CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2312 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MG53-XR8M-86HW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-05-07 15:54 – Updated: 2021-05-05 19:14The redirect module in Liferay Portal before 7.3.3 does not limit the number of URLs resulting in a 404 error that is recorded, which allows remote attackers to perform a denial of service attack by making repeated requests for pages that do not exist.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "com.liferay.portal:release.portal.bom"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.3.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-24554"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-05-05T19:14:04Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2020-09-01T14:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The redirect module in Liferay Portal before 7.3.3 does not limit the number of URLs resulting in a 404 error that is recorded, which allows remote attackers to perform a denial of service attack by making repeated requests for pages that do not exist.",
"id": "GHSA-mg53-xr8m-86hw",
"modified": "2021-05-05T19:14:04Z",
"published": "2021-05-07T15:54:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-24554"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.liferay.dev/learn/security/known-vulnerabilities"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://portal.liferay.dev/learn/security/known-vulnerabilities/-/asset_publisher/HbL5mxmVrnXW/content/id/119784956"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in Liferay Portal"
}
GHSA-MGHP-5CQ4-V6MG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-08 23:25 – Updated: 2026-06-08 23:30Open redirect vulnerability in Snipe-IT allows attackers to redirect users to malicious sites via unvalidated HTTP Referer header stored in session variable.
Impact
- Phishing: Redirect users to fake login pages to steal credentials
- Session Hijacking: Redirect to attacker site that captures session cookies via JavaScript
- Malware Distribution: Redirect to sites hosting malware or drive-by downloads
- Reputation Damage: Users lose trust when redirected to malicious sites from legitimate application
- Social Engineering: Use trusted Snipe-IT domain to increase phishing success rate
When the user clicks "Save", the application:
1. Processes the form
2. Checks redirect_option (if set to 'back')
3. Calls Helper::getRedirectOption()
4. Retrieves back_url from session: https://evil.com/phishing?target=snipeit
5. Executes redirect()->to($backUrl)
6. User is redirected to attacker's site
This would still require session poisoning, so the actual practical threat here is minimal.
Patches
Patched in https://github.com/grokability/snipe-it/commit/e37649212861a337e68a624e589c3540b7a82373, released in 8.4.1.
Workarounds
None.
Resources
- CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
- OWASP: Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards
- Laravel Security: Safe Redirects
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "snipe/snipe-it"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "8.4.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-44833"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-05-08T23:25:37Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-26T20:16:20Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in Snipe-IT allows attackers to redirect users to malicious sites via unvalidated HTTP Referer header stored in session variable.\n\n### Impact\n\n- **Phishing**: Redirect users to fake login pages to steal credentials\n- **Session Hijacking**: Redirect to attacker site that captures session cookies via JavaScript\n- **Malware Distribution**: Redirect to sites hosting malware or drive-by downloads\n- **Reputation Damage**: Users lose trust when redirected to malicious sites from legitimate application\n- **Social Engineering**: Use trusted Snipe-IT domain to increase phishing success rate\n\nWhen the user clicks \"Save\", the application: \n1. Processes the form \n2. Checks `redirect_option` (if set to \u0027back\u0027) \n3. Calls `Helper::getRedirectOption()` \n4. Retrieves `back_url` from session: `https://evil.com/phishing?target=snipeit` \n5. Executes `redirect()-\u003eto($backUrl)` \n6. User is redirected to attacker\u0027s site\n\nThis would still require session poisoning, so the actual practical threat here is minimal. \n\n### Patches\nPatched in https://github.com/grokability/snipe-it/commit/e37649212861a337e68a624e589c3540b7a82373, released in 8.4.1.\n\n### Workarounds\n None.\n\n### Resources\n- CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027)\n- OWASP: Unvalidated Redirects and Forwards\n- Laravel Security: Safe Redirects\n\n[snipeit_open_redirect_submission.md](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/27414869/snipeit_open_redirect_submission.md)",
"id": "GHSA-mghp-5cq4-v6mg",
"modified": "2026-06-08T23:30:05Z",
"published": "2026-05-08T23:25:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/grokability/snipe-it/security/advisories/GHSA-mghp-5cq4-v6mg"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-44833"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/grokability/snipe-it/commit/e37649212861a337e68a624e589c3540b7a82373"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/grokability/snipe-it"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Snipe-IT has an open redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-MHCV-7W89-JJJ5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-23 00:00 – Updated: 2022-08-27 00:00A flaw was found in mod_auth_mellon where it does not sanitize logout URLs properly. This issue could be used by an attacker to facilitate phishing attacks by tricking users into visiting a trusted web application URL that redirects to an external and potentially malicious server. The highest threat from this liability is to confidentiality and integrity.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-3639"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-22T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A flaw was found in mod_auth_mellon where it does not sanitize logout URLs properly. This issue could be used by an attacker to facilitate phishing attacks by tricking users into visiting a trusted web application URL that redirects to an external and potentially malicious server. The highest threat from this liability is to confidentiality and integrity.",
"id": "GHSA-mhcv-7w89-jjj5",
"modified": "2022-08-27T00:00:50Z",
"published": "2022-08-23T00:00:17Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-3639"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/latchset/mod_auth_mellon/commit/42a11261b9dad2e48d70bdff7c53dd57a12db6f5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2022:1934"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2021-3639"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1980648"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MHGF-HV55-F778
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-07-06 21:15 – Updated: 2025-01-10 21:31VMware Workspace ONE Access and VMware Identity Manager contain an insecure redirect vulnerability. An unauthenticated malicious actor may be able to redirect a victim to an attacker controlled domain due to improper path handling leading to sensitive information disclosure.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-20884"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-05-30T16:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "VMware Workspace ONE Access and VMware Identity Manager contain an insecure redirect vulnerability.\u00a0An unauthenticated malicious actor may be able to redirect a victim to an attacker controlled domain due to improper path handling leading to sensitive information disclosure.",
"id": "GHSA-mhgf-hv55-f778",
"modified": "2025-01-10T21:31:21Z",
"published": "2023-07-06T21:15:06Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-20884"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.vmware.com/security/advisories/VMSA-2023-0011.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MHGM-6MC5-8V9J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-09 09:30 – Updated: 2026-07-09 09:30An Open Redirect vulnerability was discovered in the SAML Single Sign-On functionality due to insufficient validation of a user-controlled redirection parameter. An unauthenticated attacker can craft a request to the SAML sign-in endpoint and poison the cached SAML redirection for other users who subsequently initiate SAML Single Sign-On, enabling phishing and credential-theft attacks, as well as disrupting SAML authentication for all affected users.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-31982"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-09T08:16:47Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An Open Redirect vulnerability was discovered in the SAML Single Sign-On functionality due to insufficient validation of a user-controlled redirection parameter. An unauthenticated attacker can craft a request to the SAML sign-in endpoint and poison the cached SAML redirection for other users who subsequently initiate SAML Single Sign-On, enabling phishing and credential-theft attacks, as well as disrupting SAML authentication for all affected users.",
"id": "GHSA-mhgm-6mc5-8v9j",
"modified": "2026-07-09T09:30:29Z",
"published": "2026-07-09T09:30:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-31982"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://security.nozominetworks.com/NN-2026:9-01"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:L/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-MHQH-9VPC-385P
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 01:18 – Updated: 2022-05-17 01:18IBM Curam Social Program Management 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, and 7.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 123670.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-1195"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-08-29T21:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "IBM Curam Social Program Management 6.0, 6.1, 6.2, and 7.0 could allow a remote attacker to conduct phishing attacks, using an open redirect attack. By persuading a victim to visit a specially-crafted Web site, a remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability to spoof the URL displayed to redirect a user to a malicious Web site that would appear to be trusted. This could allow the attacker to obtain highly sensitive information or conduct further attacks against the victim. IBM X-Force ID: 123670.",
"id": "GHSA-mhqh-9vpc-385p",
"modified": "2022-05-17T01:18:35Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T01:18:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-1195"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://exchange.xforce.ibmcloud.com/vulnerabilities/123670"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg22007160"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MHR4-7H64-3VV5
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:39 – Updated: 2024-04-11 15:30A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Webex Meetings could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an untrusted web page, bypassing the warning mechanism that should prompt the user before the redirection. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website, bypassing the Webex URL check that should result in a warning before the redirection to the web page. Attackers may use this type of vulnerability, known as an open redirect attack, as part of a phishing attack to convince users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-1310"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-01-13T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web-based management interface of Cisco Webex Meetings could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to an untrusted web page, bypassing the warning mechanism that should prompt the user before the redirection. This vulnerability is due to improper input validation of the URL parameters in an HTTP request. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by persuading a user to click a crafted link. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to redirect a user to a malicious website, bypassing the Webex URL check that should result in a warning before the redirection to the web page. Attackers may use this type of vulnerability, known as an open redirect attack, as part of a phishing attack to convince users to unknowingly visit malicious sites.",
"id": "GHSA-mhr4-7h64-3vv5",
"modified": "2024-04-11T15:30:43Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:39:12Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-1310"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-webex-open-redirect-PWvBQ2q"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MHXG-2XF7-4XWX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-12-19 12:30 – Updated: 2022-12-27 01:02URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache Helix UI component.This issue affects Apache Helix all releases from 0.8.0 to and including 1.0.4. Solution: removed the the forward component since it was improper designed for UI embedding. User please upgrade to 1.1.0 to fix this issue.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.apache.helix:helix"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.8.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.1.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-47500"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2022-12-19T18:22:50Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2022-12-19T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in Apache Software Foundation Apache Helix UI component.This issue affects Apache Helix all releases from 0.8.0 to and including 1.0.4. Solution: removed the the forward component since it was improper designed for UI embedding. User please upgrade to 1.1.0 to fix this issue.",
"id": "GHSA-mhxg-2xf7-4xwx",
"modified": "2022-12-27T01:02:42Z",
"published": "2022-12-19T12:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-47500"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/apache/helix"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://lists.apache.org/thread/lr74xtxxbb1t3dfn5qzzwl2xjr3qlbmh"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Apache Helix UI vulnerable to Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-MJ24-PQX2-6788
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-04-03 12:31 – Updated: 2026-04-10 15:36A vulnerability was identified in Casdoor 2.356.0. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component OAuth Authorization Request Handler. Such manipulation of the argument redirect_uri leads to open redirect. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/casdoor/casdoor"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"last_affected": "1.1000.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-5467"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-04-10T15:36:26Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-04-03T12:16:19Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was identified in Casdoor 2.356.0. Affected by this issue is some unknown functionality of the component OAuth Authorization Request Handler. Such manipulation of the argument redirect_uri leads to open redirect. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit is publicly available and might be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-mj24-pqx2-6788",
"modified": "2026-04-10T15:36:26Z",
"published": "2026-04-03T12:31:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-5467"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/casdoor/casdoor"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/781769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/355071"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/355071/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Casdoor vulnerable to Open Redirect"
}
GHSA-MJ48-F959-PQPH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:49 – Updated: 2023-08-29 18:14Open redirect vulnerability in DotNetNuke (DNN) before 6.2.9 and 7.x before 7.1.1 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "DotNetNuke.Core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "6.2.9"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "NuGet",
"name": "DotNetNuke.Core"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "7.0"
},
{
"fixed": "7.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2013-7335"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-20",
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2023-08-29T18:14:44Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2014-03-12T14:55:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Open redirect vulnerability in DotNetNuke (DNN) before 6.2.9 and 7.x before 7.1.1 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors.",
"id": "GHSA-mj48-f959-pqph",
"modified": "2023-08-29T18:14:44Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:49:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2013-7335"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/dnnsoftware/Dnn.Platform"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.dnnsoftware.com/platform/manage/security-center"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/61809"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "DotNetNuke (DNN) Open redirect vulnerability "
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.