CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5381 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-9MXJ-5P25-8XF4
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-14 03:27 – Updated: 2025-04-20 03:33The installPackage function in the installerHelper subcomponent in Libmacgpg in GPG Suite before 2015.06 allows local users to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges via shell metacharacters in the xmlPath argument.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2014-4677"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2017-02-22T16:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The installPackage function in the installerHelper subcomponent in Libmacgpg in GPG Suite before 2015.06 allows local users to execute arbitrary commands with root privileges via shell metacharacters in the xmlPath argument.",
"id": "GHSA-9mxj-5p25-8xf4",
"modified": "2025-04-20T03:33:20Z",
"published": "2022-05-14T03:27:48Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2014-4677"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bierbaumer.net/security/cve-2014-4677"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gpgtools.org/releases/gpgsuite/2015.08/release-notes.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.0/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9P2W-RMX4-9MW7
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-04 16:54 – Updated: 2025-12-29 15:34Versions of strapi before 3.0.0-beta.17.8 are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package fails to sanitize plugin names in the /admin/plugins/install/ route. This may allow an authenticated attacker with admin privileges to run arbitrary commands in the server.
Recommendation
Upgrade to version 3.0.0-beta.17.8 or later
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.0.0-beta.17.7"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "strapi"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "3.0.0-beta.17.8"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2019-19609"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T18:58:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Versions of `strapi` before 3.0.0-beta.17.8 are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package fails to sanitize plugin names in the `/admin/plugins/install/` route. This may allow an authenticated attacker with admin privileges to run arbitrary commands in the server.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nUpgrade to version 3.0.0-beta.17.8 or later",
"id": "GHSA-9p2w-rmx4-9mw7",
"modified": "2025-12-29T15:34:55Z",
"published": "2020-09-04T16:54:02Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2019-19609"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/strapi/strapi/pull/4636"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bittherapy.net/post/strapi-framework-remote-code-execution"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/strapi/strapi"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1424"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/163940/Strapi-3.0.0-beta.17.7-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/163950/Strapi-CMS-3.0.0-beta.17.4-Remote-Code-Execution.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Command Injection in strapi"
}
GHSA-9PF5-F78Q-Q36R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-13 00:00 – Updated: 2025-10-22 00:32SolarView Compact ver.6.00 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via conf_mail.php.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-29303"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-12T16:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "SolarView Compact ver.6.00 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via conf_mail.php.",
"id": "GHSA-9pf5-f78q-q36r",
"modified": "2025-10-22T00:32:33Z",
"published": "2022-05-13T00:00:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-29303"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1tGr-WExbpfvhRg31XCoaZOFLWyt3r60g?usp=sharing"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/known-exploited-vulnerabilities-catalog?field_cve=CVE-2022-29303"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/167183/SolarView-Compact-6.0-Command-Injection.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9PJ2-3X6V-C3PP
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-18 00:31 – Updated: 2026-05-18 00:31A vulnerability has been found in vercel ai up to 3.0.97. Impacted is the function run of the file .github/workflows/prettier-on-automerge.yml of the component PR Branch Name Interpolation. The manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is considered difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-8767"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-17T23:17:02Z",
"severity": "LOW"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in vercel ai up to 3.0.97. Impacted is the function run of the file .github/workflows/prettier-on-automerge.yml of the component PR Branch Name Interpolation. The manipulation leads to os command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is considered difficult. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-9pj2-3x6v-c3pp",
"modified": "2026-05-18T00:31:36Z",
"published": "2026-05-18T00:31:36Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8767"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/YLChen-007/870bd6966cd84703d91ce54dfea3bdd0"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/submit/811402"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/364392"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/vuln/364392/cti"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-9PP4-8P8V-G78W
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2021-08-25 20:57 – Updated: 2021-08-18 20:22An issue was discovered in the lever crate before 0.1.1 for Rust. AtomicBox implements the Send and Sync traits for all types T. This allows non-Send types such as Rc and non-Sync types such as Cell to be used across thread boundaries which can trigger undefined behavior and memory corruption.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "lever"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.1.1"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2020-36457"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-362",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2021-08-18T20:22:32Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2021-08-08T06:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "An issue was discovered in the lever crate before 0.1.1 for Rust. AtomicBox\u003cT\u003e implements the Send and Sync traits for all types T. This allows non-Send types such as Rc and non-Sync types such as Cell to be used across thread boundaries which can trigger undefined behavior and memory corruption.",
"id": "GHSA-9pp4-8p8v-g78w",
"modified": "2021-08-18T20:22:32Z",
"published": "2021-08-25T20:57:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2020-36457"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vertexclique/lever/issues/15"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vertexclique/lever/pull/17"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/vertexclique/lever/commit/4a4cca61cdb25061967d58522229e147483007b1"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/vertexclique/lever"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://rustsec.org/advisories/RUSTSEC-2020-0137.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Data races in lever"
}
GHSA-9PR5-R4V8-XQJF
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-02-23 03:30 – Updated: 2024-02-23 03:30A vulnerability was found in Totolink X6000R AX3000 9.4.0cu.852_20230719. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects the function setWizardCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component shttpd. The manipulation leads to command injection. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-254573 was assigned to this vulnerability. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-1781"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-02-23T01:15:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was found in Totolink X6000R AX3000 9.4.0cu.852_20230719. It has been rated as critical. This issue affects the function setWizardCfg of the file /cgi-bin/cstecgi.cgi of the component shttpd. The manipulation leads to command injection. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The identifier VDB-254573 was assigned to this vulnerability. NOTE: The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-9pr5-r4v8-xqjf",
"modified": "2024-02-23T03:30:39Z",
"published": "2024-02-23T03:30:39Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-1781"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Icycu123/X6000R-AX3000-Wifi-6-Giga/blob/main/2/X6000R%20AX3000%20WiFi%206%20Giga%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E8%B7%AF%E7%94%B1%E5%99%A8%E6%9C%AA%E6%8E%88%E6%9D%83rce.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.254573"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.254573"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-9PW5-WX67-Q964
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-09-17 21:30 – Updated: 2025-09-25 21:33A vulnerability was detected in sequa-ai sequa-mcp up to 1.0.13. This affects the function redirectToAuthorization of the file src/helpers/node-oauth-client-provider.ts of the component OAuth Server Discovery. Performing manipulation results in os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit is now public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.0.14 is able to mitigate this issue. The patch is named e569815854166db5f71c2e722408f8957fb9e804. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The vendor explains: "We only promote that mcp server with our own URLs that have a valid response, but yes if someone would use it with a non sequa url, this is a valid attack vector. We have released a new version (1.0.14) that fixes this and validates that only URLs can be opened."
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@sequa-ai/sequa-mcp"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "1.0.14"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-10619"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-18T19:54:57Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2025-09-17T21:15:37Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability was detected in sequa-ai sequa-mcp up to 1.0.13. This affects the function redirectToAuthorization of the file src/helpers/node-oauth-client-provider.ts of the component OAuth Server Discovery. Performing manipulation results in os command injection. Remote exploitation of the attack is possible. The exploit is now public and may be used. Upgrading to version 1.0.14 is able to mitigate this issue. The patch is named e569815854166db5f71c2e722408f8957fb9e804. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The vendor explains: \"We only promote that mcp server with our own URLs that have a valid response, but yes if someone would use it with a non sequa url, this is a valid attack vector. We have released a new version (1.0.14) that fixes this and validates that only URLs can be opened.\"",
"id": "GHSA-9pw5-wx67-q964",
"modified": "2025-09-25T21:33:10Z",
"published": "2025-09-17T21:30:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-10619"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/sequa-ai/sequa-mcp/commit/e569815854166db5f71c2e722408f8957fb9e804"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-9pw5-wx67-q964"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/sequa-ai/sequa-mcp"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/%40sequa-ai/sequa-mcp/v/1.0.14"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
],
"summary": "@sequa-ai/sequa-mcp has Command Injection vulnerability"
}
GHSA-9PX9-F7JW-FWHJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2020-09-03 15:49 – Updated: 2020-08-31 19:01All versions of priest-runner are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package fails to sanitize input and passes it directly to a spawn call, which may allow attackers to execute arbitrary code in the system. The PriestController.prototype.createChild function is vulnerable since the spawn parameters come from a POST request body.
Recommendation
No fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative package until a fix is made available.
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "priest-runner"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0.0.0"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2020-08-31T19:01:15Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "All versions of `priest-runner` are vulnerable to Command Injection. The package fails to sanitize input and passes it directly to a `spawn` call, which may allow attackers to execute arbitrary code in the system. The `PriestController.prototype.createChild ` function is vulnerable since the `spawn` parameters come from a POST request body.\n\n\n## Recommendation\n\nNo fix is currently available. Consider using an alternative package until a fix is made available.",
"id": "GHSA-9px9-f7jw-fwhj",
"modified": "2020-08-31T19:01:15Z",
"published": "2020-09-03T15:49:37Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.npmjs.com/advisories/1492"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [],
"summary": "Command Injection in priest-runner"
}
GHSA-9Q47-75MF-QMF9
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 19:14 – Updated: 2022-05-24 19:14setup.cgi on NETGEAR R6020 1.0.0.48 devices allows an admin to execute arbitrary shell commands via shell metacharacters in the ntp_server field.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-41383"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-09-17T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "setup.cgi on NETGEAR R6020 1.0.0.48 devices allows an admin to execute arbitrary shell commands via shell metacharacters in the ntp_server field.",
"id": "GHSA-9q47-75mf-qmf9",
"modified": "2022-05-24T19:14:54Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T19:14:54Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-41383"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://j-o-e-l-s.github.io/2021/09/15/Hacking-The-Netgear-R6020.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-9Q4M-9C5G-926G
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-24 17:42 – Updated: 2022-06-29 00:00A remote authenticated command injection vulnerability was discovered in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): Prior to 6.9.5, 6.8.8-HF1, 6.7.14-HF1. A vulnerability in the ClearPass web-based management interface allows remote authenticated users to run arbitrary commands on the underlying host. A successful exploit could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root on the underlying operating system leading to complete system compromise.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-26683"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2021-02-23T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A remote authenticated command injection vulnerability was discovered in Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager version(s): Prior to 6.9.5, 6.8.8-HF1, 6.7.14-HF1. A vulnerability in the ClearPass web-based management interface allows remote authenticated users to run arbitrary commands on the underlying host. A successful exploit could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary commands as root on the underlying operating system leading to complete system compromise.",
"id": "GHSA-9q4m-9c5g-926g",
"modified": "2022-06-29T00:00:48Z",
"published": "2022-05-24T17:42:56Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-26683"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/alert/ARUBA-PSA-2021-004.txt"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.