Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-470

Weakness Allowed

Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.

An attacker could supply values to select unexpected classes or methods. If this occurs, then the attacker could create control flow paths that were not intended by the developer. These paths could bypass authentication or access control checks, or otherwise cause the product to behave in an unexpected manner. This situation becomes a doomsday scenario if the attacker can upload files into a location that appears on the product's classpath (CWE-427) or add new entries to the product's classpath (CWE-426). Under either of these conditions, the attacker can use reflection to introduce new, malicious behavior into the product.

Mapping guidance

This CWE entry is at the Base level of abstraction, which is a preferred level of abstraction for mapping to the root causes of vulnerabilities.

Carefully read both the name and description to ensure that this mapping is an appropriate fit. Do not try to 'force' a mapping to a lower-level Base/Variant simply to comply with this preferred level of abstraction.

Relationships and members
ChildOf: CWE-913 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-913 · View CWE-1003
ChildOf: CWE-610 · View CWE-1000
ChildOf: CWE-20 · View CWE-700
Modes of introduction
Architecture and Design Implementation

The product uses external inputs to determine which class to instantiate or which method to invoke.

Detection methods

Automated Static Analysis

Automated static analysis, commonly referred to as Static Application Security Testing (SAST), can find some instances of this weakness by analyzing source code (or binary/compiled code) without having to execute it. Typically, this is done by building a model of data flow and control flow, then searching for potentially-vulnerable patterns that connect "sources" (origins of input) with "sinks" (destinations where the data interacts with external components, a lower layer such as the OS, etc.)

Effectiveness: High

Content history
Submission: 7 Pernicious Kingdoms · 2006-07-19 · CWE Draft 3
Modification: Eric Dalci · Cigital · 2008-07-01 · CWE 1.0

updated Potential_Mitigations, Time_of_Introduction

Modification: · KDM Analytics · 2008-08-01 · CWE 1.0

added/updated white box definitions

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-09-08 · CWE 1.0

updated Description, Relationships, Other_Notes, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2008-10-14 · CWE 1.0.1

updated Applicable_Platforms, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Other_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-01-12 · CWE 1.2

updated Applicable_Platforms, Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Observed_Examples, Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-05-27 · CWE 1.4

updated Demonstrative_Examples, Name

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2009-10-29 · CWE 1.6

updated Alternate_Terms, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-03-29 · CWE 1.12

updated Demonstrative_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2011-06-01 · CWE 1.13

updated Common_Consequences, Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2012-05-11 · CWE 2.2

updated Relationships, Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2013-02-21 · CWE 2.4

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2014-07-30 · CWE 2.8

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2017-11-08 · CWE 3.0

updated White_Box_Definitions

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-01-03 · CWE 3.2

updated Taxonomy_Mappings

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2019-06-20 · CWE 3.3

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-02-24 · CWE 4.0

updated References, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2020-06-25 · CWE 4.1

updated Potential_Mitigations

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2021-10-28 · CWE 4.6

updated Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-01-31 · CWE 4.10

updated Common_Consequences, Demonstrative_Examples, Description, Related_Attack_Patterns, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-04-27 · CWE 4.11

updated Detection_Factors, Relationships

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-06-29 · CWE 4.12

updated Mapping_Notes

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2023-10-26 · CWE 4.13

updated Observed_Examples

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2025-12-11 · CWE 4.19

updated Demonstrative_Examples, Relationships, Weakness_Ordinalities

Modification: CWE Content Team · MITRE · 2026-10-28 · CWE 5.0

updated Alternate_Terms, Description, Modes_of_Introduction, Name, References, Time_of_Introduction

267 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-126994 (GCVE-0-2026-126994)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-12 12:30 – Updated: 2026-11-12 17:17 X_Open Source
VLAI
Title
braindecode Model Config Deserialization util.py resolve_type_kwargs externally-controlled input to select classes or code
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in braindecode up to 1.8.1. Affected is the function resolve_type_kwargs of the file braindecode/models/util.py of the component Model Config Deserialization. Such manipulation of the argument Activation leads to use of externally-controlled input to select classes or code. The attack can be launched remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 2.0.0 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is 05b764d93b9a50400f523206fbe03d73d0cf5edb. The affected component should be upgraded.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-12 16:57 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code
Assigner
VulDB CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 83/100 over 3851 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
n/a braindecode Affected: 1.8.0
Affected: 1.8.1
Unaffected: 2.0.0
    cpe:2.3:a:braindecode:braindecode:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-124035 (GCVE-0-2026-124035)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-09 22:28 – Updated: 2026-11-12 17:03
VLAI
Title
Unsafe reflection in Amazon Braket Schemas error mitigation validation
Summary
Unsafe reflection in the error mitigation schema validation in Amazon Braket Schemas before 1.32.2 might allow a remote authenticated user with S3 write access to the quantum task output location to execute arbitrary code on any machine that retrieves the quantum task results via a crafted task result document. We recommend you upgrade to amazon-braket-schemas version 1.32.2 or later.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-12 17:02 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled input to select classes or code ('unsafe reflection')
Assigner
AMZN CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard A 94/100 over 163 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Amazon amazon-braket-schemas Affected: 1.17.0 , < 1.32.2 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:amazon:amazon-braket-schemas:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-123544 (GCVE-0-2026-123544)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-08 01:37 – Updated: 2026-11-12 12:53
VLAI
Title
OpenAM before 16.1.4 Insufficient Response Validation in Internal SOAP Channel
Summary
OpenAM before 16.1.4 and its client SDK fail to sufficiently validate responses on the internal server-to-server SOAP channel, allowing network-positioned attackers to affect integrity and availability. Attackers who intercept unencrypted traffic or control a site server can crash receiving processes, tamper with writable files, and possibly execute code.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-12 12:52 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
OpenIdentityPlatform OpenAM Affected: 0 , < 16.1.4 (semver)
Unaffected: 16.1.4 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-22 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-119578 (GCVE-0-2026-119578)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-30 13:18 – Updated: 2026-10-30 14:04
VLAI
Title
MONAI 1.6.0 before 1.6.1 Code Execution via Auto3DSeg algo_from_json()
Summary
MONAI from 1.6.0 before 1.6.1 contains a remote code execution vulnerability in Auto3DSeg algo_from_json() that allows attackers to run Python code via a crafted work directory's algo_object.json. Attackers can ship a malicious algorithm_templates module plus a _target_ name that is imported and instantiated when victims call AutoRunner or import_bundle_algo_history, executing code under default configuration.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-30 14:04 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Project-MONAI MONAI Affected: 1.6.0 , < 1.6.1 (semver)
Unaffected: 1.6.1 (semver)
    cpe:2.3:a:project-monai:monai:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-15 00:00
Credits
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-119084 (GCVE-0-2026-119084)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-11-03 21:05 – Updated: 2026-11-06 19:34
VLAI
Title
Remote Code Execution via Unsafe Class Loading in Amazon Redshift JDBC Driver Connection Parameters
Summary
Unsafe reflection in the connection parameter and credentials profile handling of Amazon Redshift JDBC Driver before 2.3.0 might allow an actor who can influence the JDBC connection URL or the AWS credentials profile to execute arbitrary code in the application context, provided a suitable class is available on the application classpath. To remediate this issue, users should upgrade to version 2.3.0 or later.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-06 19:34 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled input to select classes or code ('unsafe reflection')
Assigner
AMZN CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard A 94/100 over 163 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
AWS amazon-redshift-jdbc-driver Affected: 0 , < 2.3.0 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:aws:amazon-redshift-jdbc-driver:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-119050 (GCVE-0-2026-119050)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-29 13:08 – Updated: 2026-11-04 01:11
VLAI
Title
Agno through 3.1.11 Code Execution via PandasTools Unsafe Reflection
Summary
Agno through 3.1.11 contains an unsafe reflection vulnerability in PandasTools that allows attackers to invoke arbitrary pandas functions by supplying model-controlled function names to getattr(). Attackers can use prompt injection to make the agent call pandas.read_pickle on attacker-controlled paths for code execution, or call other readers to read local files.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-04 01:11 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
agno-agi agno Affected: 0 , ≤ 3.1.11 (custom)
    cpe:2.3:a:agno:agno:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-07-02 00:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-116692 (GCVE-0-2026-116692)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-27 20:03 – Updated: 2026-11-02 19:42
VLAI
Title
MLflow: Remote code execution on unauthenticated MLflow servers via third-party scorer deserialization importing caller-placed artifact modules
Summary
MLflow is an open source AI engineering platform for agents, large language models, and machine learning models. From 3.12.0rc0 until 3.17.0, third-party scorer deserialization in mlflow/genai/scorers/base.py accepts request-selected descendants of THIRD_PARTY_SCORER_ALLOWED_MODULES rather than requiring an exact allowed module. A caller can use MLflow artifact endpoints to place a Python module beneath a writable allowed package and submit its module and class through /ajax-api/3.0/mlflow/scorer/invoke. Scorer.model_validate_json() imports the module and constructs the class before trace processing. Authentication-disabled deployments permit this code execution without credentials, while basic-auth deployments require a principal capable of creating an experiment and run and uploading artifacts. In either configuration, the allowed scorer package must be writable by the server process. This issue is fixed in version 3.17.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 19:42 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7868 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
mlflow mlflow Affected: >= 3.12.0rc0, < 3.17.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-115931 (GCVE-0-2026-115931)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-23 22:02 – Updated: 2026-11-02 15:07
VLAI
Title
Arbitrary file read and backend crash through unrestricted provider method calls
Summary
Postiz lets a signed-in user ask the backend to run a function on one of their connected channels. The backend did not restrict which functions can be requested, so a user could call internal helper functions that were never meant to be reachable from the web interface. One of those helpers reads a file from the server's disk. A user who connects a channel whose stored token is a file path can have the backend return the contents of any file it can read, including its environment, which holds the secret used to sign login sessions, the database address and the credentials of connected services. Another helper makes the backend process exit with a single request. Self-registration is open by default, so no existing account and no action by another user is needed.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-11-02 15:04 UTC
Assigner
postiz CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard – unranked: 8 records in the last 180 days, 10 needed details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
GitroomHQ postiz-app Affected: 2.23.0 , < 2.25.2 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-23 22:00
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-115886 (GCVE-0-2026-115886)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-23 21:17 – Updated: 2026-10-29 18:18
VLAI
Title
MLflow: SSRF on unauthenticated MLflow servers via third-party scorer kwargs in the scorer invoke, register, and GenAI evaluate endpoints
Summary
MLflow is an open source AI engineering platform for agents, large language models, and machine learning models. From 3.12.0rc0 until 3.17.0, the scorer invoke, register, and GenAI evaluate endpoints, including unauthenticated POST /ajax-api/3.0/mlflow/scorer/invoke, accept serialized third-party scorer data that Scorer.model_validate_json resolves using a module-path allowlist without constraining the selected class or its constructor arguments. When optional trulens and trulens-providers-litellm packages are installed, an attacker can select mlflow.genai.scorers.trulens, choose a model URI outside MLflow's native provider registry so execution uses the LiteLLM fallback, and supply api_base and api_key values that cause the server to send an outbound request to an attacker-chosen or internal host with attacker-controlled headers and body. The vulnerable deserialization occurs before a tracking-store lookup or job submission. This issue is fixed in version 3.17.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-29 18:17 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
  • CWE-918 - Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Assigner
GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7868 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
mlflow mlflow Affected: >= 3.12.0rc0, < 3.17.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-115749 (GCVE-0-2026-115749)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-23 13:03 – Updated: 2026-10-23 14:58
VLAI
Title
hydra-ray-launcher 1.1.0.dev1 before 1.2.2 and 1.4.0.dev4 before 1.4.0rc2 Arbitrary Module Import
Summary
hydra-ray-launcher 1.1.0.dev1 before 1.2.2 and 1.4.0.dev4 before 1.4.0rc2 contains an arbitrary module import vulnerability via the ray_pkg_version OmegaConf resolver passing input to importlib.import_module(). Attackers controlling configuration values or command-line overrides can supply a ray_pkg_version interpolation to import any installed module, triggering its import-time side effects in the application process.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-23 14:48 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Assigner
VulnCheck CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard B 84/100 over 8184 records in the last 180 days details
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
hydra-ecosystem hydra-ray-launcher Affected: 1.1.0.dev1 , < 1.2.2 (custom)
Affected: 1.4.0.dev4 , < 1.4.0rc2 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Date Public
2026-10-21 12:27
Show details on NVD website

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.

Mitigation
Implementation

Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.

CAPEC-138: Reflection Injection

An adversary supplies a value to the target application which is then used by reflection methods to identify a class, method, or field. For example, in the Java programming language the reflection libraries permit an application to inspect, load, and invoke classes and their components by name. If an adversary can control the input into these methods including the name of the class/method/field or the parameters passed to methods, they can cause the targeted application to invoke incorrect methods, read random fields, or even to load and utilize malicious classes that the adversary created. This can lead to the application revealing sensitive information, returning incorrect results, or even having the adversary take control of the targeted application.