CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2576 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-P6VG-P826-QP3V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-10-05 20:24 – Updated: 2021-10-21 15:01Impact
A redirect vulnerability in the fastify-static module allows remote attackers to redirect Mozilla Firefox users to arbitrary websites via a double slash // followed by a domain: http://localhost:3000//google.com/%2e%2e.
The issue shows up on all the fastify-static applications that set redirect: true option. By default, it is false.
Patches
The issue has been patched in fastify-static@4.2.4
Workarounds
If updating is not an option, you can sanitize the input URLs using the rewriteUrl server option.
References
- Bug founder: drstrnegth
- hackerone Report
For more information
If you have any questions or comments about this advisory: * Open an issue in fastify-static * Contact the security team
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "fastify-static"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "4.2.4"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-22963"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-10-05T18:55:33Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-10-14T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "### Impact\n\nA redirect vulnerability in the `fastify-static` module allows remote attackers to redirect Mozilla Firefox users to arbitrary websites via a double slash `//` followed by a domain: `http://localhost:3000//google.com/%2e%2e`.\n\nThe issue shows up on all the `fastify-static` applications that set `redirect: true` option. By default, it is `false`.\n\n### Patches\nThe issue has been patched in `fastify-static@4.2.4`\n\n### Workarounds\nIf updating is not an option, you can sanitize the input URLs using the [`rewriteUrl`](https://www.fastify.io/docs/latest/Server/#rewriteurl) server option.\n\n### References\n\n+ Bug founder: drstrnegth\n+ [hackerone Report](https://hackerone.com/reports/1354255)\n\n### For more information\nIf you have any questions or comments about this advisory:\n* Open an issue in [fastify-static](https://github.com/fastify/fastify-static)\n* Contact the [security team](https://github.com/fastify/fastify/blob/main/SECURITY.md#the-fastify-security-team)\n",
"id": "GHSA-p6vg-p826-qp3v",
"modified": "2021-10-21T15:01:19Z",
"published": "2021-10-05T20:24:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/fastify/fastify-static/security/advisories/GHSA-p6vg-p826-qp3v"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-22963"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/1354255"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/fastify/fastify-static"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) in fastify-static"
}
GHSA-P85H-H5H6-5XRQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-01 15:31 – Updated: 2025-04-01 15:31URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability in formsintegrations Integration of Zoho CRM and Contact Form 7 allows Phishing. This issue affects Integration of Zoho CRM and Contact Form 7: from n/a through 1.0.6.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-31821"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-01T15:16:22Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability in formsintegrations Integration of Zoho CRM and Contact Form 7 allows Phishing. This issue affects Integration of Zoho CRM and Contact Form 7: from n/a through 1.0.6.",
"id": "GHSA-p85h-h5h6-5xrq",
"modified": "2025-04-01T15:31:41Z",
"published": "2025-04-01T15:31:41Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31821"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/integration-of-zoho-crm-and-contact-form-7/vulnerability/wordpress-integration-of-zoho-crm-and-contact-form-7-plugin-1-0-6-open-redirection-vulnerability?_s_id=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P85Q-V64C-FXCH
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-02-24 12:31 – Updated: 2025-02-24 12:31The WPO365 | MICROSOFT 365 GRAPH MAILER plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 3.2. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect url supplied via the 'redirect_to' parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if 1. they can successfully trick them into performing an action and 2. the plugin is activated but not configured.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-1488"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-02-24T11:15:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WPO365 | MICROSOFT 365 GRAPH MAILER plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Open Redirect in all versions up to, and including, 3.2. This is due to insufficient validation on the redirect url supplied via the \u0027redirect_to\u0027 parameter. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to redirect users to potentially malicious sites if 1. they can successfully trick them into performing an action and 2. the plugin is activated but not configured.",
"id": "GHSA-p85q-v64c-fxch",
"modified": "2025-02-24T12:31:59Z",
"published": "2025-02-24T12:31:59Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-1488"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset/3244747"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wordpress.org/plugins/wpo365-msgraphmailer/#developers"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/3a1782c3-ae0b-42f1-aa5e-dabfa2a5bbcd?source=cve"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wpo365.com/change-log"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P8C3-HJRQ-6XMX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-25 12:30 – Updated: 2026-01-25 12:30A vulnerability was determined in lcg0124 BootDo up to 5ccd963c74058036b466e038cff37de4056c1600. Affected by this vulnerability is the function redirectToLogin of the file AccessControlFilter.java of the component Host Header Handler. This manipulation of the argument Hostname causes open redirect. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This product uses a rolling release model to deliver continuous updates. As a result, specific version information for affected or updated releases is not available.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-1406"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-01-25T12:15:46Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in lcg0124 BootDo up to 5ccd963c74058036b466e038cff37de4056c1600. Affected by this vulnerability is the function redirectToLogin of the file AccessControlFilter.java of the component Host Header Handler. This manipulation of the argument Hostname causes open redirect. The attack may be initiated remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized. This product uses a rolling release model to deliver continuous updates. As a result, specific version information for affected or updated releases is not available.",
"id": "GHSA-p8c3-hjrq-6xmx",
"modified": "2026-01-25T12:30:26Z",
"published": "2026-01-25T12:30:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1406"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/webzzaa/CVE-/issues/5"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.342794"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.342794"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.736271"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-P8FV-37Q7-2PR7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-06-15 21:30 – Updated: 2024-04-04 04:53An open redirect vulnerability exists in the /preauth Servlet in Zimbra Collaboration Suite through 9.0 and 8.8.15. To exploit the vulnerability, an attacker would need to have obtained a valid zimbra auth token or a valid preauth token. Once the token is obtained, an attacker could redirect a user to any URL if url sanitisation is bypassed in incoming requests. NOTE: this is similar, but not identical, to CVE-2021-34807.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-24030"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-06-15T21:15:09Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An open redirect vulnerability exists in the /preauth Servlet in Zimbra Collaboration Suite through 9.0 and 8.8.15. To exploit the vulnerability, an attacker would need to have obtained a valid zimbra auth token or a valid preauth token. Once the token is obtained, an attacker could redirect a user to any URL if url sanitisation is bypassed in incoming requests. NOTE: this is similar, but not identical, to CVE-2021-34807.",
"id": "GHSA-p8fv-37q7-2pr7",
"modified": "2024-04-04T04:53:24Z",
"published": "2023-06-15T21:30:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-24030"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Security_Center"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Zimbra_Security_Advisories"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P999-W4H4-238V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 01:14 – Updated: 2022-05-13 01:14The fix in Kibana for ESA-2017-23 was incomplete. With X-Pack security enabled, Kibana versions before 6.1.3 and 5.6.7 have an open redirect vulnerability on the login page that would enable an attacker to craft a link that redirects to an arbitrary website.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2018-3819"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2018-03-30T20:29:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The fix in Kibana for ESA-2017-23 was incomplete. With X-Pack security enabled, Kibana versions before 6.1.3 and 5.6.7 have an open redirect vulnerability on the login page that would enable an attacker to craft a link that redirects to an arbitrary website.",
"id": "GHSA-p999-w4h4-238v",
"modified": "2022-05-13T01:14:31Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T01:14:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2018-3819"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://discuss.elastic.co/t/elastic-stack-6-1-3-and-5-6-7-security-update/117683"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P99P-CR7F-R54F
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2023-02-14 06:31 – Updated: 2023-02-21 21:30SAP Solution Manager - version 720, allows an authenticated attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to insufficient URL validation. A successful attack could lead an attacker to read or modify the information or expose the user to a phishing attack. As a result, it has a low impact to confidentiality, integrity and availability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2023-23855"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2023-02-14T04:15:00Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "SAP Solution Manager - version 720, allows an authenticated attacker to redirect users to a malicious site due to insufficient URL validation. A successful attack could lead an attacker to read or modify the information or expose the user to a phishing attack. As a result, it has a low impact to confidentiality, integrity and availability.",
"id": "GHSA-p99p-cr7f-r54f",
"modified": "2023-02-21T21:30:18Z",
"published": "2023-02-14T06:31:25Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2023-23855"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://launchpad.support.sap.com/#/notes/3270509"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.sap.com/documents/2022/02/fa865ea4-167e-0010-bca6-c68f7e60039b.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-P9HR-JH3M-JQX9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-08 15:30 – Updated: 2026-02-08 15:30A vulnerability was determined in mwielgoszewski doorman up to 0.6. This issue affects the function is_safe_url of the file doorman/users/views.py. Executing a manipulation of the argument Next can lead to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2153"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-08T13:16:04Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was determined in mwielgoszewski doorman up to 0.6. This issue affects the function is_safe_url of the file doorman/users/views.py. Executing a manipulation of the argument Next can lead to open redirect. The attack may be launched remotely. The exploit has been publicly disclosed and may be utilized.",
"id": "GHSA-p9hr-jh3m-jqx9",
"modified": "2026-02-08T15:30:58Z",
"published": "2026-02-08T15:30:58Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2153"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/RacerZ-fighting/39f230feb0e450ae54f0a80c63c5d924"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.344855"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.344855"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.748072"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-P9JC-J6CX-2X36
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-08-21 21:31 – Updated: 2026-08-21 21:31Joomla Extension - j2commerce.com - Open redirect in cart controller in J2Store 1.0.0-3.3.20, 4.0.0-4.0.20, 4.1.0-4.1.5 - Four task handlers accepted a base64-encoded URL from user input and redirected to it without validating the destination host, enabling phishing using the shop's trusted domain. No authentication required.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-67362"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-08-21T20:16:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "Joomla Extension - j2commerce.com - Open redirect in cart controller in J2Store 1.0.0-3.3.20, 4.0.0-4.0.20, 4.1.0-4.1.5 - Four task handlers accepted a base64-encoded URL from user input and redirected to it without validating the destination host, enabling phishing using the shop\u0027s trusted domain. No authentication required.",
"id": "GHSA-p9jc-j6cx-2x36",
"modified": "2026-08-21T21:31:50Z",
"published": "2026-08-21T21:31:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-67362"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.j2commerce.com"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-P9W4-QH4J-6CX3
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-05-08 18:30 – Updated: 2025-05-08 18:30Rapid7 Corporate Website prior to May 2nd 2025, suffered from a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect') vulnerability whereby, due to misconfigured headers, an attacker could successfully redirect users to a malicious site of their control. This vulnerability has been fixed as of May 2nd 2025.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-4132"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-601"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-05-08T16:15:28Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "Rapid7 Corporate Website prior to May 2nd 2025, suffered from a URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027) vulnerability whereby, due to misconfigured headers, an attacker could successfully redirect users to a malicious site of their control. \nThis vulnerability has been fixed as of May 2nd 2025.",
"id": "GHSA-p9w4-qh4j-6cx3",
"modified": "2025-05-08T18:30:42Z",
"published": "2025-05-08T18:30:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-4132"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/601.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.