CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2308 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-MJ9R-WWM8-7Q52
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-07-01 17:00 – Updated: 2024-05-20 20:40Impact
Attackers may be able to craft phishing links and other open redirects by exploiting the trailing slash redirection feature. This may lead to users being redirected to untrusted sites after following an attacker crafted link.
Patches
The issue is resolved in v1.1.1
Workarounds
There are no existing workarounds.
You may detect attempts to craft urls that exploit this feature by looking for request paths containing pairs of forward slashes in sequence combined with a trailing slash e.g. https://example.com//foo/
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Go",
"name": "github.com/AndrewBurian/powermux"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-32721"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-06-30T17:43:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-06-29T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\nAttackers may be able to craft phishing links and other open redirects by exploiting the trailing slash redirection feature. This may lead to users being redirected to untrusted sites after following an attacker crafted link.\n\n### Patches\nThe issue is resolved in v1.1.1\n\n### Workarounds\nThere are no existing workarounds.\nYou may detect attempts to craft urls that exploit this feature by looking for request paths containing pairs of forward slashes in sequence combined with a trailing slash e.g. `https://example.com//foo/`\n",
"id": "GHSA-mj9r-wwm8-7q52",
"modified": "2024-05-20T20:40:13Z",
"published": "2021-07-01T17:00:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/AndrewBurian/powermux/security/advisories/GHSA-mj9r-wwm8-7q52"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-32721"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/AndrewBurian/powermux/pull/42"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/AndrewBurian/powermux/commit/5e60a8a0372b35a898796c2697c40e8daabed8e9"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in github.com/AndrewBurian/powermux"
}
GHSA-MJPP-CJ33-843W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:01 – Updated: 2024-04-04 02:39The bb-auth-provider-cas authentication module within Blackboard Learn 2018-07-02 is susceptible to HTTP host header spoofing during Central Authentication Service (CAS) service ticket validation, enabling a phishing attack from the CAS server login page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-13257"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-11-18T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The bb-auth-provider-cas authentication module within Blackboard Learn 2018-07-02 is susceptible to HTTP host header spoofing during Central Authentication Service (CAS) service ticket validation, enabling a phishing attack from the CAS server login page.",
"id": "GHSA-mjpp-cj33-843w",
"modified": "2024-04-04T02:39:55Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:01:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13257"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/gluxon/CVE-2018-13257"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MM2F-47CF-9C4J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-03-01 00:00 – Updated: 2022-03-17 00:04An issue was discovered in the web application in Cherwell Service Management (CSM) 10.2.3. It accepts and reflects arbitrary domains supplied via a client-controlled Host header. Injection of a malicious URL in the Host: header of the HTTP Request results in a 302 redirect to an attacker-controlled page.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-26158"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-02-28T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in the web application in Cherwell Service Management (CSM) 10.2.3. It accepts and reflects arbitrary domains supplied via a client-controlled Host header. Injection of a malicious URL in the Host: header of the HTTP Request results in a 302 redirect to an attacker-controlled page.",
"id": "GHSA-mm2f-47cf-9c4j",
"modified": "2022-03-17T00:04:45Z",
"published": "2022-03-01T00:00:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-26158"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/l00neyhacker/CVE-2022-26158"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.cherwell.com/bundle/release_notes_10_4_help_only/page/content/release_notes/10_4_0_fix_list.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MMF6-6597-3V6M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2019-06-13 20:18 – Updated: 2024-05-14 16:54Spring Security OAuth versions 2.3 prior to 2.3.6, 2.2 prior to 2.2.5, 2.1 prior to 2.1.5, and 2.0 prior to 2.0.18, as well as older unsupported versions could be susceptible to an open redirector attack that can leak an authorization code. A malicious user or attacker can craft a request to the authorization endpoint using the authorization code grant type, and specify a manipulated redirection URI via the redirect_uri parameter. This can cause the authorization server to redirect the resource owner user-agent to a URI under the control of the attacker with the leaked authorization code.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security.oauth:spring-security-oauth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.0.0.RELEASE"
},
{
"fixed": "2.0.18.RELEASE"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security.oauth:spring-security-oauth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.1.0.RELEASE"
},
{
"fixed": "2.1.5.RELEASE"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security.oauth:spring-security-oauth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.2.0.RELEASE"
},
{
"fixed": "2.2.5.RELEASE"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.springframework.security.oauth:spring-security-oauth"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "2.3.0.RELEASE"
},
{
"fixed": "2.3.6.RELEASE"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-11269"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2019-06-13T20:17:53Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2019-06-12T15:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Spring Security OAuth versions 2.3 prior to 2.3.6, 2.2 prior to 2.2.5, 2.1 prior to 2.1.5, and 2.0 prior to 2.0.18, as well as older unsupported versions could be susceptible to an open redirector attack that can leak an authorization code. A malicious user or attacker can craft a request to the authorization endpoint using the authorization code grant type, and specify a manipulated redirection URI via the redirect_uri parameter. This can cause the authorization server to redirect the resource owner user-agent to a URI under the control of the attacker with the leaked authorization code.",
"id": "GHSA-mmf6-6597-3v6m",
"modified": "2024-05-14T16:54:26Z",
"published": "2019-06-13T20:18:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-11269"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://pivotal.io/security/cve-2019-11269"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2021.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/153299/Spring-Security-OAuth-2.3-Open-Redirection.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Open Redirect in Spring Security OAuth"
}
GHSA-MMG7-H35C-V85F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-03-22 18:30 – Updated: 2023-03-22 18:30Experience Manager versions 6.5.15.0 (and earlier) are affected by a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability. A low-privilege authenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to redirect users to malicious websites. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-22258"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-03-22T17:15:00Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Experience Manager versions 6.5.15.0 (and earlier) are affected by a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability. A low-privilege authenticated attacker could leverage this vulnerability to redirect users to malicious websites. Exploitation of this issue requires user interaction.",
"id": "GHSA-mmg7-h35c-v85f",
"modified": "2023-03-22T18:30:38Z",
"published": "2023-03-22T18:30:38Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-22258"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://helpx.adobe.com/security/products/experience-manager/apsb23-18.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MMJH-45VJ-HFVF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 05:50 – Updated: 2024-02-08 15:49Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Dojo 1.0.x before 1.0.3, 1.1.x before 1.1.2, 1.2.x before 1.2.4, 1.3.x before 1.3.3, and 1.4.x before 1.4.2 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors, possibly related to dojo/resources/iframe_history.html, dojox/av/FLAudio.js, dojox/av/FLVideo.js, dojox/av/resources/audio.swf, dojox/av/resources/video.swf, util/buildscripts/jslib/build.js, util/buildscripts/jslib/buildUtil.js, and util/doh/runner.html.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.dojotoolkit:dojo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.0.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.dojotoolkit:dojo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.1.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.1.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.dojotoolkit:dojo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.2.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.2.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.dojotoolkit:dojo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.3.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.3.3"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Maven",
"name": "org.dojotoolkit:dojo"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.4.0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.4.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2010-2274"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2024-02-08T15:49:12Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2010-06-15T14:30:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Multiple open redirect vulnerabilities in Dojo 1.0.x before 1.0.3, 1.1.x before 1.1.2, 1.2.x before 1.2.4, 1.3.x before 1.3.3, and 1.4.x before 1.4.2 allow remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via unspecified vectors, possibly related to dojo/resources/iframe_history.html, dojox/av/FLAudio.js, dojox/av/FLVideo.js, dojox/av/resources/audio.swf, dojox/av/resources/video.swf, util/buildscripts/jslib/build.js, util/buildscripts/jslib/buildUtil.js, and util/doh/runner.html.",
"id": "GHSA-mmjh-45vj-hfvf",
"modified": "2024-02-08T15:49:12Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T05:50:10Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2010-2274"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/cometd/dojo-maven"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100617172214/http://secunia.com/advisories/40007"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20100629020444/http://secunia.com/advisories/38964"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://dojotoolkit.org/blog/post/dylan/2010/03/dojo-security-advisory"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-01.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg21431472"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1LO50833"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1LO50849"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1LO50856"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1LO50896"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1LO50932"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1LO50958"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www-1.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=swg1LO50994"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Dojo Open Redirect vulnerability"
}
GHSA-MMQM-GGCJ-WH2H
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 02:26 – Updated: 2022-05-17 02:26A vulnerability in the web interface of the Cisco Secure Access Control System (ACS) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page, aka an Open Redirect Vulnerability. More Information: CSCvc04849. Known Affected Releases: 5.8(2.5).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2017-3840"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-02-22T02:59:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web interface of the Cisco Secure Access Control System (ACS) could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to redirect a user to a malicious web page, aka an Open Redirect Vulnerability. More Information: CSCvc04849. Known Affected Releases: 5.8(2.5).",
"id": "GHSA-mmqm-ggcj-wh2h",
"modified": "2022-05-17T02:26:23Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T02:26:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2017-3840"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20170215-acs2"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/96238"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1037837"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MP33-HCHW-9HVG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 16:54 – Updated: 2024-04-04 01:47The authentication applet in Watchguard Fireware 11.11 Operating System has reflected XSS (this can also cause an open redirect).
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2016-6154"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2019-08-23T22:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The authentication applet in Watchguard Fireware 11.11 Operating System has reflected XSS (this can also cause an open redirect).",
"id": "GHSA-mp33-hchw-9hvg",
"modified": "2024-04-04T01:47:15Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T16:54:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-6154"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sec-1.com/blog/2016/sec-1-advisory-reflected-cross-site-scripting-open-redirect-watchguard-fireware-v11-11"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-MPMP-43VW-64C6
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:07 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:07Jamf Pro before 10.30.1 allows for an unvalidated URL redirect vulnerability affecting Jamf Pro customers who host their environments on-premises. An attacker may craft a URL that appears to be for a customer's Jamf Pro instance, but when clicked will forward a user to an arbitrary URL that may be malicious. This is tracked via Jamf with the following ID: PI-009822
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-35037"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-07-12T11:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Jamf Pro before 10.30.1 allows for an unvalidated URL redirect vulnerability affecting Jamf Pro customers who host their environments on-premises. An attacker may craft a URL that appears to be for a customer\u0027s Jamf Pro instance, but when clicked will forward a user to an arbitrary URL that may be malicious. This is tracked via Jamf with the following ID: PI-009822",
"id": "GHSA-mpmp-43vw-64c6",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:07:32Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:07:32Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-35037"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jamf.com/jamf-nation/discussions/39219/jamf-pro-10-30-1-security-upgrade"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.jamf.com/resources/product-documentation/jamf-pro-release-notes"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-MPPV-98JP-9J3M
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:03 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:03Many resources in Atlassian Jira before version 7.6.9, from version 7.7.0 before version 7.7.5, from version 7.8.0 before version 7.8.5, from version 7.9.0 before version 7.9.3, from version 7.10.0 before version 7.10.3, from version 7.11.0 before version 7.11.3, from version 7.12.0 before version 7.12.3, and before version 7.13.1 allow remote attackers to attack users, in some cases be able to obtain a user's Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) token, via a open redirect vulnerability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-13402"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-10-23T13:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Many resources in Atlassian Jira before version 7.6.9, from version 7.7.0 before version 7.7.5, from version 7.8.0 before version 7.8.5, from version 7.9.0 before version 7.9.3, from version 7.10.0 before version 7.10.3, from version 7.11.0 before version 7.11.3, from version 7.12.0 before version 7.12.3, and before version 7.13.1 allow remote attackers to attack users, in some cases be able to obtain a user\u0027s Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) token, via a open redirect vulnerability.",
"id": "GHSA-mppv-98jp-9j3m",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:03:05Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:03:05Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-13402"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://jira.atlassian.com/browse/JRASERVER-68140"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/105751"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.