CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2310 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HH3G-R8WV-3JFV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:16 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:16A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Orbital could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect users to a malicious webpage. This vulnerability is due to improper validation of URL paths in the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted URL. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website. This vulnerability, known as an open redirect attack, is used in phishing attacks to persuade users to visit malicious sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-34772"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-06T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Orbital could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect users to a malicious webpage. This vulnerability is due to improper validation of URL paths in the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted URL. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website. This vulnerability, known as an open redirect attack, is used in phishing attacks to persuade users to visit malicious sites.",
"id": "GHSA-hh3g-r8wv-3jfv",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:16:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:16:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-34772"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-amp-redirect-rQ2Bu7dU"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HHJ5-6FH2-3FP5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-18 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-19 15:30The SolarWinds Platform was susceptible to a Arbitrary Open Redirection Vulnerability. A potential attacker can redirect to different domain when using URL parameter with relative entry in the correct format
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-28076"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-18T09:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The SolarWinds Platform was susceptible to a Arbitrary Open Redirection Vulnerability. A potential attacker can redirect to different domain when using URL parameter with relative entry in the correct format",
"id": "GHSA-hhj5-6fh2-3fp5",
"modified": "2024-04-19T15:30:46Z",
"published": "2024-04-18T09:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-28076"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://documentation.solarwinds.com/en/success_center/orionplatform/content/release_notes/solarwinds_platform_2024-1-1_release_notes.htm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.solarwinds.com/trust-center/security-advisories/CVE-2024-28073"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.solarwinds.com/trust-center/security-advisories/cve-2024-28076"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HHPQ-7WG4-36JM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-17 18:52 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:52Impact
The getLoginRedirect() method contains a weakness to backslash bypasses allowing redirect targets with attacker controlled hostnames.
Patches
3.3.6 and 4.1.1 contain a fix for this issue.
Workarounds
If you are unable to upgrade, you should consider adding application validation to the redirect query string parameter to mitigate this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "cakephp/authentication"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.3.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "cakephp/authentication"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-55590"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-17T18:52:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe `getLoginRedirect()` method contains a weakness to backslash bypasses allowing redirect targets with attacker controlled hostnames.\n\n### Patches\n3.3.6 and 4.1.1 contain a fix for this issue.\n\n### Workarounds\nIf you are unable to upgrade, you should consider adding application validation to the redirect query string parameter to mitigate this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-hhpq-7wg4-36jm",
"modified": "2026-06-17T18:52:09Z",
"published": "2026-06-17T18:52:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cakephp/authentication/security/advisories/GHSA-hhpq-7wg4-36jm"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/cakephp/authentication"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "CakePHP Authentication: Open redirect weakness via backslash bypass"
}
GHSA-HHW5-C326-822H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-12-14 09:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 16:47URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability when "form" authentication is used in Apache Shiro. Mitigation: Update to Apache Shiro 1.13.0+ or 2.0.0-alpha-4+.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.shiro:shiro-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.13.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.shiro:shiro-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0-alpha-1"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.0-alpha-4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-46750"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-12-15T03:11:05Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-12-14T09:15:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability when \"form\" authentication is used in Apache Shiro.\nMitigation: Update to Apache Shiro 1.13.0+ or 2.0.0-alpha-4+.",
"id": "GHSA-hhw5-c326-822h",
"modified": "2025-11-04T16:47:46Z",
"published": "2023-12-14T09:30:19Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-46750"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/shiro/commit/3b80f5c8e5a95ba31e92e4825ecc0ba3148b555a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/shiro/commit/8400d08d5eac0bc4fae99d28c5adc82dd8a86eda"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/shiro"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/hoc9zdyzmmrfj1zhctsvvtx844tcq6w9"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20240808-0002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20241108-0002"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in Apache Shiro"
}
GHSA-HHX6-GMW8-X326
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:19 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:19A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Webex Video Mesh could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website. Attackers may use this type of vulnerability, known as an open redirect attack, as part of a phishing attack to persuade users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1500"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-11-04T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Webex Video Mesh could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website. Attackers may use this type of vulnerability, known as an open redirect attack, as part of a phishing attack to persuade users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.",
"id": "GHSA-hhx6-gmw8-x326",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:19:46Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:19:46Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1500"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-vmesh-openred-AGNRmf5"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HJ32-H42W-92QH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-01-27 15:30 – Updated: 2023-02-07 21:30An issue was discovered in NetScout nGeniusONE 6.3.2 build 904. Open Redirection can occur (issue 1 of 2). After successful login, an attacker must visit the vulnerable parameter and inject a crafted payload to successfully redirect to an unknown host. The attack vector is Network, and the Attack Complexity required is High. Privileges required are administrator, User Interaction is required, and Scope is unchanged. The user must visit the vulnerable parameter and inject a crafted payload to successfully redirect to an unknown host.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-44717"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-01-27T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in NetScout nGeniusONE 6.3.2 build 904. Open Redirection can occur (issue 1 of 2). After successful login, an attacker must visit the vulnerable parameter and inject a crafted payload to successfully redirect to an unknown host. The attack vector is Network, and the Attack Complexity required is High. Privileges required are administrator, User Interaction is required, and Scope is unchanged. The user must visit the vulnerable parameter and inject a crafted payload to successfully redirect to an unknown host.",
"id": "GHSA-hj32-h42w-92qh",
"modified": "2023-02-07T21:30:24Z",
"published": "2023-01-27T15:30:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-44717"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.netscout.com/securityadvisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:H/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HJ3F-6GCP-JG8J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-05-25 12:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 16:44Open redirect vulnerability in Tornado versions 6.3.1 and earlier allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect a user to an arbitrary web site and conduct a phishing attack by having user access a specially crafted URL.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "PyPI",
"name": "tornado"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.3.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-28370"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-05-25T17:00:25Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-25T10:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Tornado versions 6.3.1 and earlier allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to redirect a user to an arbitrary web site and conduct a phishing attack by having user access a specially crafted URL.",
"id": "GHSA-hj3f-6gcp-jg8j",
"modified": "2025-11-04T16:44:12Z",
"published": "2023-05-25T12:30:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-28370"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/commit/32ad07c54e607839273b4e1819c347f5c8976b2f"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/pypa/advisory-database/tree/main/vulns/tornado/PYSEC-2023-75.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/releases/tag/v6.3.2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN45127776"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/01/msg00000.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in Tornado"
}
GHSA-HJ5H-5623-GWHW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-19 17:25 – Updated: 2026-03-25 18:34Summary
WWBN/AVideo contains an open redirect vulnerability in the login flow where a user-supplied redirectUri parameter is reflected directly into a JavaScript document.location assignment without JavaScript-safe encoding. After a user completes the login popup flow, a timer callback executes the redirect using the unvalidated value, sending the victim to an attacker-controlled site.
Details
In view/userLogin.php, the application accepts a redirectUri GET parameter, passes it through a function called isSafeRedirectURL(), and stores the result in $safeRedirectUri. This value is then embedded into an inline JavaScript block:
var logintimer = setInterval(function() {
if (win.closed) {
clearInterval(logintimer);
document.location = "<?php print $safeRedirectUri; ?>";
}
}, 1000);
The value is printed directly into a JavaScript string literal with no call to json_encode(), htmlspecialchars(), or any JavaScript-context escaping. Even if isSafeRedirectURL() is intended to filter dangerous values, protocol-relative URLs such as //evil.com satisfy many naive URL validation checks because they carry no explicit scheme, yet browsers will resolve them as https://evil.com when embedded in a navigation target. Additional bypass vectors include subdomain confusion of the form https://trusted.com.evil.com and path-prefix matching weaknesses. Because the reflected value lands inside a JavaScript string rather than an HTML attribute, HTML-level encoding would not prevent exploitation either. Once the popup window is closed, the setInterval callback fires every second, and the first time win.closed is truthy the victim's main page is redirected to the attacker's URL.
PoC
https://victim.com/view/userLogin.php?redirectUri=//evil.com
import requests
base = "https://victim.com/view/userLogin.php"
payload = "//evil.com"
r = requests.get(base, params={"redirectUri": payload})
assert payload in r.text, "Payload not reflected"
print("Reflected payload found in response")
Impact
An unauthenticated attacker can craft a login URL and distribute it to victims. After the victim interacts with the login popup and closes it, the main page is silently navigated to an attacker-controlled domain. This enables phishing attacks where the victim is presented with a credential-harvesting page that visually mimics the original site. All users of any AVideo installation are potentially affected because no authentication is required to trigger the redirect. The attack requires only that the victim follow the crafted link and complete or dismiss the popup, making it practical in targeted phishing campaigns.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "wwbn/avideo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "25.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-33296"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-19T17:25:28Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-22T17:17:09Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nWWBN/AVideo contains an open redirect vulnerability in the login flow where a user-supplied redirectUri parameter is reflected directly into a JavaScript `document.location` assignment without JavaScript-safe encoding. After a user completes the login popup flow, a timer callback executes the redirect using the unvalidated value, sending the victim to an attacker-controlled site.\n\n### Details\n\nIn `view/userLogin.php`, the application accepts a redirectUri GET parameter, passes it through a function called `isSafeRedirectURL()`, and stores the result in $safeRedirectUri. This value is then embedded into an inline JavaScript block:\n\n```php\nvar logintimer = setInterval(function() {\n if (win.closed) {\n clearInterval(logintimer);\n document.location = \"\u003c?php print $safeRedirectUri; ?\u003e\";\n }\n}, 1000);\n```\n\nThe value is printed directly into a JavaScript string literal with no call to `json_encode()`, `htmlspecialchars()`, or any JavaScript-context escaping. Even if `isSafeRedirectURL()` is intended to filter dangerous values, protocol-relative URLs such as `//evil.com` satisfy many naive URL validation checks because they carry no explicit scheme, yet browsers will resolve them as `https://evil.com` when embedded in a navigation target. Additional bypass vectors include subdomain confusion of the form `https://trusted.com.evil.com` and path-prefix matching weaknesses. Because the reflected value lands inside a JavaScript string rather than an HTML attribute, HTML-level encoding would not prevent exploitation either. Once the popup window is closed, the setInterval callback fires every second, and the first time `win.closed` is truthy the victim\u0027s main page is redirected to the attacker\u0027s URL.\n\n### PoC\n\n```\nhttps://victim.com/view/userLogin.php?redirectUri=//evil.com\n```\n\n```python\nimport requests\n\nbase = \"https://victim.com/view/userLogin.php\"\npayload = \"//evil.com\"\nr = requests.get(base, params={\"redirectUri\": payload})\nassert payload in r.text, \"Payload not reflected\"\nprint(\"Reflected payload found in response\")\n```\n\n### Impact\n\nAn unauthenticated attacker can craft a login URL and distribute it to victims. After the victim interacts with the login popup and closes it, the main page is silently navigated to an attacker-controlled domain. This enables phishing attacks where the victim is presented with a credential-harvesting page that visually mimics the original site. All users of any AVideo installation are potentially affected because no authentication is required to trigger the redirect. The attack requires only that the victim follow the crafted link and complete or dismiss the popup, making it practical in targeted phishing campaigns.",
"id": "GHSA-hj5h-5623-gwhw",
"modified": "2026-03-25T18:34:36Z",
"published": "2026-03-19T17:25:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/security/advisories/GHSA-hj5h-5623-gwhw"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-33296"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo/commit/68d0fbb19e382fe62e6cc7bd48b51ffa1d9e310e"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/WWBN/AVideo"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "AVideo has an Open Redirect via Unvalidated redirectUri in userLogin.php"
}
GHSA-HJ65-9WFC-JMF4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-17 15:31 – Updated: 2024-09-25 21:30Under certain conditions, an attacker with the ability to redirect users to a malicious site via an open redirect on a trusted site, may be able to spoof the address bar contents. This can lead to a malicious site to appear to have the same URL as the trusted site. This bug only affects Firefox for Android. Other versions of Firefox are unaffected. This vulnerability affects Firefox for Android < 130.0.1.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-8897"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-17T13:15:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Under certain conditions, an attacker with the ability to redirect users to a malicious site via an open redirect on a trusted site, may be able to spoof the address bar contents. This can lead to a malicious site to appear to have the same URL as the trusted site.\n*This bug only affects Firefox for Android. Other versions of Firefox are unaffected.* This vulnerability affects Firefox for Android \u003c 130.0.1.",
"id": "GHSA-hj65-9wfc-jmf4",
"modified": "2024-09-25T21:30:34Z",
"published": "2024-09-17T15:31:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-8897"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1862537"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2024-45"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HJ6M-J4XW-C8M8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-22 21:30 – Updated: 2025-04-15 18:31When using the Performance API, an attacker was able to notice subtle differences between PerformanceEntries and thus learn whether the target URL had been subject to a redirect. This vulnerability affects Firefox < 103.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-36316"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-22T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "When using the Performance API, an attacker was able to notice subtle differences between PerformanceEntries and thus learn whether the target URL had been subject to a redirect. This vulnerability affects Firefox \u003c 103.",
"id": "GHSA-hj6m-j4xw-c8m8",
"modified": "2025-04-15T18:31:32Z",
"published": "2022-12-22T21:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-36316"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1768583"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.mozilla.org/security/advisories/mfsa2022-28"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.