest authentication: an attacker who can capture a valid 'Authorization: Digest' response (for example by observing network traffic or reading logs) can replay it indefinitely against the same protected resource.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-30 17:03 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-294 - Authentication Bypass by Capture-replay
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 6904 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
http4k http4k Affected: 0 , < 6.48.0.0 (custom)
Unaffected: 6.48.0.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
http4k http4k Affected: 0 , < 5.42.0.0 (custom)
Unaffected: 5.42.0.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
http4k http4k Affected: 0 , < 4.51.0.0 (custom)
Unaffected: 4.51.0.0 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-06-16 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Utilize some sequence or time stamping functionality along with a checksum which takes this into account in order to ensure that messages can be parsed only once.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Since any attacker who can listen to traffic can see sequence numbers, it is necessary to sign messages with some kind of cryptography to ensure that sequence numbers are not simply doctored along with content.

CAPEC-102: Session Sidejacking

Session sidejacking takes advantage of an unencrypted communication channel between a victim and target system. The attacker sniffs traffic on a network looking for session tokens in unencrypted traffic. Once a session token is captured, the attacker performs malicious actions by using the stolen token with the targeted application to impersonate the victim. This attack is a specific method of session hijacking, which is exploiting a valid session token to gain unauthorized access to a target system or information. Other methods to perform a session hijacking are session fixation, cross-site scripting, or compromising a user or server machine and stealing the session token.

CAPEC-509: Kerberoasting

Through the exploitation of how service accounts leverage Kerberos authentication with Service Principal Names (SPNs), the adversary obtains and subsequently cracks the hashed credentials of a service account target to exploit its privileges. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. As an authenticated user, the adversary may request Active Directory and obtain a service ticket with portions encrypted via RC4 with the private key of the authenticated account. By extracting the local ticket and saving it disk, the adversary can brute force the hashed value to reveal the target account credentials.

CAPEC-555: Remote Services with Stolen Credentials

This pattern of attack involves an adversary that uses stolen credentials to leverage remote services such as RDP, telnet, SSH, and VNC to log into a system. Once access is gained, any number of malicious activities could be performed.

CAPEC-561: Windows Admin Shares with Stolen Credentials

An adversary guesses or obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows administrator credentials (e.g. userID/password) to access Windows Admin Shares on a local machine or within a Windows domain.

CAPEC-60: Reusing Session IDs (aka Session Replay)

This attack targets the reuse of valid session ID to spoof the target system in order to gain privileges. The attacker tries to reuse a stolen session ID used previously during a transaction to perform spoofing and session hijacking. Another name for this type of attack is Session Replay.

CAPEC-644: Use of Captured Hashes (Pass The Hash)

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Windows domain credential hash values to access systems within the domain that leverage the Lan Man (LM) and/or NT Lan Man (NTLM) authentication protocols.

CAPEC-645: Use of Captured Tickets (Pass The Ticket)

An adversary uses stolen Kerberos tickets to access systems/resources that leverage the Kerberos authentication protocol. The Kerberos authentication protocol centers around a ticketing system which is used to request/grant access to services and to then access the requested services. An adversary can obtain any one of these tickets (e.g. Service Ticket, Ticket Granting Ticket, Silver Ticket, or Golden Ticket) to authenticate to a system/resource without needing the account's credentials. Depending on the ticket obtained, the adversary may be able to access a particular resource or generate TGTs for any account within an Active Directory Domain.

CAPEC-652: Use of Known Kerberos Credentials

An adversary obtains (i.e. steals or purchases) legitimate Kerberos credentials (e.g. Kerberos service account userID/password or Kerberos Tickets) with the goal of achieving authenticated access to additional systems, applications, or services within the domain.

CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)

An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.

CAPEC-94: Adversary in the Middle (AiTM)

An adversary targets the communication between two components (typically client and server), in order to alter or obtain data from transactions. A general approach entails the adversary placing themself within the communication channel between the two components.