CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2312 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-48HJ-Q7M7-JR56
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:26 – Updated: 2022-10-01 00:00Open redirect vulnerability in CyberMail Ver.6.x and Ver.7.x allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary sites and conduct phishing attacks via a specially crafted URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-5541"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2020-08-25T03:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in CyberMail Ver.6.x and Ver.7.x allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary sites and conduct phishing attacks via a specially crafted URL.",
"id": "GHSA-48hj-q7m7-jr56",
"modified": "2022-10-01T00:00:25Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:26:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-5541"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/tonykuo76/ffdaa7bfabf2205dc5bac010eee38509"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN46258789"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sup.cybersolutions.co.jp/otrs/customer.pl?Action=CustomerFAQZoom;ItemID=985"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.chtsecurity.com/news/cf5742f8-a676-43c2-a8b9-bff17f452823"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-48M7-R7VC-4M4F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-20 21:31 – Updated: 2026-05-21 21:30ArcGIS Server contains an input validation weakness in the login redirection workflow. An Authenticated attacker could exploit this issue by sending a specially crafted request, Successful exploitation may result in the application redirecting the browser to an unintended, untrusted site, resulting in a limited confidentiality impact under specific user interaction conditions. The vulnerability affects only the client side navigation logic during authentication and remains confined to the same security boundary. No server side compromise or cross component impact is possible. This issue affects ArcGIS Server 11.5.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2813"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-20T20:16:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "ArcGIS Server contains an input validation weakness in the login redirection workflow. An Authenticated attacker could exploit this issue by sending a specially crafted request, Successful exploitation may result in the application redirecting the browser to an unintended, untrusted site, resulting in a limited confidentiality impact under specific user interaction conditions.\nThe vulnerability affects only the client side navigation logic during authentication and remains confined to the same security boundary. No server side compromise or cross component impact is possible.\u00a0\u00a0This issue affects ArcGIS Server 11.5.",
"id": "GHSA-48m7-r7vc-4m4f",
"modified": "2026-05-21T21:30:31Z",
"published": "2026-05-20T21:31:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2813"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/trust-arcgis/administration/april2026_security_bulletin"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-48P4-8XCF-VXJ5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-06-18 17:50 – Updated: 2025-12-22 18:43urllib3 supports being used in a Pyodide runtime utilizing the JavaScript Fetch API or falling back on XMLHttpRequest. This means you can use Python libraries to make HTTP requests from your browser or Node.js. Additionally, urllib3 provides a mechanism to control redirects.
However, the retries and redirect parameters are ignored with Pyodide; the runtime itself determines redirect behavior.
Affected usages
Any code which relies on urllib3 to control the number of redirects for an HTTP request in a Pyodide runtime.
Impact
Redirects are often used to exploit SSRF vulnerabilities. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects may remain vulnerable if a Pyodide runtime redirect mechanism is unsuitable.
Remediation
If you use urllib3 in Node.js, upgrade to a patched version of urllib3.
Unfortunately, browsers provide no suitable way which urllib3 can use: XMLHttpRequest provides no control over redirects, the Fetch API returns opaqueredirect responses lacking data when redirects are controlled manually. Expect default browser behavior for redirects.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "urllib3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.5.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-50182"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-06-18T17:50:11Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-06-19T02:15:17Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "urllib3 [supports](https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/2.4.0/reference/contrib/emscripten.html) being used in a Pyodide runtime utilizing the [JavaScript Fetch API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API) or falling back on [XMLHttpRequest](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest). This means you can use Python libraries to make HTTP requests from your browser or Node.js. Additionally, urllib3 provides [a mechanism](https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/2.4.0/user-guide.html#retrying-requests) to control redirects.\n\nHowever, the `retries` and `redirect` parameters are ignored with Pyodide; the runtime itself determines redirect behavior.\n\n\n## Affected usages\n\nAny code which relies on urllib3 to control the number of redirects for an HTTP request in a Pyodide runtime.\n\n\n## Impact\n\nRedirects are often used to exploit SSRF vulnerabilities. An application attempting to mitigate SSRF or open redirect vulnerabilities by disabling redirects may remain vulnerable if a Pyodide runtime redirect mechanism is unsuitable.\n\n\n## Remediation\n\nIf you use urllib3 in Node.js, upgrade to a patched version of urllib3.\n\nUnfortunately, browsers provide no suitable way which urllib3 can use: `XMLHttpRequest` provides no control over redirects, the Fetch API returns `opaqueredirect` responses lacking data when redirects are controlled manually. Expect default browser behavior for redirects.",
"id": "GHSA-48p4-8xcf-vxj5",
"modified": "2025-12-22T18:43:35Z",
"published": "2025-06-18T17:50:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/security/advisories/GHSA-48p4-8xcf-vxj5"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-50182"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/commit/7eb4a2aafe49a279c29b6d1f0ed0f42e9736194f"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/releases/tag/2.5.0"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "urllib3 does not control redirects in browsers and Node.js"
}
GHSA-48W7-JGWG-C3P5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:55 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:50The nd-donations plugin before 1.4 for WordPress has a nopriv_ AJAX action that allows modification of the siteurl setting.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-15772"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-29T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The nd-donations plugin before 1.4 for WordPress has a nopriv_ AJAX action that allows modification of the siteurl setting.",
"id": "GHSA-48w7-jgwg-c3p5",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:50:47Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:55:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15772"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://threatpost.com/wordpress-plugins-exploited-in-ongoing-attack-researchers-warn/147671"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/nd-donations/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpvulndb.com/vulnerabilities/9493"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4925-MGWR-WQV7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-22 18:31 – Updated: 2024-01-22 18:31A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in CodeAstro Internet Banking System 1.0. This affects an unknown part of the file pages_client_signup.php. The manipulation of the argument Client Full Name with the input leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-251697 was assigned to this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-0781"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-22T16:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in CodeAstro Internet Banking System 1.0. This affects an unknown part of the file pages_client_signup.php. The manipulation of the argument Client Full Name with the input \u003cmeta http-equiv=\"refresh\" content=\"0; url=https://vuldb.com\" /\u003e leads to open redirect. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-251697 was assigned to this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-4925-mgwr-wqv7",
"modified": "2024-01-22T18:31:16Z",
"published": "2024-01-22T18:31:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-0781"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1f61RXqelSDY0T92aLjmb8BhgAHt_eeUS"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.251697"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.251697"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-496C-4MQP-RF5M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-06 09:30 – Updated: 2023-12-11 18:30Unauthorized access vulnerability in the launcher module. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may affect service confidentiality.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-49240"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-863"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-06T09:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Unauthorized access vulnerability in the launcher module. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability may affect service confidentiality.",
"id": "GHSA-496c-4mqp-rf5m",
"modified": "2023-12-11T18:30:31Z",
"published": "2023-12-06T09:30:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-49240"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://consumer.huawei.com/en/support/bulletin/2023/12"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://device.harmonyos.com/en/docs/security/update/security-bulletins-202312-0000001758430245"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-497X-RRR9-68JP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-15 21:30 – Updated: 2026-04-16 21:42The CVE-2021-36156 fix validates the namespace parameter for path traversal sequences after a single URL decode, by double encoding, an attacker can read files at the Ruler API endpoint /loki/api/v1/rules/{namespace}
Thanks to Prasanth Sundararajan for reporting this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/grafana/loki/v3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.6.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-21726"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-22",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-16T21:42:00Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-15T20:16:34Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The CVE-2021-36156 fix validates the namespace parameter for path traversal sequences after a single URL decode, by double encoding, an attacker can read files at the Ruler API endpoint /loki/api/v1/rules/{namespace}\n\nThanks to Prasanth Sundararajan for reporting this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-497x-rrr9-68jp",
"modified": "2026-04-16T21:42:00Z",
"published": "2026-04-15T21:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-21726"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/grafana/loki"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://grafana.com/security/security-advisories/cve-2026-21726"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Grafana Loki Path Traversal - CVE-2021-36156 Bypass"
}
GHSA-49H4-G8P5-JGQ6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2018-10-16 19:49 – Updated: 2021-09-01 14:10After logging into the portal, the logout jsp page redirects the browser back to the login page after. It is feasible for malicious users to redirect the browser to an unintended web page in Apache jUDDI 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.1.4, and 3.1.5 when utilizing the portlets based user interface also known as 'Pluto', 'jUDDI Portal', 'UDDI Portal' or 'uddi-console'. User session data, credentials, and auth tokens are cleared before the redirect.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.1.5"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.juddi:juddi-client"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.1.2"
},
{
"fixed": "3.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-5241"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-06-16T20:57:58Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "After logging into the portal, the logout jsp page redirects the browser back to the login page after. It is feasible for malicious users to redirect the browser to an unintended web page in Apache jUDDI 3.1.2, 3.1.3, 3.1.4, and 3.1.5 when utilizing the portlets based user interface also known as \u0027Pluto\u0027, \u0027jUDDI Portal\u0027, \u0027UDDI Portal\u0027 or \u0027uddi-console\u0027. User session data, credentials, and auth tokens are cleared before the redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-49h4-g8p5-jgq6",
"modified": "2021-09-01T14:10:51Z",
"published": "2018-10-16T19:49:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-5241"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-49h4-g8p5-jgq6"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://juddi.apache.org/security.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Moderate severity vulnerability that affects org.apache.juddi:juddi-client"
}
GHSA-4CF2-CXP3-RJR7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-11-05 18:32 – Updated: 2024-11-06 23:38An XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability in HAPI FHIR before v6.4.0 allows attackers to access sensitive information or execute arbitrary code via supplying a crafted request containing malicious XML entities.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.convertors"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.dstu2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.dstu2016may"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.dstu3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.r4"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.r4b"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.r5"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.utilities"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "ca.uhn.hapi.fhir:org.hl7.fhir.validation"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.4.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-51132"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-611"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-11-05T18:56:08Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-05T17:15:07Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability in HAPI FHIR before v6.4.0 allows attackers to access sensitive information or execute arbitrary code via supplying a crafted request containing malicious XML entities.",
"id": "GHSA-4cf2-cxp3-rjr7",
"modified": "2024-11-06T23:38:37Z",
"published": "2024-11-05T18:32:11Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-51132"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/hapifhir/org.hl7.fhir.core/commit/7ede053a5fca50cc2802884c661a241d51703a67"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/JAckLosingHeart/CVE-2024-51132-POC"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/hapifhir/org.hl7.fhir.core"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "HAPI FHIR XML External Entity (XXE) vulnerability"
}
GHSA-4CQW-2V9H-HFQW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-19 21:30 – Updated: 2025-08-20 18:30Focus for iOS would not respect a Content-Disposition header of type Attachment and would incorrectly display the content inline, potentially allowing for XSS attacks This vulnerability affects Focus for iOS < 142.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-55032"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-19T21:15:28Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Focus for iOS would not respect a Content-Disposition header of type Attachment and would incorrectly display the content inline, potentially allowing for XSS attacks This vulnerability affects Focus for iOS \u003c 142.",
"id": "GHSA-4cqw-2v9h-hfqw",
"modified": "2025-08-20T18:30:20Z",
"published": "2025-08-19T21:30:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-55032"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1976296"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2025-69"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.