CWE-77
Allowed-with-ReviewImproper Neutralization of Special Elements used in a Command ('Command Injection')
Abstraction: Class · Status: Draft
The product constructs all or part of a command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended command when it is sent to a downstream component.
5381 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GHSA-CQHP-PW9H-FF47
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-07-15 00:00 – Updated: 2022-07-30 00:00A malformed SMI (System Management Interface) command may allow an attacker to establish a corrupted SMI Trigger Info data structure, potentially leading to out-of-bounds memory reads and writes when triggering an SMI resulting in a potential loss of resources.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2021-26384"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-07-14T20:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A malformed SMI (System Management Interface) command may allow an attacker to establish a corrupted SMI Trigger Info data structure, potentially leading to out-of-bounds memory reads and writes when triggering an SMI resulting in a potential loss of resources.",
"id": "GHSA-cqhp-pw9h-ff47",
"modified": "2022-07-30T00:00:43Z",
"published": "2022-07-15T00:00:16Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2021-26384"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.amd.com/en/corporate/product-security/bulletin/amd-sb-1027"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQHW-VPW6-WW5X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-05-12 03:31 – Updated: 2026-05-12 03:31Due to an OS Command Execution vulnerability in SAP Forecasting & Replenishment, an authenticated attacker with administrative authorizations could abuse a non-remote-enabled function to execute arbitrary operating system commands. Successful exploitation could allow the attacker to read or modify any system data or shut down the system, resulting in a complete compromise of confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-34259"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-05-12T03:16:11Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Due to an OS Command Execution vulnerability in SAP Forecasting \u0026 Replenishment, an authenticated attacker with administrative authorizations could abuse a non-remote-enabled function to execute arbitrary operating system commands. Successful exploitation could allow the attacker to read or modify any system data or shut down the system, resulting in a complete compromise of confidentiality, integrity, and availability.",
"id": "GHSA-cqhw-vpw6-ww5x",
"modified": "2026-05-12T03:31:26Z",
"published": "2026-05-12T03:31:26Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-34259"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://me.sap.com/notes/3732471"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://url.sap/sapsecuritypatchday"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQPP-FRWV-JR24
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2024-10-21 21:30 – Updated: 2024-10-22 21:30An issue in DCME-320-L <=9.3.2.114 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the log_u_umount.php component.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2024-48659"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2024-10-21T20:15:15Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "An issue in DCME-320-L \u003c=9.3.2.114 allows a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code via the log_u_umount.php component.",
"id": "GHSA-cqpp-frwv-jr24",
"modified": "2024-10-22T21:30:37Z",
"published": "2024-10-21T21:30:53Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48659"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://gist.github.com/CLan-nad/a879f7696a58656b384c46bf4ba74e80"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CQV7-6595-M97V
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-10-01 00:00 – Updated: 2022-10-06 00:00A vulnerability in the web UI feature of Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to perform an injection attack against an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted input to the web UI API. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system with root privileges. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker must have valid Administrator privileges on the affected device.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-20851"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-78"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-09-30T19:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "A vulnerability in the web UI feature of Cisco IOS XE Software could allow an authenticated, remote attacker to perform an injection attack against an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending crafted input to the web UI API. A successful exploit could allow the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system with root privileges. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker must have valid Administrator privileges on the affected device.",
"id": "GHSA-cqv7-6595-m97v",
"modified": "2022-10-06T00:00:54Z",
"published": "2022-10-01T00:00:18Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-20851"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-webui-cmdinj-Gje47EMn"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CR3W-CW5W-H3FJ
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-01-26 23:34 – Updated: 2026-01-26 23:34Summary
- There is a reflected XSS vulnerability in the GET /admin/edit-codepage/:name route through the name parameter. This can be used to hijack the session of an admin if they click a specially crafted link.
- Additionally, there is a Command Injection vulnerability in GET /admin/backup. The admin can inject a shell command in the backup password which is inserted in the command used to create the backup zip.
Both vulnerabilities can be chained to craft a malicious link which will execute an arbitrary shell command on the server if it is clicked by a saltcorn admin with an active session. I believe iframes could also be used to exploit this silently when the admin visits an attacker-controlled web page (though I have not tested that).
Details
- The XSS vulnerability is here: https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/blob/020893c0001678fd5ebd2c088ba68b395de1aabc/packages/server/routes/admin.js#L4886-L4887 Specifically, the name parameter is inserted into the pages breadcrumbs without sanitization.
- The Command Injection happens here: https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/blob/020893c0001678fd5ebd2c088ba68b395de1aabc/packages/saltcorn-admin-models/models/backup.ts#L381-L382
PoC
- A minimal PoC for the XSS can be as simple as: http://localhost:3000/admin/edit-codepage/%3Cimg%20src%3Dx%20onerror%3Dalert%281%29%3E%0A (assuming saltcorn running at localhost:3000 and the user having an active admin session)
- For the Command Injection, visit the backup section of saltcorn, set an admin password like
";$(whoami);"(including the quotation marks) and then click "Download a backup" in the "Manual backup" section. This should display an error page saying that /bin/sh could not find the binary named "root" or "saltcorn", depending on the user.
An example of an exploit that chains both vulnerabilities and generates the aforementioned malicious link: exploit.zip
Affected Versions
Edit: The following Docker containers from docker hub were tested: 1.4.1, 1.4.0, 1.3.1, 1.3.0, 1.2.0, 1.1.2, 1.1.1, 1.0.0 The Command Injection is applicable to versions >= 1.3.0. The XSS is applicable to versions >= 1.1.1
{
"affected": [
{
"package": {
"ecosystem": "npm",
"name": "@saltcorn/server"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "1.1.1"
},
{
"fixed": "1.5.0-beta.19"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77",
"CWE-79"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-01-26T23:34:49Z",
"nvd_published_at": null,
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "### Summary\n1. There is a reflected XSS vulnerability in the GET /admin/edit-codepage/:name route through the name parameter. This can be used to hijack the session of an admin if they click a specially crafted link.\n2. Additionally, there is a Command Injection vulnerability in GET /admin/backup. The admin can inject a shell command in the backup password which is inserted in the command used to create the backup zip.\n\n\nBoth vulnerabilities can be chained to craft a malicious link which will execute an arbitrary shell command on the server if it is clicked by a saltcorn admin with an active session. I believe iframes could also be used to exploit this silently when the admin visits an attacker-controlled web page (though I have not tested that).\n\n### Details\n1. The XSS vulnerability is here: https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/blob/020893c0001678fd5ebd2c088ba68b395de1aabc/packages/server/routes/admin.js#L4886-L4887 Specifically, the name parameter is inserted into the pages breadcrumbs without sanitization.\n2. The Command Injection happens here: https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/blob/020893c0001678fd5ebd2c088ba68b395de1aabc/packages/saltcorn-admin-models/models/backup.ts#L381-L382\n\n### PoC\n1. A minimal PoC for the XSS can be as simple as: http://localhost:3000/admin/edit-codepage/%3Cimg%20src%3Dx%20onerror%3Dalert%281%29%3E%0A (assuming saltcorn running at localhost:3000 and the user having an active admin session)\n2. For the Command Injection, visit the backup section of saltcorn, set an admin password like `\";$(whoami);\"` (including the quotation marks) and then click \"Download a backup\" in the \"Manual backup\" section. This should display an error page saying that /bin/sh could not find the binary named \"root\" or \"saltcorn\", depending on the user.\n\nAn example of an exploit that chains both vulnerabilities and generates the aforementioned malicious link:\n[exploit.zip](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/24356819/exploit.zip)\n\n### Affected Versions\nEdit: The following Docker containers from docker hub were tested: 1.4.1, 1.4.0, 1.3.1, 1.3.0, 1.2.0, 1.1.2, 1.1.1, 1.0.0\nThe Command Injection is applicable to versions \u003e= 1.3.0.\nThe XSS is applicable to versions \u003e= 1.1.1",
"id": "GHSA-cr3w-cw5w-h3fj",
"modified": "2026-01-26T23:34:49Z",
"published": "2026-01-26T23:34:49Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/security/advisories/GHSA-cr3w-cw5w-h3fj"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/commit/1bf681e08c45719a52afcf3506fb5ec59f4974d5"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/blob/020893c0001678fd5ebd2c088ba68b395de1aabc/packages/saltcorn-admin-models/models/backup.ts#L381-L382"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/blob/020893c0001678fd5ebd2c088ba68b395de1aabc/packages/server/routes/admin.js#L4886-L4887"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Saltcorn\u0027s Reflected XSS and Command Injection vulnerabilities can be chained for 1-click-RCE"
}
GHSA-CR4W-F4WW-GF4R
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-08-26 00:03 – Updated: 2022-08-28 00:00TOTOLink A3600R V4.1.2cu.5182_B20201102 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the username parameter in /cstecgi.cgi.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-36455"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-08-25T15:15:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "TOTOLink A3600R V4.1.2cu.5182_B20201102 was discovered to contain a command injection vulnerability via the username parameter in /cstecgi.cgi.",
"id": "GHSA-cr4w-f4ww-gf4r",
"modified": "2022-08-28T00:00:29Z",
"published": "2022-08-26T00:03:31Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-36455"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Darry-lang1/vuln/blob/main/TOTOLINK/A3600R/1/readme.md"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CR6H-978M-QJ75
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-16 06:31 – Updated: 2026-02-16 06:31A vulnerability has been found in Comfast CF-N1 V2 2.6.0.2. The affected element is the function sub_44AC4C of the file /cgi-bin/mbox-config?method=SET§ion=ptest_bandwidth. The manipulation of the argument bandwidth leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-2534"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-74",
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2026-02-16T04:15:52Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "A vulnerability has been found in Comfast CF-N1 V2 2.6.0.2. The affected element is the function sub_44AC4C of the file /cgi-bin/mbox-config?method=SET\u0026section=ptest_bandwidth. The manipulation of the argument bandwidth leads to command injection. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. The vendor was contacted early about this disclosure but did not respond in any way.",
"id": "GHSA-cr6h-978m-qj75",
"modified": "2026-02-16T06:31:29Z",
"published": "2026-02-16T06:31:29Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-2534"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/jinhao118/cve/blob/main/ComFast%20Router_1.md"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.346122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.346122"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?submit.748783"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
},
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
GHSA-CR7H-75CF-WM8X
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-17 04:08 – Updated: 2022-05-17 04:08The pcsd web UI in PCS 0.9.139 and earlier allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via "escape characters" in a URL.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2015-5190"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2015-09-03T14:59:00Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "The pcsd web UI in PCS 0.9.139 and earlier allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via \"escape characters\" in a URL.",
"id": "GHSA-cr7h-75cf-wm8x",
"modified": "2022-05-17T04:08:20Z",
"published": "2022-05-17T04:08:20Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2015-5190"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2015:1700"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2015-5190"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1252813"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2015-1700.html"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": []
}
GHSA-CRHC-R83W-662J
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2022-05-06 00:00 – Updated: 2022-05-14 00:03It is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setOpenVpnCfg interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024) router, which allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands through a carefully constructed payload.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2022-28578"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2022-05-05T18:15:00Z",
"severity": "CRITICAL"
},
"details": "It is found that there is a command injection vulnerability in the setOpenVpnCfg interface in TOTOlink A7100RU (v7.4cu.2313_b20191024) router, which allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands through a carefully constructed payload.",
"id": "GHSA-crhc-r83w-662j",
"modified": "2022-05-14T00:03:30Z",
"published": "2022-05-06T00:00:24Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-28578"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/EPhaha/IOT_vuln/tree/main/TOTOLink/A7100RU/2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
]
}
GHSA-CRJ2-HW3J-XQWX
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-08-06 21:31 – Updated: 2025-08-06 21:31Tigo Energy's CCA is vulnerable to a command injection vulnerability in the /cgi-bin/mobile_api endpoint when the DEVICE_PING command is called, allowing remote code execution due to improper handling of user input. When used with default credentials, this enables attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the device that could cause potential unauthorized access, service disruption, and data exposure.
{
"affected": [],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2025-7769"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-77"
],
"github_reviewed": false,
"github_reviewed_at": null,
"nvd_published_at": "2025-08-06T21:15:32Z",
"severity": "HIGH"
},
"details": "Tigo Energy\u0027s CCA is vulnerable to a command injection vulnerability in the /cgi-bin/mobile_api endpoint when the DEVICE_PING command is called, allowing remote code execution due to improper handling of user input. When used with default credentials, this enables attackers to execute arbitrary commands on the device that could cause potential unauthorized access, service disruption, and data exposure.",
"id": "GHSA-crj2-hw3j-xqwx",
"modified": "2025-08-06T21:31:40Z",
"published": "2025-08-06T21:31:40Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-7769"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/ics-advisories/icsa-25-217-02"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
"type": "CVSS_V4"
}
]
}
Mitigation
If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.
Mitigation
If possible, ensure that all external commands called from the program are statically created.
Mitigation MIT-5
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Run time: Run time policy enforcement may be used in an allowlist fashion to prevent use of any non-sanctioned commands.
Mitigation
Assign permissions that prevent the user from accessing/opening privileged files.
CAPEC-136: LDAP Injection
An attacker manipulates or crafts an LDAP query for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some applications use user input to create LDAP queries that are processed by an LDAP server. For example, a user might provide their username during authentication and the username might be inserted in an LDAP query during the authentication process. An attacker could use this input to inject additional commands into an LDAP query that could disclose sensitive information. For example, entering a * in the aforementioned query might return information about all users on the system. This attack is very similar to an SQL injection attack in that it manipulates a query to gather additional information or coerce a particular return value.
CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters
An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.
CAPEC-183: IMAP/SMTP Command Injection
An adversary exploits weaknesses in input validation on web-mail servers to execute commands on the IMAP/SMTP server. Web-mail servers often sit between the Internet and the IMAP or SMTP mail server. User requests are received by the web-mail servers which then query the back-end mail server for the requested information and return this response to the user. In an IMAP/SMTP command injection attack, mail-server commands are embedded in parts of the request sent to the web-mail server. If the web-mail server fails to adequately sanitize these requests, these commands are then sent to the back-end mail server when it is queried by the web-mail server, where the commands are then executed. This attack can be especially dangerous since administrators may assume that the back-end server is protected against direct Internet access and therefore may not secure it adequately against the execution of malicious commands.
CAPEC-248: Command Injection
An adversary looking to execute a command of their choosing, injects new items into an existing command thus modifying interpretation away from what was intended. Commands in this context are often standalone strings that are interpreted by a downstream component and cause specific responses. This type of attack is possible when untrusted values are used to build these command strings. Weaknesses in input validation or command construction can enable the attack and lead to successful exploitation.
CAPEC-40: Manipulating Writeable Terminal Devices
This attack exploits terminal devices that allow themselves to be written to by other users. The attacker sends command strings to the target terminal device hoping that the target user will hit enter and thereby execute the malicious command with their privileges. The attacker can send the results (such as copying /etc/passwd) to a known directory and collect once the attack has succeeded.
CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers
An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.
CAPEC-75: Manipulating Writeable Configuration Files
Generally these are manually edited files that are not in the preview of the system administrators, any ability on the attackers' behalf to modify these files, for example in a CVS repository, gives unauthorized access directly to the application, the same as authorized users.
CAPEC-76: Manipulating Web Input to File System Calls
An attacker manipulates inputs to the target software which the target software passes to file system calls in the OS. The goal is to gain access to, and perhaps modify, areas of the file system that the target software did not intend to be accessible.