CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2307 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-HF55-G8PM-MM27
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-16 12:30 – Updated: 2025-10-09 21:31Open redirection vulnerability in IceWarp Mail Server affecting version 11.4.0. This vulnerability allows an attacker to redirect a user to any domain by sending a malicious URL to the victim, for example “ https://icewarp.domain.com///%2e%2e” https://icewarp.domain.com///%2e%2e” . This vulnerability has been tested in Firefox.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-40630"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-16T11:15:44Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirection vulnerability in IceWarp Mail Server affecting version 11.4.0. This vulnerability allows an attacker to redirect a user to any domain by sending a malicious URL to the victim, for example \u201c https://icewarp.domain.com//\u003cMALICIOUS_DOMAIN\u003e/%2e%2e\u201d https://icewarp.domain.com///%2e%2e\u201d . This vulnerability has been tested in Firefox.",
"id": "GHSA-hf55-g8pm-mm27",
"modified": "2025-10-09T21:31:08Z",
"published": "2025-05-16T12:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-40630"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/multiple-vulnerabilities-icewarp-mail-server"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-HF6Q-RX44-FH6J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-07 03:30 – Updated: 2025-04-23 18:30{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-45917"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-07T01:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "ILIAS before 7.16 has an Open Redirect.",
"id": "GHSA-hf6q-rx44-fh6j",
"modified": "2025-04-23T18:30:37Z",
"published": "2022-12-07T03:30:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-45917"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec-consult.com/vulnerability-lab/advisory/multiple-critical-vulnerabilities-in-ilias-elearning-platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/170181/ILIAS-eLearning-7.15-Command-Injection-XSS-LFI-Open-Redirect.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2022/Dec/7"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HFF5-RPFP-7HC7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-25 03:31 – Updated: 2026-03-25 03:31Open Redirect vulnerability in Hitachi Ops Center Administrator.This issue affects Hitachi Ops Center Administrator: from 10.2.0 before 11.0.8.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-1166"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-03-25T03:16:05Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open Redirect vulnerability in Hitachi Ops Center Administrator.This issue affects Hitachi Ops Center Administrator: from 10.2.0 before 11.0.8.",
"id": "GHSA-hff5-rpfp-7hc7",
"modified": "2026-03-25T03:31:33Z",
"published": "2026-03-25T03:31:33Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1166"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.hitachi.com/products/it/software/security/info/vuls/hitachi-sec-2026-113/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HFJ7-542Q-8FVV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-17 19:40 – Updated: 2025-07-17 19:40Summary
An attacker can forge a request to redirect an authenticated user to any arbitrary website.
Details
On the login page, we have a redirect field which is the location where the server will redirect the user. This URI is not verified, and can be an arbitrary URI.
Paired with a parameter pollution, we can hide our malicious URI (ex: https://dns.com/?param1=im_hidden_if_theres_lot_of_args?param1=bbb).
PoC
https://diracx-cert.app.cern.ch/auth?redirect=https://ipcim.com/en/where/?dsdsd=qsqsfsjfnsfniizaeiaapzqlalkqkaizqqijsjaopmqmxna?redirect=https://diracx-cert-app.cern.ch/auth
This POC can leak user's position.
Impact
This could be used for phishing and extracting new data (such as redirecting to a new "log in" page, and asking users to reenter credentials).
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@dirac-grid/diracx-web-components"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.1.0-a8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-54066"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-17T19:40:59Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-17T15:15:27Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nAn attacker can forge a request to redirect an authenticated user to any arbitrary website.\n\n### Details\n\nOn the login page, we have a `redirect` field which is the location where the server will redirect the user. This URI is not verified, and can be an arbitrary URI.\n\nPaired with a parameter pollution, we can hide our malicious URI (ex: `https://dns.com/?param1=im_hidden_if_theres_lot_of_args?param1=bbb`).\n\n### PoC\n\nhttps://diracx-cert.app.cern.ch/auth?redirect=https://ipcim.com/en/where/?dsdsd=qsqsfsjfnsfniizaeiaapzqlalkqkaizqqijsjaopmqmxna?redirect=https://diracx-cert-app.cern.ch/auth\n\nThis POC can leak user\u0027s position.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis could be used for phishing and extracting new data (such as redirecting to a new \"log in\" page, and asking users to reenter credentials).",
"id": "GHSA-hfj7-542q-8fvv",
"modified": "2025-07-17T19:40:59Z",
"published": "2025-07-17T19:40:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DIRACGrid/diracx-web/security/advisories/GHSA-hfj7-542q-8fvv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54066"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/DIRACGrid/diracx-web/commit/eba3b7bc4f9d394074215986e6d3c15b546b25d5"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/DIRACGrid/diracx-web"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "DiracX-Web is vulnerable to attack through an Open Redirect on its login page"
}
GHSA-HG6G-FGR6-H93G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-06-30 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-09 00:00ApiFest OAuth 2.0 Server 0.3.1 does not validate the redirect URI in accordance with RFC 6749 and is susceptible to an open redirector attack. Specifically, it directly sends an authorization code to the redirect URI submitted with the authorization request, without checking whether the redirect URI is registered by the client who initiated the request. This allows an attacker to craft a request with a manipulated redirect URI (redirect_uri parameter), which is under the attacker's control, and consequently obtain the leaked authorization code when the server redirects the client to the manipulated redirect URI with an authorization code. NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2019-3778.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-26877"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-06-29T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "ApiFest OAuth 2.0 Server 0.3.1 does not validate the redirect URI in accordance with RFC 6749 and is susceptible to an open redirector attack. Specifically, it directly sends an authorization code to the redirect URI submitted with the authorization request, without checking whether the redirect URI is registered by the client who initiated the request. This allows an attacker to craft a request with a manipulated redirect URI (redirect_uri parameter), which is under the attacker\u0027s control, and consequently obtain the leaked authorization code when the server redirects the client to the manipulated redirect URI with an authorization code. NOTE: this is similar to CVE-2019-3778.",
"id": "GHSA-hg6g-fgr6-h93g",
"modified": "2022-07-09T00:00:24Z",
"published": "2022-06-30T00:00:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-26877"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/apifest/apifest-oauth20"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-3.1.2.3"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.apifest.org/index.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HGJH-9RJ2-G67J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-03-16 06:30 – Updated: 2025-02-13 19:05Applications that use UriComponentsBuilder in Spring Framework to parse an externally provided URL (e.g. through a query parameter) AND perform validation checks on the host of the parsed URL may be vulnerable to a open redirect https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/601.html attack or to a SSRF attack if the URL is used after passing validation checks.
This is the same as CVE-2024-22243 https://spring.io/security/cve-2024-22243, but with different input.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework:spring-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.1.5"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework:spring-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "6.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.0.18"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework:spring-web"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "5.3.33"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-22259"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-03-18T16:20:30Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-03-16T05:15:20Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Applications that use UriComponentsBuilder in Spring Framework\u00a0to parse an externally provided URL (e.g. through a query parameter) AND\u00a0perform validation checks on the host of the parsed URL may be vulnerable to a open redirect https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/601.html \u00a0attack or to a SSRF attack if the URL is used after passing validation checks.\n\nThis is the same as CVE-2024-22243 https://spring.io/security/cve-2024-22243, but with different input.",
"id": "GHSA-hgjh-9rj2-g67j",
"modified": "2025-02-13T19:05:43Z",
"published": "2024-03-16T06:30:27Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-22259"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/commit/297cbae2990e1413537c55845a7e0ea0ffd9f9bb"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/commit/381f790329a48b74c2a49fc1384dd68ca9153501"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework/commit/f2fd2f12269c6a781c5b2c20b3c24141055a3d68"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/spring-projects/spring-framework"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20240524-0002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://spring.io/security/cve-2024-22259"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Spring Framework URL Parsing with Host Validation Vulnerability"
}
GHSA-HH27-FFR2-F2JC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-10 16:07 – Updated: 2026-02-03 22:12Overview
Affected versions of npm url-parse are vulnerable to URL Redirection to Untrusted Site.
Impact
Depending on library usage and attacker intent, impacts may include allow/block list bypasses, SSRF attacks, open redirects, or other undesired behavior.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "url-parse"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.5.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-3664"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-02T21:28:20Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-26T12:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "# Overview\n\nAffected versions of npm `url-parse` are vulnerable to URL Redirection to Untrusted Site.\n\n# Impact\n\nDepending on library usage and attacker intent, impacts may include allow/block list bypasses, SSRF attacks, open redirects, or other undesired behavior.",
"id": "GHSA-hh27-ffr2-f2jc",
"modified": "2026-02-03T22:12:27Z",
"published": "2021-08-10T16:07:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-3664"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/unshiftio/url-parse/issues/205"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/unshiftio/url-parse/issues/206"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/github/advisory-database/pull/6764"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/unshiftio/url-parse/commit/81ab967889b08112d3356e451bf03e6aa0cbb7e0"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/unshiftio/url-parse"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/1625557993985-unshiftio/url-parse"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2023/02/msg00030.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open redirect in url-parse"
}
GHSA-HH3G-R8WV-3JFV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:16 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:16A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Orbital could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect users to a malicious webpage. This vulnerability is due to improper validation of URL paths in the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted URL. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website. This vulnerability, known as an open redirect attack, is used in phishing attacks to persuade users to visit malicious sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-34772"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-06T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Orbital could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect users to a malicious webpage. This vulnerability is due to improper validation of URL paths in the web-based management interface. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted URL. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website. This vulnerability, known as an open redirect attack, is used in phishing attacks to persuade users to visit malicious sites.",
"id": "GHSA-hh3g-r8wv-3jfv",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:16:39Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:16:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-34772"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-amp-redirect-rQ2Bu7dU"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-HHJ5-6FH2-3FP5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-04-18 09:30 – Updated: 2024-04-19 15:30The SolarWinds Platform was susceptible to a Arbitrary Open Redirection Vulnerability. A potential attacker can redirect to different domain when using URL parameter with relative entry in the correct format
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-28076"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-04-18T09:15:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The SolarWinds Platform was susceptible to a Arbitrary Open Redirection Vulnerability. A potential attacker can redirect to different domain when using URL parameter with relative entry in the correct format",
"id": "GHSA-hhj5-6fh2-3fp5",
"modified": "2024-04-19T15:30:46Z",
"published": "2024-04-18T09:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-28076"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://documentation.solarwinds.com/en/success_center/orionplatform/content/release_notes/solarwinds_platform_2024-1-1_release_notes.htm"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.solarwinds.com/trust-center/security-advisories/CVE-2024-28073"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.solarwinds.com/trust-center/security-advisories/cve-2024-28076"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-HHPQ-7WG4-36JM
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-06-17 18:52 – Updated: 2026-06-17 18:52Impact
The getLoginRedirect() method contains a weakness to backslash bypasses allowing redirect targets with attacker controlled hostnames.
Patches
3.3.6 and 4.1.1 contain a fix for this issue.
Workarounds
If you are unable to upgrade, you should consider adding application validation to the redirect query string parameter to mitigate this vulnerability.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "cakephp/authentication"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.3.6"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "cakephp/authentication"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-55590"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-06-17T18:52:09Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThe `getLoginRedirect()` method contains a weakness to backslash bypasses allowing redirect targets with attacker controlled hostnames.\n\n### Patches\n3.3.6 and 4.1.1 contain a fix for this issue.\n\n### Workarounds\nIf you are unable to upgrade, you should consider adding application validation to the redirect query string parameter to mitigate this vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-hhpq-7wg4-36jm",
"modified": "2026-06-17T18:52:09Z",
"published": "2026-06-17T18:52:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/cakephp/authentication/security/advisories/GHSA-hhpq-7wg4-36jm"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/cakephp/authentication"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "CakePHP Authentication: Open redirect weakness via backslash bypass"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.