CWE-639
AllowedAuthorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The system's authorization functionality does not prevent one user from gaining access to another user's data or record by modifying the key value identifying the data.
3406 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-44MH-4G8R-7822
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-28 06:31 – Updated: 2026-05-28 06:31The FOX – Currency Switcher Professional for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key in all versions up to and including 1.4.6. This is due to the get_value() function in classes/fixed/fixed_user_role.php trusting the attacker-controlled $_REQUEST['wooc_order_user_roles'] parameter to determine the user's role context for role-based price resolution without any validation, allowing it to override the legitimate role data derived from the authenticated user's session object via $user->roles. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to impersonate higher-privileged roles — such as wholesale customer or administrator — and obtain discounted or otherwise restricted pricing that should not be available to their actual role. This vulnerability only has practical impact when the fixed user-role pricing feature is enabled and at least one product has a privileged-role price configured.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-9241"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-28T05:16:39Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The FOX \u2013 Currency Switcher Professional for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key in all versions up to and including 1.4.6. This is due to the `get_value()` function in `classes/fixed/fixed_user_role.php` trusting the attacker-controlled `$_REQUEST[\u0027wooc_order_user_roles\u0027]` parameter to determine the user\u0027s role context for role-based price resolution without any validation, allowing it to override the legitimate role data derived from the authenticated user\u0027s session object via `$user-\u003eroles`. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Subscriber-level access and above, to impersonate higher-privileged roles \u2014 such as wholesale customer or administrator \u2014 and obtain discounted or otherwise restricted pricing that should not be available to their actual role. This vulnerability only has practical impact when the fixed user-role pricing feature is enabled and at least one product has a privileged-role price configured.",
"id": "GHSA-44mh-4g8r-7822",
"modified": "2026-05-28T06:31:09Z",
"published": "2026-05-28T06:31:09Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-9241"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-currency-switcher/trunk/classes/fixed/fixed_user_role.php#L228"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-currency-switcher/trunk/classes/fixed/fixed_user_role.php#L229"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woocommerce-currency-switcher/trunk/classes/woocs.php#L2271"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3543524%40woocommerce-currency-switcher\u0026new=3543524%40woocommerce-currency-switcher\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/1c8c1fec-0e87-46f7-83c5-8f9e9aa97b4f?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-44PX-QJJC-XRHQ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-03-26 17:12 – Updated: 2026-03-26 17:12Summary
An authenticated low-privileged user can call assets/preview-file for an asset they are not authorized to view and still receive preview response data (previewHtml) for that private asset.
The returned preview HTML included a private preview image route containing the target private assetId, even though canView was false for the attacker account.
Details
assets/preview-fileaccepts a maliciously controlledassetIdand renders preview output.- The action does not enforce per-asset view authorization prior to returning preview content.
- As a result, an authenticated user without asset-view permission can still obtain private preview output.
This affects Craft installations with authenticated users of mixed privilege levels with private assets.
Resources
- d30df3112220db1ffd6726a3ed11857014c7fb27
- b1cddf72c98a
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 5.9.13"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "craftcms/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "5.0.0-RC1"
},
{
"fixed": "5.9.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
},
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 4.17.7"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "Packagist",
"name": "craftcms/cms"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "4.0.0-RC1"
},
{
"fixed": "4.17.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-200",
"CWE-639",
"CWE-862"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-26T17:12:21Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "### Summary\n\nAn authenticated low-privileged user can call `assets/preview-file` for an asset they are not authorized to view and still receive preview response data (`previewHtml`) for that private asset.\n\nThe returned preview HTML included a private preview image route containing the target private `assetId`, even though `canView` was `false` for the attacker account.\n\n### Details\n\n1. `assets/preview-file` accepts a maliciously controlled `assetId` and renders preview output.\n2. The action does not enforce per-asset view authorization prior to returning preview content.\n 3. As a result, an authenticated user without asset-view permission can still obtain private preview output.\n\nThis affects Craft installations with authenticated users of mixed privilege levels with private assets.\n\n### Resources\n\n- d30df3112220db1ffd6726a3ed11857014c7fb27\n- b1cddf72c98a",
"id": "GHSA-44px-qjjc-xrhq",
"modified": "2026-03-26T17:12:21Z",
"published": "2026-03-26T17:12:21Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/security/advisories/GHSA-44px-qjjc-xrhq"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/b1cddf72c98a66801beb04ea4b07e72182b7b7db"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms/commit/d30df3112220db1ffd6726a3ed11857014c7fb27"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/craftcms/cms"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "Craft CMS: Authorized asset \"preview file\" requests bypass allows users without asset access to retrieve private preview metadata"
}
GHSA-44Q8-52GX-27G8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-03-20 12:32 – Updated: 2025-03-20 12:32In lunary-ai/lunary before version 1.6.3, an improper access control vulnerability exists where a user can access prompt data of another user. This issue affects version 1.6.2 and the main branch. The vulnerability allows unauthorized users to view sensitive prompt data by accessing specific URLs, leading to potential exposure of critical information.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-11300"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-284",
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-03-20T10:15:24Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "In lunary-ai/lunary before version 1.6.3, an improper access control vulnerability exists where a user can access prompt data of another user. This issue affects version 1.6.2 and the main branch. The vulnerability allows unauthorized users to view sensitive prompt data by accessing specific URLs, leading to potential exposure of critical information.",
"id": "GHSA-44q8-52gx-27g8",
"modified": "2025-03-20T12:32:42Z",
"published": "2025-03-20T12:32:42Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-11300"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/lunary-ai/lunary/commit/79dc370596d979b756f6ea0250d97a2d02385ecd"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://huntr.com/bounties/8dca7994-0d92-491e-a419-02adfe23ffa4"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-44QF-8MXQ-79C8
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-07-25 21:33 – Updated: 2025-07-25 21:33Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Salesforce Tableau Server on Windows, Linux (tab-doc api modules) allows Interface Manipulation (data access to the production database cluster).This issue affects Tableau Server: before 2025.1.3, before 2024.2.12, before 2023.3.19.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-52446"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-07-25T19:15:40Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key vulnerability in Salesforce Tableau Server on Windows, Linux (tab-doc api modules) allows Interface Manipulation (data access to the production database cluster).This issue affects Tableau Server: before 2025.1.3, before 2024.2.12, before 2023.3.19.",
"id": "GHSA-44qf-8mxq-79c8",
"modified": "2025-07-25T21:33:50Z",
"published": "2025-07-25T21:33:50Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-52446"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://help.salesforce.com/s/articleView?id=005105043\u0026type=1"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-44QR-P5WV-C2WG
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-28 09:31 – Updated: 2026-07-28 09:31The ShopLentor – All-in-One WooCommerce Growth & Store Enhancement Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 3.4.5 via the 'optionSection' parameter due to missing validation on a user controlled key. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor-level access and above, to read arbitrary wp_options rows — including internal plugin news feed data, WooCommerce block pattern transients, and third-party configuration records — whose values are stored as arrays-of-arrays containing 'title' keys, enabling cross-plugin data leakage.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-16797"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-07-28T07:16:42Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The ShopLentor \u2013 All-in-One WooCommerce Growth \u0026 Store Enhancement Plugin plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 3.4.5 via the \u0027optionSection\u0027 parameter due to missing validation on a user controlled key. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with contributor-level access and above, to read arbitrary wp_options rows \u2014 including internal plugin news feed data, WooCommerce block pattern transients, and third-party configuration records \u2014 whose values are stored as arrays-of-arrays containing \u0027title\u0027 keys, enabling cross-plugin data leakage.",
"id": "GHSA-44qr-p5wv-c2wg",
"modified": "2026-07-28T09:31:28Z",
"published": "2026-07-28T09:31:28Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-16797"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woolentor-addons/tags/3.4.5/woolentor-blocks/includes/classes/Api/Api.php#L143"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woolentor-addons/tags/3.4.5/woolentor-blocks/includes/classes/Api/Api.php#L168"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woolentor-addons/tags/3.4.5/woolentor-blocks/includes/classes/Api/Api.php#L476"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/woolentor-addons/tags/3.4.5/woolentor-blocks/includes/helper-functions.php#L7"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?reponame=\u0026old=3623166%40woolentor-addons\u0026new=3623166%40woolentor-addons"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/75d5c684-090e-4fff-9bf7-2b7c41ef95d3?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-452W-79F5-W82Q
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-01-15 12:30 – Updated: 2025-01-15 12:30The Piotnet Addons For Elementor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.32 via the 'pafe-template' shortcode due to insufficient restrictions on which posts can be included. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to extract data from private or draft posts created by Elementor that they should not have access to.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-10775"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-01-15T10:15:07Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The Piotnet Addons For Elementor plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Information Exposure in all versions up to, and including, 2.4.32 via the \u0027pafe-template\u0027 shortcode due to insufficient restrictions on which posts can be included. This makes it possible for authenticated attackers, with Contributor-level access and above, to extract data from private or draft posts created by Elementor that they should not have access to.",
"id": "GHSA-452w-79f5-w82q",
"modified": "2025-01-15T12:30:44Z",
"published": "2025-01-15T12:30:44Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-10775"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3221445%40piotnet-addons-for-elementor\u0026new=3221445%40piotnet-addons-for-elementor\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/5fdbc9bc-70cf-4440-b12d-dd98844d33bc?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4534-R335-X9JW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-11 09:30 – Updated: 2025-10-11 09:30The WPC Smart Wishlist for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 5.0.3 via several wishlist AJAX functions due to missing validation on a user controlled key that is exposed when wishlists are shared. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to empty and add to other user's wishlists, if they have access to the key.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-11518"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-10-11T09:15:32Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "The WPC Smart Wishlist for WooCommerce plugin for WordPress is vulnerable to Insecure Direct Object Reference in all versions up to, and including, 5.0.3 via several wishlist AJAX functions due to missing validation on a user controlled key that is exposed when wishlists are shared. This makes it possible for unauthenticated attackers to empty and add to other user\u0027s wishlists, if they have access to the key.",
"id": "GHSA-4534-r335-x9jw",
"modified": "2025-10-11T09:30:23Z",
"published": "2025-10-11T09:30:23Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-11518"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/changeset?sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail=\u0026reponame=\u0026old=3375421%40woo-smart-wishlist\u0026new=3375421%40woo-smart-wishlist\u0026sfp_email=\u0026sfph_mail="
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.wordfence.com/threat-intel/vulnerabilities/id/afe275b4-edc0-4b19-a91f-5099a085e8ce?source=cve"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-4568-46J5-889R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-11-18 18:32 – Updated: 2025-11-19 18:31kishan0725 Hospital Management System v4 has an Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability in the appointment cancellation functionality.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-63513"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-11-18T17:16:10Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "kishan0725 Hospital Management System v4 has an Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR) vulnerability in the appointment cancellation functionality.",
"id": "GHSA-4568-46j5-889r",
"modified": "2025-11-19T18:31:18Z",
"published": "2025-11-18T18:32:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-63513"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/kishan0725/Hospital-Management-System/issues/55"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/NicatAliyevh/Zero-Days/blob/main/Hospital_Management_System_IDOR.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-458Q-4X98-HJWR
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-04-16 00:31 – Updated: 2025-04-16 00:31An unauthenticated attacker can hijack other users' devices and potentially control them.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-25276"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-04-15T22:15:16Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "An unauthenticated attacker can hijack other users\u0027 devices and potentially control them.",
"id": "GHSA-458q-4x98-hjwr",
"modified": "2025-04-16T00:31:35Z",
"published": "2025-04-16T00:31:35Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-25276"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-105-04"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-45F4-7WMP-8679
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-02 21:30 – Updated: 2024-10-02 21:30A vulnerability in the Cisco AnyConnect VPN server of Cisco Meraki MX and Cisco Meraki Z Series Teleworker Gateway devices could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause a DoS condition for targeted users of the AnyConnect service on an affected device.
This vulnerability is due to insufficient entropy for handlers that are used during SSL VPN session establishment. An unauthenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability by brute forcing valid session handlers. An authenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability by connecting to the AnyConnect VPN service of an affected device to retrieve a valid session handler and, based on that handler, predict further valid session handlers. The attacker would then send a crafted HTTPS request using the brute-forced or predicted session handler to the AnyConnect VPN server of the device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to terminate targeted SSL VPN sessions, forcing remote users to initiate new VPN connections and reauthenticate.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-20513"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-639"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-02T19:15:15Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the Cisco AnyConnect VPN server of Cisco Meraki MX and Cisco Meraki Z Series Teleworker Gateway devices could allow an unauthenticated, remote attacker to cause a DoS condition for targeted users of the AnyConnect service on an affected device.\n\nThis vulnerability is due to insufficient entropy for handlers that are used during SSL VPN session establishment. An unauthenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability by brute forcing valid session handlers. An authenticated attacker could exploit this vulnerability by connecting to the AnyConnect VPN service of an affected device to retrieve a valid session handler and, based on that handler, predict further valid session handlers. The attacker would then send a crafted HTTPS request using the brute-forced or predicted session handler to the AnyConnect VPN server of the device. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to terminate targeted SSL VPN sessions, forcing remote users to initiate new VPN connections and reauthenticate.",
"id": "GHSA-45f4-7wmp-8679",
"modified": "2024-10-02T21:30:34Z",
"published": "2024-10-02T21:30:34Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-20513"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://sec.cloudapps.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-meraki-mx-vpn-dos-QTRHzG2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
For each and every data access, ensure that the user has sufficient privilege to access the record that is being requested.
Mitigation
Make sure that the key that is used in the lookup of a specific user's record is not controllable externally by the user or that any tampering can be detected.
Mitigation
Use encryption in order to make it more difficult to guess other legitimate values of the key or associate a digital signature with the key so that the server can verify that there has been no tampering.
No CAPEC attack patterns related to this CWE.