CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2307 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-H924-8G65-J9WG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-12-02 17:12 – Updated: 2025-11-27 08:05Impact
There is a vulnerability in Traefik that allows the client to provide the X-Forwarded-Prefix header from an untrusted source.
Patches
- https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v2.11.14
- https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v3.2.1
Workarounds
No workaround.
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please open an issue.
Original Description ### Summary The previously reported open redirect ([GHSA-6qq8-5wq3-86rp](https://github.com/traefik/traefik/security/advisories/GHSA-6qq8-5wq3-86rp)) is not fixed correctly. The safePrefix function can be tricked to return an absolute URL. ### Details The Traefik API [dashboard component](https://github.com/traefik/traefik/blob/master/pkg/api/dashboard/dashboard.go) tries to validate that the value of the header X-Forwarded-Prefix is a site relative path:http.Redirect(resp, req, safePrefix(req)+"/dashboard/", http.StatusFound)
func safePrefix(req *http.Request) string {
prefix := req.Header.Get("X-Forwarded-Prefix")
if prefix == "" {
return ""
}
parse, err := url.Parse(prefix)
if err != nil {
return ""
}
return parse.Path
}
curl -v 'http://traefik.localhost' -H 'X-Forwarded-Prefix: %0d//a.com'
[...]
> HTTP/1.1 302 Found
> Location: //a.com/dashboard/
curl -v 'http://traefik.localhost' -H 'X-Forwarded-Prefix: %2f%2fa.com'
[...]
> HTTP/1.1 302 Found
> Location: //a.com/dashboard/
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/traefik/traefik/v2"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.11.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/traefik/traefik/v3"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.2.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-52003"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-12-02T17:12:38Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-11-29T19:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nThere is a vulnerability in Traefik that allows the client to provide the `X-Forwarded-Prefix` header from an untrusted source.\n\n### Patches\n\n- https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v2.11.14\n- https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v3.2.1\n\n### Workarounds\n\nNo workaround.\n\n### For more information\n\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory, please [open an issue](https://github.com/traefik/traefik/issues).\n\n\u003cdetails\u003e\n\u003csummary\u003eOriginal Description\u003c/summary\u003e\n### Summary\nThe previously reported open redirect ([GHSA-6qq8-5wq3-86rp](https://github.com/traefik/traefik/security/advisories/GHSA-6qq8-5wq3-86rp)) is not fixed correctly. The safePrefix function can be tricked to return an absolute URL.\n\n\n\n### Details\nThe Traefik API [dashboard component](https://github.com/traefik/traefik/blob/master/pkg/api/dashboard/dashboard.go) tries to validate that the value of the header X-Forwarded-Prefix is a site relative path:\n```go\nhttp.Redirect(resp, req, safePrefix(req)+\"/dashboard/\", http.StatusFound)\n```\n\n```go\nfunc safePrefix(req *http.Request) string {\n\tprefix := req.Header.Get(\"X-Forwarded-Prefix\")\n\tif prefix == \"\" {\n\t\treturn \"\"\n\t}\n\n\tparse, err := url.Parse(prefix)\n\tif err != nil {\n\t\treturn \"\"\n\t}\n\n\treturn parse.Path\n}\n```\n\n### PoC\nAn attacker can bypass this by sending the following payload:\n\n```bash\ncurl -v \u0027http://traefik.localhost\u0027 -H \u0027X-Forwarded-Prefix: %0d//a.com\u0027\n[...]\n\u003e HTTP/1.1 302 Found\n\u003e Location: //a.com/dashboard/\n```\n\nor similar:\n\n```bash\ncurl -v \u0027http://traefik.localhost\u0027 -H \u0027X-Forwarded-Prefix: %2f%2fa.com\u0027\n[...]\n\u003e HTTP/1.1 302 Found\n\u003e Location: //a.com/dashboard/\n```\n\n### Impact\nSimilar to the previously reported bug. In cache poisoning scenarios this may be exploitable.\n\u003c/details\u003e",
"id": "GHSA-h924-8g65-j9wg",
"modified": "2025-11-27T08:05:26Z",
"published": "2024-12-02T17:12:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/traefik/traefik/security/advisories/GHSA-h924-8g65-j9wg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-52003"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/traefik/traefik/pull/11253"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/traefik/traefik"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v2.11.14"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/traefik/traefik/releases/tag/v3.2.1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Traefik\u0027s X-Forwarded-Prefix Header still allows for Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-H95G-226G-7WQ6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-17 00:00 – Updated: 2021-12-21 00:00An issue in /domain/service/.ewell-known/caldav of Zimbra Collaboration 8.8.12 allows attackers to redirect users to any arbitrary website of their choosing.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-18985"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-12-15T23:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue in /domain/service/.ewell-known/caldav of Zimbra Collaboration 8.8.12 allows attackers to redirect users to any arbitrary website of their choosing.",
"id": "GHSA-h95g-226g-7wq6",
"modified": "2021-12-21T00:00:55Z",
"published": "2021-12-17T00:00:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-18985"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/buxu/bug/issues/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-H97G-4MX7-5P2P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 17:11 – Updated: 2021-09-28 21:18Versions of apostrophe prior to 2.92.0 are vulnerable to Open Redirect. The package redirected requests to third-party websites if escaped URLs followed by a trailing / were appended at the end.
Recommendation
Update to version 2.92.0 or later.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "apostrophe"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.92.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:44:44Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Versions of `apostrophe` prior to 2.92.0 are vulnerable to Open Redirect. The package redirected requests to third-party websites if escaped URLs followed by a trailing `/` were appended at the end.\n\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpdate to version 2.92.0 or later.",
"id": "GHSA-h97g-4mx7-5p2p",
"modified": "2021-09-28T21:18:57Z",
"published": "2020-09-03T17:11:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apostrophecms/apostrophe/commit/1eba144bb82bd43dab72ce36cfbd593361b6d9b7"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apostrophecms/apostrophe"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-APOSTROPHE-451089"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1029"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Open Redirect in apostrophe"
}
GHSA-H9F9-5V63-95R8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-17 00:30 – Updated: 2024-04-17 00:30Vulnerability in the PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools product of Oracle PeopleSoft (component: Workflow). Supported versions that are affected are 8.59, 8.60 and 8.61. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools accessible data as well as unauthorized read access to a subset of PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-21065"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-16T22:15:24Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools product of Oracle PeopleSoft (component: Workflow). Supported versions that are affected are 8.59, 8.60 and 8.61. Easily exploitable vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools, attacks may significantly impact additional products (scope change). Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools accessible data as well as unauthorized read access to a subset of PeopleSoft Enterprise PeopleTools accessible data. CVSS 3.1 Base Score 6.1 (Confidentiality and Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N).",
"id": "GHSA-h9f9-5v63-95r8",
"modified": "2024-04-17T00:30:56Z",
"published": "2024-04-17T00:30:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-21065"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpuapr2024.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-H9GV-H378-6468
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-21 21:30 – Updated: 2024-10-22 21:30Public Knowledge Project pkp-lib 3.4.0-7 and earlier is vulnerable to Open redirect due to a lack of input sanitization in the logout function.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-46326"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-21T20:15:14Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Public Knowledge Project pkp-lib 3.4.0-7 and earlier is vulnerable to Open redirect due to a lack of input sanitization in the logout function.",
"id": "GHSA-h9gv-h378-6468",
"modified": "2024-10-22T21:30:37Z",
"published": "2024-10-21T21:30:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-46326"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pkp/pkp-lib/issues/10478"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AVVw1aibDPBHakU8eTpCA6hna5Ecg2UJ/view"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/beraoudabdelkhalek/research/blob/main/CVEs/CVE-2024-46326/README.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HC34-FF73-68V9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-15 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-22 00:00The Page Builder KingComposer WordPress plugin through 2.9.6 does not validate the id parameter before redirecting the user to it via the kc_get_thumbn AJAX action available to both unauthenticated and authenticated users
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0165"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-03-14T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The Page Builder KingComposer WordPress plugin through 2.9.6 does not validate the id parameter before redirecting the user to it via the kc_get_thumbn AJAX action available to both unauthenticated and authenticated users",
"id": "GHSA-hc34-ff73-68v9",
"modified": "2022-03-22T00:00:54Z",
"published": "2022-03-15T00:00:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0165"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpscan.com/vulnerability/906d0c31-370e-46b4-af1f-e52fbddd00cb"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HC74-9VJM-C9XV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-11-28 18:30 – Updated: 2023-12-05 21:56An authenticated attacker with update datasets permission could change a dataset link to an untrusted site by spoofing the HTTP Host header, users could be redirected to this site when clicking on that specific dataset. This issue affects Apache Superset versions before 3.0.0.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "apache-superset"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-42502"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-11-28T23:29:00Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-11-28T17:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An authenticated attacker with update datasets permission could change a dataset link to an untrusted site by spoofing the HTTP Host header, users could be redirected to this site when clicking on that specific dataset. This issue affects Apache Superset versions before 3.0.0.\n",
"id": "GHSA-hc74-9vjm-c9xv",
"modified": "2023-12-05T21:56:34Z",
"published": "2023-11-28T18:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-42502"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/superset"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/n8348f194d8o8mln3oxd0s8jdl5bxbmn"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2023/11/28/3"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Superset Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-HCW2-V6GC-XMM9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:45 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:36Vulnerability in the Oracle Applications Framework component of Oracle E-Business Suite (subcomponent: Popup windows (lists of values, datepicker, etc.)). Supported versions that are affected are 12.1.3, 12.2.3, 12.2.4, 12.2.5 and 12.2.6. Easily "exploitable" vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Applications Framework. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Oracle Applications Framework, attacks may significantly impact additional products. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Applications Framework accessible data. CVSS 3.0 Base Score 4.7 (Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-3528"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-04-24T19:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Vulnerability in the Oracle Applications Framework component of Oracle E-Business Suite (subcomponent: Popup windows (lists of values, datepicker, etc.)). Supported versions that are affected are 12.1.3, 12.2.3, 12.2.4, 12.2.5 and 12.2.6. Easily \"exploitable\" vulnerability allows unauthenticated attacker with network access via HTTP to compromise Oracle Applications Framework. Successful attacks require human interaction from a person other than the attacker and while the vulnerability is in Oracle Applications Framework, attacks may significantly impact additional products. Successful attacks of this vulnerability can result in unauthorized update, insert or delete access to some of Oracle Applications Framework accessible data. CVSS 3.0 Base Score 4.7 (Integrity impacts). CVSS Vector: (CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N).",
"id": "GHSA-hcw2-v6gc-xmm9",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:36:43Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:45:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-3528"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/43592"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuapr2017-3236618.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/97780"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1038299"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HCWX-PHQF-JFMW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:06 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:06A vulnerability in the system Service Menu component of Avaya Aura Experience Portal may allow URL Redirection to any untrusted site through a crafted attack. Affected versions include 7.0 through 7.2.3 (without hotfix) and 8.0.0 (without hotfix).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-25655"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-24T09:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the system Service Menu component of Avaya Aura Experience Portal may allow URL Redirection to any untrusted site through a crafted attack. Affected versions include 7.0 through 7.2.3 (without hotfix) and 8.0.0 (without hotfix).",
"id": "GHSA-hcwx-phqf-jfmw",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:06:03Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:06:03Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-25655"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://downloads.avaya.com/css/P8/documents/101076234"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HF26-M66J-9R32
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:06 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:06The component /php-fusion/infusions/shoutbox_panel/shoutbox_archive.php in PHP-Fusion 9.03.60 allows attackers to redirect victim users to malicious websites via a crafted payload entered into the Shoutbox message panel.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-23182"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-02T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The component /php-fusion/infusions/shoutbox_panel/shoutbox_archive.php in PHP-Fusion 9.03.60 allows attackers to redirect victim users to malicious websites via a crafted payload entered into the Shoutbox message panel.",
"id": "GHSA-hf26-m66j-9r32",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:06:52Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:06:52Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-23182"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/phpfusion/PHPFusion/issues/2329"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.