Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2312 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-J9MP-68PG-9P77
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:42 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:38
VLAI
Details
Open Redirect vulnerability in Hitachi Device Manager before 8.5.2-01 and Hitachi Tuning Manager before 8.5.2-00 allows remote attackers to redirect authenticated users to arbitrary web sites.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-9296"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-05-29T18:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open Redirect vulnerability in Hitachi Device Manager before 8.5.2-01 and Hitachi Tuning Manager before 8.5.2-00 allows remote attackers to redirect authenticated users to arbitrary web sites.",
"id": "GHSA-j9mp-68pg-9p77",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:38:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:42:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-9296"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/comp/soft1/global/security/info/vuls/hitachi-sec-2017-114"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/98774"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-J9RF-Q3P6-99GV
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-06 18:30 – Updated: 2024-02-13 21:30
VLAI
Details
An issue in the component /member/index/login of yzmcms v7.0 allows attackers to direct users to malicious sites via a crafted URL.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-24291"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-06T16:15:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue in the component /member/index/login of yzmcms v7.0 allows attackers to direct users to malicious sites via a crafted URL.",
"id": "GHSA-j9rf-q3p6-99gv",
"modified": "2024-02-13T21:30:29Z",
"published": "2024-02-06T18:30:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-24291"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gitee.com/wgd0ay/wgd0ay/issues/I8WSD1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JCHW-25XP-JWWC
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-01-02 06:30 – Updated: 2025-11-04 16:48
VLAI
Summary
Follow Redirects improperly handles URLs in the url.parse() function
Details
Versions of the package follow-redirects before 1.15.4 are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to the improper handling of URLs by the url.parse() function. When new URL() throws an error, it can be manipulated to misinterpret the hostname. An attacker could exploit this weakness to redirect traffic to a malicious site, potentially leading to information disclosure, phishing attacks, or other security breaches.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "follow-redirects"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.15.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-26159"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-08T22:01:39Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2024-01-02T05:15:08Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Versions of the package follow-redirects before 1.15.4 are vulnerable to Improper Input Validation due to the improper handling of URLs by the url.parse() function. When new URL() throws an error, it can be manipulated to misinterpret the hostname. An attacker could exploit this weakness to redirect traffic to a malicious site, potentially leading to information disclosure, phishing attacks, or other security breaches.",
"id": "GHSA-jchw-25xp-jwwc",
"modified": "2025-11-04T16:48:07Z",
"published": "2024-01-02T06:30:30Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-26159"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/follow-redirects/follow-redirects/issues/235"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/follow-redirects/follow-redirects/pull/236"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/follow-redirects/follow-redirects/commit/7a6567e16dfa9ad18a70bfe91784c28653fbf19d"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/follow-redirects/follow-redirects"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/package-announce@lists.fedoraproject.org/message/ZZ425BFKNBQ6AK7I5SAM56TWON5OF2XM"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20241108-0002"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-FOLLOWREDIRECTS-6141137"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Follow Redirects improperly handles URLs in the url.parse() function"
}
GHSA-JCRJ-X36P-H9F6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:13 – Updated: 2024-01-17 18:26
VLAI
Summary
Moodle Open Redirect in Calendar Set Page
Details
Open redirect vulnerability in the Calendar set page in Moodle 2.1.x before 2.1.3 allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a redirection URL.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "moodle/moodle"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.1"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2011-4582"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-01-17T18:26:35Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2012-07-20T10:40:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in the Calendar set page in Moodle 2.1.x before 2.1.3 allows remote authenticated users to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a redirection URL.",
"id": "GHSA-jcrj-x36p-h9f6",
"modified": "2024-01-17T18:26:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:13:15Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2011-4582"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/0d2672748c00181d9cdae2aabbab916cbd64c47d"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/21e7d4c5fc9cc5df54c9c7d82190f1339d163a9e"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/7f422374c101dcb0affdd5127b855671af4f3748"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle/commit/eb59a448f7879d69b21fcde7f1fcddd69655e045"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=761248"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/moodle/moodle"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://git.moodle.org/gw?p=moodle.git\u0026a=search\u0026h=HEAD\u0026st=commit\u0026s=MDL-28720\u0026sr=1"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://moodle.org/mod/forum/discuss.php?d=191748"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Moodle Open Redirect in Calendar Set Page"
}
GHSA-JF5M-WM8F-5PQ9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-04 18:30 – Updated: 2026-07-04 18:30
VLAI
Details
A vulnerability was found in kirilkirkov Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap up to 95dfa8cebbb87ab46ae450643a07241274a74dce. Affected by this issue is the function setReferrer of the file application/core/MY_Controller.php of the component Trusted Backend Interface. The manipulation of the argument href results in open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This product implements a rolling release for ongoing delivery, which means version information for affected or updated releases is unavailable. The patch is identified as 213babdbaa949e94557246414db0130e01394517. A patch should be applied to remediate this issue.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-14632"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-04T16:17:14Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in kirilkirkov Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap up to 95dfa8cebbb87ab46ae450643a07241274a74dce. Affected by this issue is the function setReferrer of the file application/core/MY_Controller.php of the component Trusted Backend Interface. The manipulation of the argument href results in open redirect. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This product implements a rolling release for ongoing delivery, which means version information for affected or updated releases is unavailable. The patch is identified as 213babdbaa949e94557246414db0130e01394517. A patch should be applied to remediate this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-jf5m-wm8f-5pq9",
"modified": "2026-07-04T18:30:23Z",
"published": "2026-07-04T18:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kirilkirkov/Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap/security/advisories/GHSA-x9pg-hvpj-9q44"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-14632"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kirilkirkov/Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap/commit/213babdbaa949e94557246414db0130e01394517"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kirilkirkov/Ecommerce-CodeIgniter-Bootstrap"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-14632"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/845900"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/376147"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/376147/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-JF6C-2WVV-GM69
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:55 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:50
VLAI
Details
The nd-shortcodes plugin before 6.0 for WordPress has a nopriv_ AJAX action that allows modification of the siteurl setting.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-15771"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-29T13:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The nd-shortcodes plugin before 6.0 for WordPress has a nopriv_ AJAX action that allows modification of the siteurl setting.",
"id": "GHSA-jf6c-2wvv-gm69",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:50:46Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:55:08Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-15771"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://threatpost.com/wordpress-plugins-exploited-in-ongoing-attack-researchers-warn/147671"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/nd-shortcodes/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wpvulndb.com/vulnerabilities/9485"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JF8C-97VF-M8J5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-09 06:30 – Updated: 2026-03-06 21:30
VLAI
Details
A vulnerability has been found in FAST/TOOLS provided by Yokogawa Electric Corporation.
This product does not properly validate request headers. When an attacker inserts an invalid host header, users could be redirected to malicious sites.
The affected products and versions are as follows: FAST/TOOLS (Packages: RVSVRN, UNSVRN, HMIWEB, FTEES, HMIMOB) R9.01 to R10.04
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-66596"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-09T05:16:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in FAST/TOOLS provided by Yokogawa Electric Corporation.\n\n\n\nThis product does not\nproperly validate request headers. When an attacker inserts an invalid host\nheader, users could be redirected to malicious sites.\n\n\n\nThe\naffected products and versions are as follows: FAST/TOOLS (Packages: RVSVRN, UNSVRN, HMIWEB, FTEES, HMIMOB) R9.01 to\nR10.04",
"id": "GHSA-jf8c-97vf-m8j5",
"modified": "2026-03-06T21:30:31Z",
"published": "2026-02-09T06:30:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-66596"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web-material3.yokogawa.com/1/39206/files/YSAR-26-0001-E.pdf"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-JFGW-V3P5-42QH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-09-11 18:31 – Updated: 2024-09-13 18:31
VLAI
Details
URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Payara Platform Payara Server (REST Management Interface modules) allows Session Hijacking.This issue affects Payara Server: from 6.0.0 before 6.18.0, from 6.2022.1 before 6.2024.9, from 5.2020.2 before 5.2022.5, from 5.20.0 before 5.67.0, from 4.1.2.191.0 before 4.1.2.191.50.
Severity
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-7312"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-09-11T16:15:08Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Payara Platform Payara Server (REST Management Interface modules) allows Session Hijacking.This issue affects Payara Server: from 6.0.0 before 6.18.0, from 6.2022.1 before 6.2024.9, from 5.2020.2 before 5.2022.5, from 5.20.0 before 5.67.0, from 4.1.2.191.0 before 4.1.2.191.50.",
"id": "GHSA-jfgw-v3p5-42qh",
"modified": "2024-09-13T18:31:42Z",
"published": "2024-09-11T18:31:07Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-7312"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.payara.fish/enterprise/docs/5.67.0/Release%20Notes/Release%20Notes%205.67.0.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.payara.fish/enterprise/docs/Release%20Notes/Release%20Notes%205.67.0.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://docs.payara.fish/enterprise/docs/Release%20Notes/Release%20Notes%206.18.0.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:N/PR:H/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:H/SA:H/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-JG7J-VXG4-4J74
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:24 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:24
VLAI
Details
IBM Emptoris Sourcing 9.5.x through 10.1.x could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 118834
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-8947"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-07-12T17:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Emptoris Sourcing 9.5.x through 10.1.x could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 118834",
"id": "GHSA-jg7j-vxg4-4j74",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:24:49Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:24:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-8947"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/118834"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22005549"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/99545"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-JGMV-J7WW-JX2X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-29 19:11 – Updated: 2025-07-30 14:14
VLAI
Summary
Koa Open Redirect via Referrer Header (User-Controlled)
Details
Summary
In the latest version of Koa, the back method used for redirect operations adopts an insecure implementation, which uses the user-controllable referrer header as the redirect target.
Details
on the API document https://www.koajs.net/api/response#responseredirecturl-alt, we can see:
response.redirect(url, [alt])
Performs a [302] redirect to url.
The string "back" is specially provided for Referrer support, using alt or "/" when Referrer does not exist.
ctx.redirect('back');
ctx.redirect('back', '/index.html');
ctx.redirect('/login');
ctx.redirect('http://google.com');
however, the "back" method is insecure:
- https://github.com/koajs/koa/blob/master/lib/response.js#L322
back (alt) {
const url = this.ctx.get('Referrer') || alt || '/'
this.redirect(url)
},
Referrer Header is User-Controlled.
PoC
there is a demo for POC:
const Koa = require('koa')
const serve = require('koa-static')
const Router = require('@koa/router')
const path = require('path')
const app = new Koa()
const router = new Router()
// Serve static files from the public directory
app.use(serve(path.join(__dirname, 'public')))
// Define routes
router.get('/test', ctx => {
ctx.redirect('back', '/index1.html')
})
router.get('/test2', ctx => {
ctx.redirect('back')
})
router.get('/', ctx => {
ctx.body = 'Welcome to the home page! Try accessing /test, /test2'
})
app.use(router.routes())
app.use(router.allowedMethods())
const port = 3000
app.listen(port, () => {
console.log(`Server running at http://localhost:${port}`)
})
Proof Of Concept
GET /test HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:3000
Referer: http://www.baidu.com
Connection: close
GET /test2 HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:3000
Referer: http://www.baidu.com
Connection: close
Impact
https://learn.snyk.io/lesson/open-redirect/
Severity
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "koa"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "2.16.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "koa"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "3.0.0-alpha.0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-8129"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-07-29T19:11:25Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-29T17:15:33Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "## Summary\nIn the latest version of Koa, the back method used for redirect operations adopts an insecure implementation, which uses the user-controllable referrer header as the redirect target.\n\n## Details\non the API document https://www.koajs.net/api/response#responseredirecturl-alt, we can see:\n\n**response.redirect(url, [alt])**\n```\nPerforms a [302] redirect to url.\nThe string \"back\" is specially provided for Referrer support, using alt or \"/\" when Referrer does not exist.\n\nctx.redirect(\u0027back\u0027);\nctx.redirect(\u0027back\u0027, \u0027/index.html\u0027);\nctx.redirect(\u0027/login\u0027);\nctx.redirect(\u0027http://google.com\u0027);\n\n```\nhowever, the \"back\" method is insecure:\n\n- https://github.com/koajs/koa/blob/master/lib/response.js#L322\n```\n back (alt) {\n const url = this.ctx.get(\u0027Referrer\u0027) || alt || \u0027/\u0027\n this.redirect(url)\n },\n```\nReferrer Header is User-Controlled.\n\n\n## PoC\n\n**there is a demo for POC:**\n```\nconst Koa = require(\u0027koa\u0027)\nconst serve = require(\u0027koa-static\u0027)\nconst Router = require(\u0027@koa/router\u0027)\nconst path = require(\u0027path\u0027)\n\nconst app = new Koa()\nconst router = new Router()\n\n// Serve static files from the public directory\napp.use(serve(path.join(__dirname, \u0027public\u0027)))\n\n// Define routes\nrouter.get(\u0027/test\u0027, ctx =\u003e {\n ctx.redirect(\u0027back\u0027, \u0027/index1.html\u0027)\n})\n\nrouter.get(\u0027/test2\u0027, ctx =\u003e {\n ctx.redirect(\u0027back\u0027)\n})\n\nrouter.get(\u0027/\u0027, ctx =\u003e {\n ctx.body = \u0027Welcome to the home page! Try accessing /test, /test2\u0027\n})\n\napp.use(router.routes())\napp.use(router.allowedMethods())\n\nconst port = 3000\napp.listen(port, () =\u003e {\n console.log(`Server running at http://localhost:${port}`)\n}) \n```\n**Proof Of Concept**\n```\nGET /test HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:3000\nReferer: http://www.baidu.com\nConnection: close\n\n\nGET /test2 HTTP/1.1\nHost: 127.0.0.1:3000\nReferer: http://www.baidu.com\nConnection: close\n```\n\n\n\n\n\n## Impact\nhttps://learn.snyk.io/lesson/open-redirect/",
"id": "GHSA-jgmv-j7ww-jx2x",
"modified": "2025-07-30T14:14:46Z",
"published": "2025-07-29T19:11:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/security/advisories/GHSA-jgmv-j7ww-jx2x"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-54420"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1892"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/issues/1892#issue-3213028583"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa/commit/422c551c63d00f24e2bbbdf492f262a5935bb1f0"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/koajs/koa"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.317514"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.317514"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.619741"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Koa Open Redirect via Referrer Header (User-Controlled)"
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.