CWE-441
Allowed-with-ReviewUnintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
218 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-7MJ6-6R2R-Q498
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-09 03:30 – Updated: 2026-09-09 18:31Confused deputy in Fullscreen in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process and leveraged social engineering to spoof UI elements via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-87502"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-09T01:17:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Confused deputy in Fullscreen in Google Chrome prior to 153.0.8010.36 allowed a remote attacker who had compromised the renderer process and leveraged social engineering to spoof UI elements via a crafted HTML page. (Chromium security severity: Low)",
"id": "GHSA-7mj6-6r2r-q498",
"modified": "2026-09-09T18:31:45Z",
"published": "2026-09-09T03:30:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-87502"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://chromereleases.googleblog.com/2026/09/stable-channel-update-for-desktop_0808145027.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://issues.chromium.org/issues/515426792"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-84WH-Q3JR-WRJX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-04 21:31In AndroidManifest.xml, there is a possible way for an app to monitor motion events due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-48560"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T19:15:43Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In AndroidManifest.xml, there is a possible way for an app to monitor motion events due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local information disclosure with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-84wh-q3jr-wrjx",
"modified": "2025-09-04T21:31:38Z",
"published": "2025-09-04T21:31:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48560"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/wear/2025-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-865V-FR92-GM37
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-08 21:34 – Updated: 2026-09-10 15:33In onAttach of BiometricsSettingsBase.java, there is a possible authentication bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-45520"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-08T19:17:57Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In onAttach of BiometricsSettingsBase.java, there is a possible authentication bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-865v-fr92-gm37",
"modified": "2026-09-10T15:33:00Z",
"published": "2026-09-08T21:34:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-45520"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/2026/2026-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8JH7-8C72-WG7G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-08 21:34 – Updated: 2026-09-10 18:31In multiple functions in multiple locations, there is a possible background activity launch bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-28607"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-08T19:17:52Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In multiple functions in multiple locations, there is a possible background activity launch bypass due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-8jh7-8c72-wg7g",
"modified": "2026-09-10T18:31:32Z",
"published": "2026-09-08T21:34:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28607"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/2026/2026-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8PF2-VJ79-4WXG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-28 00:31 – Updated: 2026-05-06 19:12Duplicate Advisory
This advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-chfm-xgc4-47rj. This link is maintained to preserve external references.
Original Description
OpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a sender allowlist bypass vulnerability in MS Teams thread history fetched via Graph API. Attackers can retrieve thread messages that should be filtered by sender allowlists, bypassing message filtering restrictions.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "openclaw"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2026.3.31"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-06T19:12:17Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-28T00:16:25Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Duplicate Advisory\nThis advisory has been withdrawn because it is a duplicate of GHSA-chfm-xgc4-47rj. This link is maintained to preserve external references.\n\n### Original Description\nOpenClaw before 2026.3.31 contains a sender allowlist bypass vulnerability in MS Teams thread history fetched via Graph API. Attackers can retrieve thread messages that should be filtered by sender allowlists, bypassing message filtering restrictions.",
"id": "GHSA-8pf2-vj79-4wxg",
"modified": "2026-05-06T19:12:17Z",
"published": "2026-04-28T00:31:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/advisories/GHSA-chfm-xgc4-47rj"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41365"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/5cca38084074fb5095aa11b6a59820d63e4937c9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-sender-allowlist-bypass-via-graph-api-thread-history"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Duplicate Advisory: OpenClaw: MSTeams thread history bypasses sender allowlist via Graph API",
"withdrawn": "2026-05-06T19:12:17Z"
}
GHSA-8PFW-PV2W-493M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-08 21:34 – Updated: 2026-09-10 18:31In assertSafeToStartCustomActivity of AppRestrictionsFragment.java, there is a possible read/write access to private files due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-28603"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-08T19:17:52Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In assertSafeToStartCustomActivity of AppRestrictionsFragment.java, there is a possible read/write access to private files due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is not needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-8pfw-pv2w-493m",
"modified": "2026-09-10T18:31:32Z",
"published": "2026-09-08T21:34:14Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-28603"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/docs/security/bulletin/2026/2026-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-8Q86-4X73-99V8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-26 18:30 – Updated: 2025-02-26 00:32The EDS-4000/G4000 Series prior to version 3.2 includes IP forwarding capabilities that users cannot deactivate. An attacker may be able to send requests to the product and have it forwarded to the target. An attacker can bypass access controls or hide the source of malicious requests.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0387"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-1188",
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-26T16:27:49Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The EDS-4000/G4000 Series prior to version 3.2 includes IP forwarding capabilities that users cannot deactivate. An attacker may be able to send requests to the product and have it forwarded to the target. An attacker can bypass access controls or hide the source of malicious requests.",
"id": "GHSA-8q86-4x73-99v8",
"modified": "2025-02-26T00:32:11Z",
"published": "2024-02-26T18:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0387"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.moxa.com/en/support/product-support/security-advisory/mpsa-237129-eds-4000-g4000-series-ip-forwarding-vulnerability?viewmode=0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-92GP-V73J-5GQM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-04 21:31 – Updated: 2025-09-05 18:31In multiple functions of AppRestrictionsFragment.java, there is a possible way to bypass intent security check due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-32326"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-04T19:15:36Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In multiple functions of AppRestrictionsFragment.java, there is a possible way to bypass intent security check due to a confused deputy. This could lead to local escalation of privilege with no additional execution privileges needed. User interaction is needed for exploitation.",
"id": "GHSA-92gp-v73j-5gqm",
"modified": "2025-09-05T18:31:19Z",
"published": "2025-09-04T21:31:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-32326"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/apps/Settings/+/e8a17485771e54124abc08e8fb6c987bf83726a2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://source.android.com/security/bulletin/2025-09-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-96XQ-9M54-H7P4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-03 03:30 – Updated: 2026-01-03 03:30A vulnerability in Nuvation Energy nCloud VPN Service allowed Network Boundary Bridging.This issue affected the nCloud VPN Service and was fixed on 2025-12-1 (December, 2025). End users do not have to take any action to mitigate the issue.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-64125"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-03T01:15:42Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in Nuvation Energy nCloud VPN Service allowed Network Boundary Bridging.This issue affected the nCloud VPN Service and was fixed on 2025-12-1 (December, 2025). End users do not have to take any action to mitigate the issue.",
"id": "GHSA-96xq-9m54-h7p4",
"modified": "2026-01-03T03:30:25Z",
"published": "2026-01-03T03:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64125"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dragos.com/community/advisories/CVE-2025-64119"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:P/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-974P-4XQX-2M2Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-09 15:32 – Updated: 2026-07-09 15:32An Improper Input Validation vulnerability in BigQuery DAO in Google Cloud Apigee versions prior to 2026-06-12 on Google Cloud Platform allows an authenticated attacker to exfiltrate cross-tenant data.
This vulnerability was patched on 12 June 2026 on the Apigee Servers, and no customer action is needed.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-12879"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-441"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-09T14:16:27Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Improper Input Validation vulnerability in BigQuery DAO in Google Cloud Apigee versions prior to 2026-06-12 on Google Cloud Platform allows an authenticated attacker to exfiltrate cross-tenant data.\n\n\nThis vulnerability was patched on 12 June 2026 on the Apigee Servers, and no customer action is needed.",
"id": "GHSA-974p-4xqx-2m2q",
"modified": "2026-07-09T15:32:32Z",
"published": "2026-07-09T15:32:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-12879"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cloud.google.com/apigee/docs/release-notes#July_08_2026"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:H/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:Clear",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
Mitigation
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.
CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks
An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.
CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse
A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.