CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-CCGV-VJ62-XF9H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-23 06:30 – Updated: 2025-02-13 19:12Applications that use UriComponentsBuilder to parse an externally provided URL (e.g. through a query parameter) AND perform validation checks on the host of the parsed URL may be vulnerable to a open redirect attack or to a SSRF attack if the URL is used after passing validation checks.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework:spring-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.1.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework:spring-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.17"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework:spring-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.3.32"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework:spring-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "5.2.25.RELEASE"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-22243"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-23T18:03:48Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-23T05:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Applications that use UriComponentsBuilder\u00a0to parse an externally provided URL (e.g. through a query parameter) AND\u00a0perform validation checks on the host of the parsed URL may be vulnerable to a open redirect attack or to a SSRF attack if the URL is used after passing validation checks.",
"id": "GHSA-ccgv-vj62-xf9h",
"modified": "2025-02-13T19:12:19Z",
"published": "2024-02-23T06:30:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22243"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/blob/main/spring-web/src/main/java/org/springframework/web/util/UriComponentsBuilder.java"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20240524-0001"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://spring.io/security/cve-2024-22243"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2024/Sep/24"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Spring Web vulnerable to Open Redirect or Server Side Request Forgery"
}
GHSA-CCMP-622J-3XF7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 01:27 – Updated: 2022-05-14 01:27Before WordPress 4.9.5, the URL validator assumed URLs with the hostname localhost were on the same host as the WordPress server.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-10101"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-16T09:58:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Before WordPress 4.9.5, the URL validator assumed URLs with the hostname localhost were on the same host as the WordPress server.",
"id": "GHSA-ccmp-622j-3xf7",
"modified": "2022-05-14T01:27:59Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T01:27:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-10101"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WordPress/WordPress/commit/804363859602d4050d9a38a21f5a65d9aec18216"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://codex.wordpress.org/Version_4.9.5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://core.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/42894"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/news/2018/04/wordpress-4-9-5-security-and-maintenance-release"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpvulndb.com/vulnerabilities/9053"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4193"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/104350"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1040836"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CCP4-42W5-9Q8G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:41 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:41An open redirect vulnerability exists in the return_page redirection functionality of phpGACL 3.3.7, OpenEMR 5.0.2 and OpenEMR development version 6.0.0 (commit babec93f600ff1394f91ccd512bcad85832eb6ce). A specially crafted HTTP request can redirect users to an arbitrary URL. An attacker can provide a crafted URL to trigger this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-13565"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-10T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability exists in the return_page redirection functionality of phpGACL 3.3.7, OpenEMR 5.0.2 and OpenEMR development version 6.0.0 (commit babec93f600ff1394f91ccd512bcad85832eb6ce). A specially crafted HTTP request can redirect users to an arbitrary URL. An attacker can provide a crafted URL to trigger this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-ccp4-42w5-9q8g",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:41:40Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:41:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-13565"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://talosintelligence.com/vulnerability_reports/TALOS-2020-1178"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CF45-HXWJ-4CFJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-04 06:09 – Updated: 2026-04-07 14:19Summary
An open redirect vulnerability exists in the login redirection logic. The isLoginRedirectAllowed function fails to correctly identify certain malformed URLs as external, allowing attackers to bypass redirect allow-list validation and redirect users to arbitrary external domains upon successful authentication.
Details
A parser differential exists between the server-side URL validation logic and how modern browsers interpret URL path segments containing backslashes. Specifically, certain URL patterns are incorrectly classified as safe relative paths by the server, but are normalized by browsers into external domain references.
This is particularly impactful in SSO authentication flows (e.g., OAuth2 providers), where an attacker can craft a login URL that redirects the victim to an attacker-controlled site immediately after successful authentication, without any visible indication during the login process.
Impact
- Phishing: Users may be silently redirected to attacker-controlled sites impersonating legitimate services after authenticating.
- Credential/token theft: The redirect can be chained to capture OAuth tokens or authorization codes.
- Trust erosion: Users lose confidence in the application after being redirected to unexpected domains post-login.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "directus"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "11.16.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-35410"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-184",
"CWE-20",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-04T06:09:55Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-06T22:16:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nAn open redirect vulnerability exists in the login redirection logic. The `isLoginRedirectAllowed` function fails to correctly identify certain malformed URLs as external, allowing attackers to bypass redirect allow-list validation and redirect users to arbitrary external domains upon successful authentication.\n\n### Details\n\nA parser differential exists between the server-side URL validation logic and how modern browsers interpret URL path segments containing backslashes. Specifically, certain URL patterns are incorrectly classified as safe relative paths by the server, but are normalized by browsers into external domain references.\n\nThis is particularly impactful in SSO authentication flows (e.g., OAuth2 providers), where an attacker can craft a login URL that redirects the victim to an attacker-controlled site immediately after successful authentication, without any visible indication during the login process.\n\n### Impact\n\n- **Phishing:** Users may be silently redirected to attacker-controlled sites impersonating legitimate services after authenticating.\n- **Credential/token theft:** The redirect can be chained to capture OAuth tokens or authorization codes.\n- **Trust erosion:** Users lose confidence in the application after being redirected to unexpected domains post-login.",
"id": "GHSA-cf45-hxwj-4cfj",
"modified": "2026-04-07T14:19:59Z",
"published": "2026-04-04T06:09:55Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/directus/directus/security/advisories/GHSA-cf45-hxwj-4cfj"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-35410"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/directus/directus"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Directus: Open Redirect via Parser Bypass in OAuth2/SAML Authentication Flow"
}
GHSA-CF57-C578-7JVV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-30 17:08 – Updated: 2025-11-15 03:11Summary
When using subrequest authentication, Anubis did not perform validation of the redirect URL and redirects user to any URL scheme. While most modern browsers do not allow a redirect to javascript: URLs, it could still trigger dangerous behavior in some cases.
GET https://example.com/.within.website/?redir=javascript:alert() responds with Location: javascript:alert().
Impact
Anybody with a subrequest authentication seems affected. Using javascript: URLs will probably be blocked by most modern browsers, but using custom protocols for third-party applications might still trigger dangerous operations.
Note
This was originally reported by @mbiesiad against Weblate.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.23.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-64716"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601",
"CWE-79"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-30T17:08:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-13T03:16:29Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nWhen using subrequest authentication, Anubis did not perform validation of the redirect URL and redirects user to any URL scheme. While most modern browsers do not allow a redirect to `javascript:` URLs, it could still trigger dangerous behavior in some cases.\n\n`GET https://example.com/.within.website/?redir=javascript:alert()` responds with `Location: javascript:alert()`.\n\n### Impact\n\nAnybody with a subrequest authentication seems affected. Using `javascript:` URLs will probably be blocked by most modern browsers, but using custom protocols for third-party applications might still trigger dangerous operations.\n\n### Note\n\nThis was originally reported by @mbiesiad against Weblate.",
"id": "GHSA-cf57-c578-7jvv",
"modified": "2025-11-15T03:11:17Z",
"published": "2025-10-30T17:08:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/security/advisories/GHSA-cf57-c578-7jvv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-64716"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/commit/7ed1753fcced351c81961bf520a7bfb2caac6e88"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pkg.go.dev/vuln/GO-2025-4086"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:H/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Anubis vulnerable to possible XSS via redir parameter when using subrequest auth mode"
}
GHSA-CF67-JVFV-7WXP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-04 00:30 – Updated: 2025-10-22 03:30Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Application Server Single Sign-On component in Oracle Fusion Middleware 10.1.4.3.0 allows remote attackers to affect integrity via unknown vectors related to Redirects, a different vulnerability than CVE-2012-3175.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2012-0518"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2012-10-16T23:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Unspecified vulnerability in the Oracle Application Server Single Sign-On component in Oracle Fusion Middleware 10.1.4.3.0 allows remote attackers to affect integrity via unknown vectors related to Redirects, a different vulnerability than CVE-2012-3175.",
"id": "GHSA-cf67-jvfv-7wxp",
"modified": "2025-10-22T03:30:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-04T00:30:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2012-0518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2012-0518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.mandriva.com/security/advisories?name=MDVSA-2013:150"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/topics/security/cpuoct2012-1515893.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CF6C-HR52-MGXG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:23 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:23Mediawiki before 1.28.1 / 1.27.2 / 1.23.16 has a flaw where Special:UserLogin?returnto=interwiki:foo will redirect to external sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-0363"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-13T16:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Mediawiki before 1.28.1 / 1.27.2 / 1.23.16 has a flaw where Special:UserLogin?returnto=interwiki:foo will redirect to external sites.",
"id": "GHSA-cf6c-hr52-mgxg",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:23:51Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:23:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-0363"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/mediawiki-announce/2017-April/000207.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T109140"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security-tracker.debian.org/tracker/CVE-2017-0363"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CF6V-9J57-V6R6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-05 15:30 – Updated: 2023-07-06 20:43Open Redirect in GitHub repository go-gitea/gitea prior to 1.19.4. This is most likely a post-auth redirect plus it is a POST based request scenario, so less likely that can be exploited or chained with other bugs that can cause phishing or credential theft.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "code.gitea.io/gitea"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.19.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-3515"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-07-06T20:43:52Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-07-05T15:15:09Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Open Redirect in GitHub repository go-gitea/gitea prior to 1.19.4. This is most likely a post-auth redirect plus it is a POST based request scenario, so less likely that can be exploited or chained with other bugs that can cause phishing or credential theft.",
"id": "GHSA-cf6v-9j57-v6r6",
"modified": "2023-07-06T20:43:52Z",
"published": "2023-07-05T15:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-3515"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/commit/9aaaf980f0ba15611f30568bd67bce3ec12954e2"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/e335cd18-bc4d-4585-adb7-426c817ed053"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/202312-13"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "code.gitea.io/gitea Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-CFQP-975G-5QPW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-08 06:30 – Updated: 2023-12-12 18:31Franklin Fueling Systems System Sentinel AnyWare (SSA) version 1.6.24.492 is vulnerable to Open Redirect. The 'path' parameter of the prefs.asp resource allows an attacker to redirect a victim user to an arbitrary web site using a crafted URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-48928"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-08T05:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Franklin Fueling Systems System Sentinel AnyWare (SSA) version 1.6.24.492 is vulnerable to Open Redirect. The \u0027path\u0027 parameter of the prefs.asp resource allows an attacker to redirect a victim user to an arbitrary web site using a crafted URL.",
"id": "GHSA-cfqp-975g-5qpw",
"modified": "2023-12-12T18:31:34Z",
"published": "2023-12-08T06:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-48928"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/MatJosephs/CVEs/tree/main/CVE-2023-48928"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CG6G-9FCH-922G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-24 00:00Sysaid – sysaid Open Redirect - An Attacker can change the redirect link at the parameter "redirectURL" from"GET" request from the url location: /CommunitySSORedirect.jsp?redirectURL=https://google.com. Unvalidated redirects and forwards are possible when a web application accepts untrusted input that could cause the web application to redirect the request to a URL contained within untrusted input. By modifying untrusted URL input to a malicious site, an attacker may successfully launch a phishing scam and steal user credentials.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-22797"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-12T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Sysaid \u2013 sysaid Open Redirect - An Attacker can change the redirect link at the parameter \"redirectURL\" from\"GET\" request from the url location: /CommunitySSORedirect.jsp?redirectURL=https://google.com. Unvalidated redirects and forwards are possible when a web application accepts untrusted input that could cause the web application to redirect the request to a URL contained within untrusted input. By modifying untrusted URL input to a malicious site, an attacker may successfully launch a phishing scam and steal user credentials.",
"id": "GHSA-cg6g-9fch-922g",
"modified": "2022-05-24T00:00:21Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T00:00:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-22797"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.gov.il/en/departments/faq/cve_advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.