Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-441
Allowed-with-ReviewUnintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product receives a request, message, or directive from an upstream component, but the product does not sufficiently preserve the original source of the request before forwarding the request to an external actor that is outside of the product's control sphere. This causes the product to appear to be the source of the request, leading it to act as a proxy or other intermediary between the upstream component and the external actor.
305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-118687 (GCVE-0-2026-118687)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-28 18:59 – Updated: 2026-10-29 20:54
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Coder before 2.29.21, 2.34.12, 2.35.9, 2.36.7, and 2.37.4 Missing Audience Validation in GCP Instance-Identity Authentication
Summary
Coder before 2.29.21, 2.30.0 before 2.34.12, 2.35.0 before 2.35.9, 2.36.0 before 2.36.7, and 2.37.0 before 2.37.4 does not validate the audience claim of GCE instance-identity JWTs at the POST /api/v2/workspaceagents/google-instance-identity endpoint. Attackers who obtain an unexpired format=full identity token minted for another relying party can replay it to obtain that workspace agent's session token, which remains valid until the workspace's next build.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 15:28 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/coder/coder/security/advisorie… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/coder-before… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
5 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| coder | coder |
Affected:
2.37.0 , < 2.37.4
(semver)
Unaffected: 2.37.4 (semver) |
|
| coder | coder |
Affected:
2.36.0 , < 2.36.7
(semver)
Unaffected: 2.36.7 (semver) |
|
| coder | coder |
Affected:
2.35.0 , < 2.35.9
(semver)
Unaffected: 2.35.9 (semver) |
|
| coder | coder |
Affected:
2.30.0 , < 2.34.12
(semver)
Unaffected: 2.34.12 (semver) |
|
| coder | coder |
Affected:
0 , < 2.29.21
(semver)
Unaffected: 2.29.21 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-10-13 00:00
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CVE-2026-114612 (GCVE-0-2026-114612)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-22 18:01 – Updated: 2026-10-30 18:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
LiteLLM: Privilege Escalation to Proxy Admin via Cross-Domain Reuse of the Salt Key
Summary
LiteLLM is a proxy server (AI Gateway) to call LLM APIs in OpenAI (or native) format. From 1.87.0 until 1.100.4, 1.101.3, 1.102.2, 1.103.1, and 1.104.0-rc.2, the proxy reuses one cryptographic context for at-rest secrets and session tokens, allowing an authenticated internal user to have crafted metadata containing a forged administrator credential encrypted and returned by the API-key flow. Replaying that ciphertext as a bearer token causes the proxy to trust the forged proxy administrator identity, permitting administrative access and arbitrary commands through the MCP stdio endpoint. Versions 1.87.0 through 1.90.x require EXPERIMENTAL_UI_LOGIN to be enabled, while versions after 1.91.0 are exploitable in the default configuration. This issue was fixed in LiteLLM 1.100.4, 1.101.3, 1.102.2, 1.103.1, and 1.104.0-rc.2.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 18:17 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
11 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/commit/1d5fdc8… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/commit/9161d7f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/commit/9fa1a64… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/commit/a80eaca… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/commit/f7cd90f… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/releases/tag/v… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-114478 (GCVE-0-2026-114478)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-21 15:12 – Updated: 2026-10-29 20:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy') in hMailServer
Summary
Insufficient preservation of the original sender in the forwarding of Progressive Robot hMailServer 6.0.0 through 6.3.6 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to have mail they write, naming in its From an address at a domain the server hosts, delivered to other receivers as passing that domain's DMARC policy. When the server sent on a copy of mail that came from outside - an account's forward, a mail rule's forward, a Sieve redirect, a list's copy, or an alias or list expanding to an outside address - it could give the copy an SMTP identity in the organisation of the domain the copy's From names, whatever the message's origin: with the Sender Rewriting Scheme or the rewrite of the envelope sender on forwarding enabled (both off by default), an address at the forwarding domain; for a list, its bounce address; for a message with an empty envelope sender, none, under the server's own host name; and an envelope sender the message came with at a subdomain of a hosted domain was kept. Where that identity's SPF record authorises the server, other receivers' SPF check of the copy passed for a domain aligned with the From, and DMARC passed with it, although the message had not passed DMARC when the server received it. Exploitation needs a forward, redirect, alias or list that carries the hosted domain's mail to an outside address, and one of: SRS or the envelope rewrite enabled; a list whose bounce address is in the domain's organisation; an envelope sender at a subdomain whose SPF record authorises the server; or, for an empty envelope sender, an SPF record that authorises the server under its host name. The DKIM route to the same result is CVE-2026-107567.
Severity
5.9 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 17:33 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Progressive Robot Ltd | hMailServer |
Affected:
6.0.0 , ≤ 6.3.6
(semver)
|
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CVE-2026-109373 (GCVE-0-2026-109373)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-12 16:05 – Updated: 2026-10-13 16:53
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ZITADEL 3.0.0 before 4.19.2 Account Takeover via Unsigned Login V2 Session Cookie
Summary
ZITADEL 3.0.0 before 4.19.2 contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the Login V2 UI that allows unauthenticated attackers to obtain other users' session tokens by forging unsigned session cookies. Attackers can guess time-ordered session IDs around a victim's sign-in and supply them with empty tokens to receive rotated tokens, taking over accounts including MFA-completed administrator sessions.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 16:40 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/zitadel/zitadel/security/advis… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/zitadel-3.0.… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-09-28 00:00
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CVE-2026-108261 (GCVE-0-2026-108261)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-09 20:43 – Updated: 2026-10-13 11:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
TinaCMS admin preview iframe loads an attacker-controlled origin from the URL fragment
Summary
Tina is a headless content management system. Prior to tinacms 3.14.0 and @tinacms/app 2.5.14, the /~/* admin preview route in packages/tinacms/src/admin/index.tsx can turn an attacker-controlled hash-router splat into an off-origin iframe URL through packages/@tinacms/app/src/preview.tsx, while packages/@tinacms/app/src/lib/preview-origin.ts derives expectedOrigin from that same URL for the GraphQL message channel in packages/@tinacms/app/src/lib/graphql-reducer.ts. An unauthenticated attacker can send a crafted link to a signed-in editor, cause the admin to frame an attacker origin, and have that frame treated as the trusted preview. The attacker-controlled frame can submit GraphQL reads or mutations that the admin executes with the editor credentials, exposing or modifying protected content. This issue is fixed in tinacms 3.14.0 and @tinacms/app 2.5.14.
Severity
9.3 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-13 11:22 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/tinacms/tinacms/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/tinacms/tinacms/pull/7522 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tinacms/tinacms/commit/b57dbf4… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tinacms/tinacms/releases/tag/@… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tinacms/tinacms/releases/tag/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-107336 (GCVE-0-2026-107336)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-08 17:20 – Updated: 2026-10-14 19:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Authentication Bypass by Spoofing in Malcolm
Summary
Malcolm's front nginx reverse proxy defines a "Dashboards → Arkime shortcut" location using a case-insensitive regex matcher but a case-sensitive rewrite. A request whose path segment is not exact-lowercase (for example /IDDASH2ARK/...) enters the location (the matcher fires) but evades the rewrite (no redirect is issued), so nginx falls through to the location's proxy_pass to the Arkime backend. That location is the one proxied location in the shipped config that does not include the per-location authentication file, so the request reaches Arkime unauthenticated. The same location also forwards a client-supplied X-Forwarded-User header un-overwritten, and Arkime is configured to trust X-Forwarded-User as the authenticated username — so an unauthenticated network caller can reach the Arkime backend while supplying a forged, auto-provisioned identity.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-08 19:07 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/cisagov/Malcolm/security/advis… | |
| https://github.com/cisagov/CSAF/blob/develop/csaf… | government-resource |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-10-07 19:02
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CVE-2026-107282 (GCVE-0-2026-107282)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-07 21:21 – Updated: 2026-10-10 02:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AsyncHttpClient: Replay to a different host sends the original host request and credentials to the new host
Summary
The AsyncHttpClient (AHC) library allows Java applications to easily execute HTTP requests and asynchronously process HTTP responses. Prior to 3.0.13 and 2.16.1, cross-host request replay updates the current request but leaves the target request and related proxy context pointing at the original origin. Connection-pool selection, CONNECT handling, realm selection, and TLS setup can consequently send the original host's path, Host header, Authorization credentials, or plaintext request to the replay destination. Documented ResponseFilter failover and retry paths can trigger the replay. This issue is fixed in versions 3.0.13 and 2.16.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-10 02:49 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AsyncHttpClient | async-http-client |
Affected:
>= 3.0.0, < 3.0.13
Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.16.1 |
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CVE-2026-107232 (GCVE-0-2026-107232)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-07 21:09 – Updated: 2026-10-08 14:01
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AsyncHttpClient: Origin credentials sent in cleartext to a proxy that rejects the CONNECT
Summary
The AsyncHttpClient (AHC) library allows Java applications to easily execute HTTP requests and asynchronously process HTTP responses. Prior to 3.0.12 on 3.x and 2.16.1 on 2.x, the client infers that an HTTP proxy tunnel exists from the last request method rather than the CONNECT result. After a proxy rejects CONNECT, redirect or authentication handlers can write an origin request and its Authorization credentials onto the still-plaintext proxy connection. Basic credentials can be recovered directly, while NTLM responses may be cracked or relayed. This issue is fixed in versions 3.0.12 and 2.16.1.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-08 14:01 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/AsyncHttpClient/async-http-cli… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| AsyncHttpClient | async-http-client |
Affected:
>= 3.0.0, < 3.0.12
Affected: >= 2.0.0, < 2.16.1 |
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CVE-2026-106487 (GCVE-0-2026-106487)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 20:36 – Updated: 2026-10-09 01:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Backstage: Unsupported catalog cluster authentication mode in kubernetes backend
Summary
Backstage is an open framework for building developer portals. Prior to 0.21.10, the @backstage/plugin-kubernetes-backend package is affected by unsupported catalog cluster authentication mode in kubernetes backend. Deployments using catalog cluster discovery may be affected when catalog contributors can create or modify kubernetes-cluster Resource entities. With the required endpoint permissions and pod RBAC, the backend can use its local in-cluster identity, potentially exposing Kubernetes resources readable by that identity. The credential is used only with the local in-cluster API endpoint and is not sent to the catalog-supplied endpoint. This issue is fixed in version 0.21.10.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-09 01:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-441 - Unintended Proxy or Intermediary ('Confused Deputy')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/c14… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| backstage | backstage |
Affected:
< 1.54.6
|
|
| @backstage | plugin-kubernetes-backend |
Affected:
< 0.21.10
|
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"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
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"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/security/advisories/GHSA-h53x-hjx6-25gr"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/c14f8be6908f0f719b16356e5492352311e28946",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
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"url": "https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/c14f8be6908f0f719b16356e5492352311e28946"
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{
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"x_refsource_MISC"
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],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-h53x-hjx6-25gr",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Backstage: Unsupported catalog cluster authentication mode in kubernetes backend"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
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"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-106487",
"datePublished": "2026-10-06T20:36:45.419Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-10-06T18:46:47.766Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-10-09T01:49:45.471Z",
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CVE-2026-106462 (GCVE-0-2026-106462)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-06 20:30 – Updated: 2026-10-07 15:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Backstage: Scaffolder credential handling may allow unintended GitHub authentication fallback
Summary
Backstage is an open framework for building developer portals. Prior to 1.54.6, scaffolder source-control actions may not consistently enforce intended credential boundaries. An authenticated user could cause an affected action to fall back to broader integration credentials and perform operations with more access than intended. This issue is fixed in 1.54.6 when operators also enable scaffolder.requireScmUserCredentials after upgrading.
Severity
6.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-07 15:13 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/commit/6fb… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/backstage/backstage/releases/t… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
7 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| backstage | backstage |
Affected:
< 1.54.6
|
|
| @backstage | plugin-scaffolder-backend |
Affected:
< 4.1.0
|
|
| @backstage | plugin-scaffolder-backend-module-azure |
Affected:
< 0.2.25
|
|
| @backstage | plugin-scaffolder-backend-module-bitbucket-cloud |
Affected:
< 0.3.10
|
|
| @backstage | plugin-scaffolder-backend-module-bitbucket-server |
Affected:
< 0.2.25
|
|
| @backstage | plugin-scaffolder-backend-module-github |
Affected:
< 0.9.13
|
|
| @backstage | plugin-scaffolder-backend-module-gitlab |
Affected:
< 0.11.10
|
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"id": "CVE-2026-106462",
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"timestamp": "2026-10-07T15:13:05.681052Z",
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"vendor": "@backstage",
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"product": "plugin-scaffolder-backend-module-github",
"vendor": "@backstage",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 0.9.13"
}
]
},
{
"product": "plugin-scaffolder-backend-module-gitlab",
"vendor": "@backstage",
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],
"metrics": [
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"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 6.4,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
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],
"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-441",
"description": "CWE-441: Unintended Proxy or Intermediary (\u0027Confused Deputy\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
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},
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{
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"x_refsource_MISC"
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"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
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"title": "Backstage: Scaffolder credential handling may allow unintended GitHub authentication fallback"
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Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Enforce the use of strong mutual authentication mechanism between the two parties.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Whenever a product is an intermediary or proxy for transactions between two other components, the proxy core should not drop the identity of the initiator of the transaction. The immutability of the identity of the initiator must be maintained and should be forwarded all the way to the target.
CAPEC-219: XML Routing Detour Attacks
An attacker subverts an intermediate system used to process XML content and forces the intermediate to modify and/or re-route the processing of the content. XML Routing Detour Attacks are Adversary in the Middle type attacks (CAPEC-94). The attacker compromises or inserts an intermediate system in the processing of the XML message. For example, WS-Routing can be used to specify a series of nodes or intermediaries through which content is passed. If any of the intermediate nodes in this route are compromised by an attacker they could be used for a routing detour attack. From the compromised system the attacker is able to route the XML process to other nodes of their choice and modify the responses so that the normal chain of processing is unaware of the interception. This system can forward the message to an outside entity and hide the forwarding and processing from the legitimate processing systems by altering the header information.
CAPEC-465: Transparent Proxy Abuse
A transparent proxy serves as an intermediate between the client and the internet at large. It intercepts all requests originating from the client and forwards them to the correct location. The proxy also intercepts all responses to the client and forwards these to the client. All of this is done in a manner transparent to the client.