Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-41
AllowedImproper Resolution of Path Equivalence
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product is vulnerable to file system contents disclosure through path equivalence. Path equivalence involves the use of special characters in file and directory names. The associated manipulations are intended to generate multiple names for the same object.
53 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-50568 (GCVE-0-2026-50568)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-10 17:31 – Updated: 2026-06-11 13:59
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Fission: SanitizeFilePath lexical HasPrefix bypass permits sibling-directory escape
Summary
Fission is an open-source, Kubernetes-native serverless framework that simplifies the deployment of functions and applications on Kubernetes. Prior to version 1.25.0, SanitizeFilePath in pkg/utils/utils.go validated that a path stayed under a safe directory by calling strings.HasPrefix(path, safedir). This is a lexical check, not a directory boundary check: /packages-extra/evil starts with /packages, so it passed. The function did not enforce a path-separator boundary, so any sibling directory whose name began with the safe-directory string was accepted. Callers included the builder's Clean handler (pkg/builder/builder.go:208) and the fetcher's Fetch / Upload handlers (pkg/fetcher/fetcher.go). A tenant who could pre-create or control a sibling directory under the fetcher / builder's shared volume could induce a write or read outside the intended safe directory. This issue has been patched in version 1.25.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-41 - Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/fission/fission/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/fission/fission/pull/3445 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/fission/fission/pull/3446 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/fission/fission/releases/tag/v1.25.0 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-49401 (GCVE-0-2026-49401)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-23 17:22 – Updated: 2026-06-23 17:35
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Deno Permission Bypass via Unicode Normalization Mismatch on macOS (APFS)
Summary
Deno is a JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime. Prior to 2.7.14, Deno's permission system enforces filesystem and execution restrictions by comparing the requested path against the path supplied to --deny-read, --deny-write, --deny-run, or --deny-ffi. On macOS, that comparison was done at the raw-byte level while the APFS filesystem treats different Unicode spellings of the same name as the same file. That means a program could reach a denied path by spelling it differently than the deny rule. This vulnerability is fixed in 2.7.14.
Severity
7.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/denoland/deno/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-34510 (GCVE-0-2026-34510)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-01 15:29 – Updated: 2026-04-01 17:54 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.3.22 - Remote File URL Acceptance in Windows Media Loaders
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.3.22 contains a path traversal vulnerability in Windows media loaders that accepts remote-host file URLs and UNC-style paths before local-path validation. Attackers can exploit this by providing network-hosted file targets that are treated as local content, bypassing intended access restrictions.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-41 - Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/630f1… | patch |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/4fd7f… | patch |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/93880… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-rem… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-03-24 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2026-34451 (GCVE-0-2026-34451)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-31 21:35 – Updated: 2026-04-01 18:57
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Claude SDK for TypeScript: Memory Tool Path Validation Allows Sandbox Escape to Sibling Directories
Summary
Claude SDK for TypeScript provides access to the Claude API from server-side TypeScript or JavaScript applications. From version 0.79.0 to before version 0.81.0, the local filesystem memory tool in the Anthropic TypeScript SDK validated model-supplied paths using a string prefix check that did not append a trailing path separator. A model steered by prompt injection could supply a crafted path that resolved to a sibling directory sharing the memory root's name as a prefix, allowing reads and writes outside the sandboxed memory directory. This issue has been patched in version 0.81.0.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-types… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-types… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-types… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| anthropics | anthropic-sdk-typescript |
Affected:
>= 0.79.0, < 0.81.0
|
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"name": "https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-typescript/commit/0ac69b3438ee9c96b21a7d3c39c07b7cdb6995d9",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-typescript/commit/0ac69b3438ee9c96b21a7d3c39c07b7cdb6995d9"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-typescript/releases/tag/sdk-v0.81.0",
"tags": [
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"url": "https://github.com/anthropics/anthropic-sdk-typescript/releases/tag/sdk-v0.81.0"
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],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-5474-4w2j-mq4c",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
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"title": "Claude SDK for TypeScript: Memory Tool Path Validation Allows Sandbox Escape to Sibling Directories"
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CVE-2026-23674 (GCVE-0-2026-23674)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-10 17:05 – Updated: 2026-06-19 18:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MapUrlToZone Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Improper resolution of path equivalence in Windows MapUrlToZone allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-41 - Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
21 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8957
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8511
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.7058
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.7058
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6783
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.6783
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.8037
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 25H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26200.0 , < 10.0.26200.8037
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 26H1 |
Affected:
10.0.28000.0 , < 10.0.28000.1719
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25973
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25973
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23074
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.23074
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8957
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8957
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8511
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.8511
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4893
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.2207
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32522
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.32522
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-03-10 14:00
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CVE-2026-5816 (GCVE-0-2026-5816)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-22 16:04 – Updated: 2026-04-23 03:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence in GitLab
Summary
GitLab has remediated an issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 18.10 before 18.10.4 and 18.11 before 18.11.1 that could have allowed an unauthenticated user to execute arbitrary JavaScript in a user's browser session due to improper path validation under certain conditions.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-41 - Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://hackerone.com/reports/3572231 | technical-descriptionexploitpermissions-required |
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/work_items… | |
| https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2026/04/22/patc… |
Impacted products
Credits
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CVE-2025-58290 (GCVE-0-2025-58290)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-11 08:49 – Updated: 2025-10-14 14:10
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Denial of service (DoS) vulnerability in the office service. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may affect availability.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-41 - Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
Assigner
References
1 reference
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CVE-2025-54107 (GCVE-0-2025-54107)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-09 17:01 – Updated: 2026-02-20 16:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MapUrlToZone Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Improper resolution of path equivalence in Windows MapUrlToZone allows an unauthorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-41 - Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
25 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1507 |
Affected:
10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.21128
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.6332
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.6332
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.5909
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5909
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.5909
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27929
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27929
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23529
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23529
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25675
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25675
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22774
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22774
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.8422
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.7792
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.4171
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1849
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.6584
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-09-09 07:00
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"product": "Windows 11 Version 24H2",
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"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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"lessThan": "6.1.7601.27929",
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},
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"platforms": [
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"product": "Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2",
"vendor": "Microsoft",
"versions": [
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"lessThan": "6.0.6003.23529",
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CVE-2025-24470 (GCVE-0-2025-24470)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-02-11 16:08 – Updated: 2025-02-11 16:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence vulnerability [CWE-41] in FortiPortal 7.4.0 through 7.4.2, 7.2.0 through 7.2.6, 7.0.0 through 7.0.11 may allow a remote unauthenticated attacker to retrieve source code via crafted HTTP requests.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-41 - Information disclosure
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiPortal |
Affected:
7.4.0 , ≤ 7.4.2
(semver)
Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.6 (semver) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.11 (semver) |
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CVE-2025-21332 (GCVE-0-2025-21332)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-01-14 18:04 – Updated: 2026-06-09 18:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MapUrlToZone Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
MapUrlToZone Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-41 - Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
Impacted products
25 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1507 |
Affected:
10.0.10240.0 , < 10.0.10240.20890
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1607 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7699
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 1809 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.6775
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 21H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19044.0 , < 10.0.19044.5371
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 10 Version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.19045.0 , < 10.0.19045.5371
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22621.0 , < 10.0.22621.4751
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 version 22H3 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.4751
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 23H2 |
Affected:
10.0.22631.0 , < 10.0.22631.4751
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows 11 Version 24H2 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.2894
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27520
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.1.7601.0 , < 6.1.7601.27520
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23070
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.0.6003.0 , < 6.0.6003.23070
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25273
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.2.9200.0 , < 6.2.9200.25273
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22371
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2012 R2 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
6.3.9600.0 , < 6.3.9600.22371
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7699
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2016 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.14393.0 , < 10.0.14393.7699
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.6775
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2019 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.17763.0 , < 10.0.17763.6775
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022 |
Affected:
10.0.20348.0 , < 10.0.20348.3091
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2022, 23H2 Edition (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.25398.0 , < 10.0.25398.1369
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.2894
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Windows Server 2025 (Server Core installation) |
Affected:
10.0.26100.0 , < 10.0.26100.2894
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-01-14 08:00
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],
"datePublic": "2025-01-14T08:00:00.000Z",
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en-US",
"value": "MapUrlToZone Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability"
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 4.3,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C",
"version": "3.1"
},
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"value": "GENERAL"
}
]
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-41",
"description": "CWE-41: Improper Resolution of Path Equivalence",
"lang": "en-US",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-06-09T18:30:12.851Z",
"orgId": "f38d906d-7342-40ea-92c1-6c4a2c6478c8",
"shortName": "microsoft"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "MapUrlToZone Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability",
"tags": [
"vendor-advisory",
"patch"
],
"url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-21332"
}
],
"title": "MapUrlToZone Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "f38d906d-7342-40ea-92c1-6c4a2c6478c8",
"assignerShortName": "microsoft",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-21332",
"datePublished": "2025-01-14T18:04:49.132Z",
"dateReserved": "2024-12-11T00:29:48.351Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-06-09T18:30:12.851Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation MIT-30
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
Mitigation MIT-20
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180). Make sure that the application does not decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist validation schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked.
CAPEC-3: Using Leading 'Ghost' Character Sequences to Bypass Input Filters
Some APIs will strip certain leading characters from a string of parameters. An adversary can intentionally introduce leading "ghost" characters (extra characters that don't affect the validity of the request at the API layer) that enable the input to pass the filters and therefore process the adversary's input. This occurs when the targeted API will accept input data in several syntactic forms and interpret it in the equivalent semantic way, while the filter does not take into account the full spectrum of the syntactic forms acceptable to the targeted API.