CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2312 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-JM34-XM8M-W958
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-12-20 18:04 – Updated: 2021-05-19 22:31The Bitly oauth2_proxy in version 2.1 and earlier was affected by an open redirect vulnerability during the start and termination of the 2-legged OAuth flow. This issue was caused by improper input validation and a violation of RFC-6819
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/bitly/oauth2_proxy"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1000070"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-19T22:31:56Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Bitly oauth2_proxy in version 2.1 and earlier was affected by an open redirect vulnerability during the start and termination of the 2-legged OAuth flow. This issue was caused by improper input validation and a violation of RFC-6819",
"id": "GHSA-jm34-xm8m-w958",
"modified": "2021-05-19T22:31:56Z",
"published": "2021-12-20T18:04:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1000070"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bitly/oauth2_proxy/issues/228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bitly/oauth2_proxy/pull/359"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/bitly/oauth2_proxy/commit/289a6ccf463a425c7606178c510fc5eeb9c8b050"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6819#section-5.2.3.5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.nvd.nist.gov/view/vuln/detail?vulnId=CVE-2017-1000070"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in oauth2_proxy"
}
GHSA-JM4F-2F8C-72GX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:42 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:42IBM Business Process Manager 8.0 and 8.5 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 122891.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1159"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-22T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Business Process Manager 8.0 and 8.5 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 122891.",
"id": "GHSA-jm4f-2f8c-72gx",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:42:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:42:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1159"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22000253"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/98561"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JM95-47PG-2F3F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-30 09:30 – Updated: 2026-04-30 09:30Open redirect vulnerability exists in Multiple laser printers and MFPs which implement Ricoh Web Image Monitor. When accessing a specially crafted URL, the user may be redirected to an arbitrary website. As a result, the user may become a victim of a phishing attack.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-41226"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-30T07:16:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability exists in Multiple laser printers and MFPs which implement Ricoh Web Image Monitor. When accessing a specially crafted URL, the user may be redirected to an arbitrary website. As a result, the user may become a victim of a phishing attack.",
"id": "GHSA-jm95-47pg-2f3f",
"modified": "2026-04-30T09:30:24Z",
"published": "2026-04-30T09:30:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-41226"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jp.ricoh.com/security/products/vulnerabilities/vul?id=ricoh-2026-000004"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN65118274"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.ricoh.com/products/security/vulnerabilities/vul?id=ricoh-2026-000004"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-JMHF-9FJ8-88GH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-23 21:15 – Updated: 2022-03-02 21:07Impact
Releases prior to 3.0.1 are vulnerable to an open redirect vulnerability that allows an attacker to construct a URL that redirects to an arbitrary external domain.
Patches
3.0.1 contains a fix for this vulnerability. (The 1.x and 2.x releases are not maintained anymore.)
References
- https://github.com/rudloff/alltube/commit/bc14b6e45c766c05757fb607ef8d444cbbfba71a
- https://huntr.dev/bounties/4fb39400-e08b-47af-8c1f-5093c9a51203/
- https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0692
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "rudloff/alltube"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-0692"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-02-23T21:15:01Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-21T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nReleases prior to 3.0.1 are vulnerable to an open redirect vulnerability that allows an attacker to construct a URL that redirects to an arbitrary external domain.\n\n### Patches\n3.0.1 contains a fix for this vulnerability.\n(The 1.x and 2.x releases are not maintained anymore.)\n\n### References\n* https://github.com/rudloff/alltube/commit/bc14b6e45c766c05757fb607ef8d444cbbfba71a\n* https://huntr.dev/bounties/4fb39400-e08b-47af-8c1f-5093c9a51203/\n* https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0692",
"id": "GHSA-jmhf-9fj8-88gh",
"modified": "2022-03-02T21:07:57Z",
"published": "2022-02-23T21:15:01Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube/security/advisories/GHSA-jmhf-9fj8-88gh"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-0692"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/rudloff/alltube/commit/bc14b6e45c766c05757fb607ef8d444cbbfba71a"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/FriendsOfPHP/security-advisories/blob/master/rudloff/alltube/CVE-2022-0692.yaml"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Rudloff/alltube"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.dev/bounties/4fb39400-e08b-47af-8c1f-5093c9a51203"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in AllTube"
}
GHSA-JMWJ-M5VV-MGX5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-19 12:30 – Updated: 2022-12-23 18:30In HCL Digital Experience, URLs can be constructed to redirect users to untrusted sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-38662"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-19T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In HCL Digital Experience, URLs can be constructed to redirect users to untrusted sites.",
"id": "GHSA-jmwj-m5vv-mgx5",
"modified": "2022-12-23T18:30:39Z",
"published": "2022-12-19T12:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-38662"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://support.hcltechsw.com/csm?id=kb_article\u0026sysparm_article=KB0102141"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JP24-7MW8-G9MX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:24 – Updated: 2022-05-14 03:24Open redirect vulnerability in the login[redirect] parameter login functionality in WolfCMS 0.8.3.1 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a malformed URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-8813"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-04-04T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the login[redirect] parameter login functionality in WolfCMS 0.8.3.1 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a malformed URL.",
"id": "GHSA-jp24-7mw8-g9mx",
"modified": "2022-05-14T03:24:58Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:24:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-8813"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/wolfcms/wolfcms/issues/670"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rdl1yWDJkPuuOFb2sF07_c3twl5uMkH9a-OO2OmYMus/edit?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/44421"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JP2G-6JCR-6P62
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:48 – Updated: 2022-05-24 17:48In HomeAutomation 3.3.2 input passed via the 'redirect' GET parameter in 'api.php' script is not properly verified before being used to redirect users. This can be exploited to redirect a user to an arbitrary website e.g. when a user clicks a specially crafted link to the affected script hosted on a trusted domain.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-21998"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-04-27T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "In HomeAutomation 3.3.2 input passed via the \u0027redirect\u0027 GET parameter in \u0027api.php\u0027 script is not properly verified before being used to redirect users. This can be exploited to redirect a user to an arbitrary website e.g. when a user clicks a specially crafted link to the affected script hosted on a trusted domain.",
"id": "GHSA-jp2g-6jcr-6p62",
"modified": "2022-05-24T17:48:57Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:48:57Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-21998"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cxsecurity.com/issue/WLB-2019120132"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.zeroscience.mk/en/vulnerabilities/ZSL-2019-5559.php"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-JP55-VVMF-63MV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-02-09 21:42 – Updated: 2022-02-09 21:42Impact
There's no protection against URL redirection to untrusted site, in particular some well known parameters (xredirect) can be used to perform such redirections.
Patches
The problem has been patched in XWiki 12.10.7 and XWiki 13.3RC1.
Workarounds
There's no known workaround for this issue.
References
https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-10309
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in JIRA * Email us at Security ML
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "12.10.7"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 13.2"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.xwiki.platform:xwiki-platform-oldcore"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "13.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "13.3RC1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-23618"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-02-09T21:42:47Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-09T21:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nThere\u0027s no protection against URL redirection to untrusted site, in particular some well known parameters (xredirect) can be used to perform such redirections.\n\n### Patches\nThe problem has been patched in XWiki 12.10.7 and XWiki 13.3RC1.\n\n### Workarounds\nThere\u0027s no known workaround for this issue. \n\n### References\nhttps://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-10309\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [JIRA](https://jira.xwiki.org)\n* Email us at [Security ML](mailto:security@xwiki.org)\n",
"id": "GHSA-jp55-vvmf-63mv",
"modified": "2022-02-09T21:42:47Z",
"published": "2022-02-09T21:42:47Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/security/advisories/GHSA-jp55-vvmf-63mv"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-23618"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/5251c02080466bf9fb55288f04a37671108f8096"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-10309"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027)"
}
GHSA-JP69-3GQW-77VQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:09 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:09Dell EMC iDRAC9 versions prior to 4.40.40.00 contain an open redirect vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker may exploit this vulnerability to redirect users to arbitrary web URLs by tricking the victim users to click on maliciously crafted links.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-21579"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-03T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Dell EMC iDRAC9 versions prior to 4.40.40.00 contain an open redirect vulnerability. A remote unauthenticated attacker may exploit this vulnerability to redirect users to arbitrary web URLs by tricking the victim users to click on maliciously crafted links.",
"id": "GHSA-jp69-3gqw-77vq",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:09:51Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:09:51Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-21579"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/000189193"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-JP6G-G3V3-6GVF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-29 15:30 – Updated: 2026-05-06 22:56Jenkins Microsoft Entra ID (previously Azure AD) Plugin versions 666.v6060de32f87d and earlier do not restrict the redirect URL after login.
This allows attackers to perform phishing attacks by having users go to a Jenkins URL that will forward them to a different site after successful authentication.
Microsoft Entra ID (previously Azure AD) Plugin 667.v4c5827a_e74a_0 only redirects to relative (Jenkins) URLs.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 666.v6060de32f87d"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.jenkins-ci.plugins:azure-ad"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "667.v4c5827a"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-42525"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-06T22:56:44Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-29T14:16:19Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jenkins Microsoft Entra ID (previously Azure AD) Plugin versions 666.v6060de32f87d and earlier do not restrict the redirect URL after login.\n\nThis allows attackers to perform phishing attacks by having users go to a Jenkins URL that will forward them to a different site after successful authentication.\n\nMicrosoft Entra ID (previously Azure AD) Plugin 667.v4c5827a_e74a_0 only redirects to relative (Jenkins) URLs.",
"id": "GHSA-jp6g-g3v3-6gvf",
"modified": "2026-05-06T22:56:44Z",
"published": "2026-04-29T15:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-42525"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/jenkinsci/azure-ad-plugin"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jenkins.io/security/advisory/2026-04-29/#SECURITY-3760"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Jenkins Microsoft Entra ID (previously Azure AD) Plugin has an open redirect vulnerability"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.