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Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-470

Allowed

Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft

The product uses external input with reflection to select which classes or code to use, but it does not sufficiently prevent the input from selecting improper classes or code.

165 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-46718 (GCVE-0-2026-46718)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-02 09:17 – Updated: 2026-06-02 14:41
VLAI
Title
Apache Calcite: A user-controled model can load arbitrary classes, leading to code execution
Summary
Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Calcite. This issue affects Apache Calcite: from 1.5.0 before 1.42. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 1.42, which fixes the issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-02 12:01 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Calcite Affected: 1.5.0 , < 1.42 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-46562 (GCVE-0-2026-46562)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 16:06 – Updated: 2026-07-16 18:02
VLAI
Title
Yamcs: Remote Code Execution via Mission Database algorithm override
Summary
Yamcs is a mission control framework. Prior to 5.12.7, the Nashorn ScriptEngine used to evaluate user-supplied JavaScript algorithm text in yamcs-core/src/main/java/org/yamcs/algorithms/ScriptAlgorithmExecutorFactory.java was constructed without a ClassFilter, so a user with the ChangeMissionDatabase privilege could override an algorithm through the MdbOverrideApi.updateAlgorithm endpoint and supply JavaScript that reaches arbitrary Java classes (for example Java.type("java.lang.Runtime").getRuntime().exec(...)) to execute arbitrary OS commands as the Yamcs process; in the default configuration with no security.yaml the built-in guest user has superuser=true, making the issue reachable without authentication. This issue is fixed in versions 5.12.7 and 5.13.0, which disable algorithm editing by default.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-16 18:01 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
yamcs yamcs Affected: < 5.12.7
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-44795 (GCVE-0-2026-44795)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-10 21:49 – Updated: 2026-07-15 03:59
VLAI
Title
Spinnaker: Non-safe yaml deserialization allowing RCE when using specific types
Summary
Spinnaker is an open source, multi-cloud continuous delivery platform. Prior to 2026.1.0, 2026.0.3, 2025.4.4, and 2025.3.3, unsafe YAML processing bypasses safe deserialization when using CloudFormation deployments or CloudFoundry baking. The use of a non-safe constructor allows arbitrary loading of Java classes, leading to remote code execution. This issue is fixed in versions 2026.1.0, 2026.0.3, 2025.4.4, and 2025.3.3.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-14 00:00 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
  • CWE-502 - Deserialization of Untrusted Data
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
spinnaker spinnaker Affected: >= 2025.4.0, < 2025.4.4
Affected: >= 2026.0.0, < 2026.0.3
Affected: < 2025.3.3
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-44416 (GCVE-0-2026-44416)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-10 10:23 – Updated: 2026-08-12 15:19
VLAI
Title
Apache Ranger: Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary Class Instantiation
Summary
Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary Class Instantiation in plugin-schema-registry component in Apache Ranger <= 2.8.0. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 2.9.0, which fixes this issue.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-08-12 15:19 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Ranger Affected: 0 , ≤ 2.8.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-44339 (GCVE-0-2026-44339)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 13:37 – Updated: 2026-05-08 21:27
VLAI
Title
PraisonAI has unsafe tool resolution in `ToolExecutionMixin.execute_tool`: undeclared `__main__` callables execute
Summary
PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to praisonai version 4.6.37 and praisonaiagents version 1.6.37, praisonaiagents resolves unresolved tool names against module globals and __main__ after it fails to match the declared tool list and the registry. With the default agent configuration, _perm_allow is None, so undeclared non-dangerous tool names are not rejected by the permission gate. An attacker who can influence tool-call names can therefore invoke unintended application callables that were never declared as tools. This issue has been patched in praisonai version 4.6.37 and praisonaiagents version 1.6.37.
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-08 17:03 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
MervinPraison PraisonAI Affected: praisonaiagents < 1.6.37
Affected: praisonai < 4.6.37
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-44174 (GCVE-0-2026-44174)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-16 21:13 – Updated: 2026-07-18 03:17
VLAI
Title
Kirby: Arbitrary Method Call via REST API search and collection query endpoints
Summary
Kirby is an open-source content management system. Prior to 4.9.1 and 5.4.1, Kirby did not validate the model attributes that were used in its collection queries, allowing attackers to include arbitrary model methods in their queries. This includes methods with sensitive data such as password() (disclosing the password hash) or root() (disclosing the absolute filesystem path on the server) as well as methods that perform impactful actions such as loginPasswordless() (causing a privilege escalation to another user) or delete() (deleting all queried models in one go if the authenticated user has appropriate permissions). This issue has been fixed in versions 4.9.1 and 5.4.1.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-18 03:16 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
getkirby kirby Affected: < 4.9.1
Affected: >= 5.0.0, < 5.4.1
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-42027 (GCVE-0-2026-42027)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-04 16:43 – Updated: 2026-09-09 12:04
VLAI
Title
Apache OpenNLP: Arbitrary Class Instantiation via Model Manifest in ExtensionLoader
Summary
Arbitrary Class Instantiation via Model Manifest in Apache OpenNLP ExtensionLoader Versions Affected: before 1.9.5, before 2.5.9, before 3.0.0-M3 Description:  The ExtensionLoader.instantiateExtension(Class, String) method loads a class by its fully-qualified name via Class.forName() and invokes its no-arg constructor, with the class name sourced from the manifest.properties entry of a model archive. The existing isAssignableFrom check correctly rejects classes that are not subtypes of the expected extension interface (BaseToolFactory for factory=, ArtifactSerializer for serializer-class-*), but the check runs after Class.forName() has already loaded and initialized the named class. Class.forName() with default initialization semantics executes the target class's static initializer before returning, so an attacker who can supply a crafted model archive can cause the static initializer of any class on the classpath to run during model loading, regardless of whether that class passes the subsequent type check. Exploitation requires a class with attacker-useful side effects in its static initializer (for example, JNDI lookup, outbound network I/O, or filesystem access) to be present on the classpath, so this is not a drop-in remote code execution; however, the attack surface grows as third-party model distribution becomes more common (community model repositories, Hugging Face-style sharing), where users routinely load model files from origins they do not control. A secondary, narrower vector affects deployments that ship legitimate BaseToolFactory or ArtifactSerializer subclasses with side-effecting no-arg constructors: a malicious manifest can name such a class and force its constructor to run during model load. Mitigation:  * 2.x users should upgrade to 2.5.9. * 3.x users should upgrade to 3.0.0-M3. Note: The fix introduces a package-prefix allowlist that is consulted before Class.forName() is invoked, so the static initializer of a disallowed class is never executed. Classes under the opennlp. prefix remain permitted by default. Deployments that load models referencing factories or serializers outside opennlp.* must opt those packages in, either programmatically via ExtensionLoader.registerAllowedPackage(String) before the first model load, or by setting the OPENNLP_EXT_ALLOWED_PACKAGES system property to a comma-separated list of allowed package prefixes. Users who cannot upgrade immediately should ensure that all model files are sourced from trusted origins and should audit their classpath for classes with side-effecting static initializers or constructors, particularly any that perform JNDI lookups, network requests, or filesystem operations during class initialization.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-05 16:01 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
  • CWE-502 - Deserialization of Untrusted Data
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache OpenNLP Affected: 2.0 , < 2.5.9 (semver)
Affected: 3.0.0-M1 , < 3.0.0-M3 (semver)
Affected: 0 , < 1.9.5 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI 2.25 Unaffected: 1788198681 , < * (rpm)
    cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai:2.25::el9
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat build of Apache Camel for Spring Boot 4     cpe:/a:redhat:camel_spring_boot:4
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Data Grid 8     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_data_grid:8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat Fuse 7     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_fuse:7
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8     cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack     cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp
Create a notification for this product.
Red Hat Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI)     cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-41871 (GCVE-0-2026-41871)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-09 10:45 – Updated: 2026-09-10 17:56
VLAI
Title
Apache Nutch: Unauthenticated reflection-based job execution in Nutch Server (Nutch REST API)
Summary
Missing Authorization, Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Nutch Server (Nutch REST API). This issue affects Apache Nutch: from 1.10 through 1.22. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 1.23, which removes the Nutch Server. If an upgrade is not possible, user must restrict access to instances running the Nutch Service to trusted users only. Please, also visit the Apache Nutch security advisories https://nutch.apache.org/documentation/security/ .
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 17:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Nutch Affected: 1.10 , ≤ 1.22 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-41870 (GCVE-0-2026-41870)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-09 10:43 – Updated: 2026-09-10 18:03
VLAI
Title
Apache Nutch: Unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) via JEXL injection in Nutch Server (Nutch REST API)
Summary
Missing Authorization, Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection'), Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources, Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection') vulnerability in Apache Nutch Server (Nutch REST API). This issue affects Apache Nutch: from 1.11 through 1.22. Users are recommended to upgrade to version 1.23, which removes the Nutch Server. If an upgrade is not possible, user must restrict access to instances running the Nutch Service to trusted users only. Please, also visit the Apache Nutch security advisories https://nutch.apache.org/documentation/security/ .
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-09-10 18:02 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-862 - Missing Authorization
  • CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  • CWE-913 - Improper Control of Dynamically-Managed Code Resources
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Apache Software Foundation Apache Nutch Affected: 1.11 , ≤ 1.22 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2026-41175 (GCVE-0-2026-41175)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-22 21:25 – Updated: 2026-04-23 13:56
VLAI
Title
Statamic: Unsafe method invocation via query value resolution allows data destruction
Summary
Statamic is a Laravel and Git powered content management system (CMS). Prior to versions 5.73.20 and 6.13.0, manipulating query parameters on Control Panel and REST API endpoints, or arguments in GraphQL queries, could result in the loss of content, assets, and user accounts. The Control Panel requires authentication with minimal permissions in order to exploit. e.g. "view entries" permission to delete entries, or "view users" permission to delete users, etc. The REST and GraphQL API exploits do not require any permissions, however neither are enabled by default. In order to be exploited, they would need to be explicitly enabled with no authentication configured, and the specific resources enabled too. Sites that enable the REST or GraphQL API without authentication should treat patching as critical priority. This has been fixed in 5.73.20 and 6.13.0.
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-23 13:56 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-470 - Use of Externally-Controlled Input to Select Classes or Code ('Unsafe Reflection')
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
statamic cms Affected: < 5.73.20
Affected: >= 6.0.0-alpha.1, < 6.13.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Refactor your code to avoid using reflection.

Mitigation
Architecture and Design

Do not use user-controlled inputs to select and load classes or code.

Mitigation
Implementation

Apply strict input validation by using allowlists or indirect selection to ensure that the user is only selecting allowable classes or code.

CAPEC-138: Reflection Injection

An adversary supplies a value to the target application which is then used by reflection methods to identify a class, method, or field. For example, in the Java programming language the reflection libraries permit an application to inspect, load, and invoke classes and their components by name. If an adversary can control the input into these methods including the name of the class/method/field or the parameters passed to methods, they can cause the targeted application to invoke incorrect methods, read random fields, or even to load and utilize malicious classes that the adversary created. This can lead to the application revealing sensitive information, returning incorrect results, or even having the adversary take control of the targeted application.