Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-79
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable
The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
72396 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-112199 (GCVE-0-2026-112199)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 12:06 – Updated: 2026-10-19 18:26 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
WordPress YITH WooCommerce Wishlist plugin <= 4.18.1 - Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') vulnerability in YITH YITH WooCommerce Wishlist yith-woocommerce-wishlist allows Stored XSS.This issue affects YITH WooCommerce Wishlist: from n/a through 4.18.1.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 18:26 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://patchstack.com/database/wordpress/plugin/… | vdb-entry |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| YITH | YITH WooCommerce Wishlist |
Affected:
0 , ≤ 4.18.1
(custom)
|
Date Public
2026-10-19 12:06
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CVE-2026-112184 (GCVE-0-2026-112184)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 09:19 – Updated: 2026-10-19 17:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MISP Workflow Module: Reflected XSS via Unescaped misp-modules Parameter Names in Form Labels
Summary
MISP contains a reflected cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the workflow module interface. Parameter names returned by the misp-modules service are rendered as raw HTML form labels on the workflow module page without output encoding. An attacker who can influence the parameter names reported by the misp-modules service can inject arbitrary HTML or JavaScript that executes in the context of an authenticated MISP user's browser.
Preconditions:
- The attacker must be able to control or influence parameter names reported by the misp-modules service.
- A victim must be authenticated and view the affected workflow module page.
Impact:
- Execution of arbitrary JavaScript in the victim's browser session.
- Potential theft of session tokens, manipulation of the MISP interface, or initiation of unauthorized actions on behalf of the victim.
Affected versions: <2.5.48.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
Supplier · CIRCL (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 09:16 UTC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 17:14 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/813a48b2b | patch |
Impacted products
GCVE extensions
AI-generated
Human-reviewed
Confidence: medium
Model
qwen3.8:27b
1 event
advisory
bcp-05-x-01bcp-05-x-02bcp-05-x-03
Draft vulnerability metadata was generated from a git-format patch using an Ollama-hosted language model. Human validation is required before publication.
ai-computer-assisted:llm-generatedai-computer-assisted:classification
| Model | Source | Identifier |
|---|---|---|
| qwen3.8:27b | ollama | qwen3.8:27b |
- Generator
-
patch2vuln.pyon 2026-10-19 09:16 - Model
qwen3.8:27b- Input
-
https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/813a48b2b.patch
691d31d09a8d… - Confidence
- medium
| Commit | Subject | Patch SHA-256 |
|---|---|---|
813a48b2bac0
|
fix: [workflows] Escape misp-module parameter names used as | 691d31d09a8d… |
Fix summary
The fix applies HTML output encoding (the h() helper) to the parameter name before it is used as a form label, ensuring that any HTML metacharacters in the value are neutralized and rendered as inert text rather than executable markup.
Patch summary
In app/Model/WorkflowModules/Module_misp_module.php, the translateParams method was modified: the 'label' array element changed from Inflector::humanize($paramName) to h(Inflector::humanize($paramName)), wrapping the humanized parameter name in CakePHP's HTML-encoding function before it is assigned as a form label.
CVSS rationale
AV:N – web-based, reachable over the network. AC:L – no race or special timing; the misp-modules service simply needs to return a crafted parameter name. AT:N – no manipulation of the target system required. PR:L – the victim must be an authenticated MISP user to view the workflow module page. UI:A – the victim must actively load the workflow module page for the script to execute. VC/VI/VA:N – the MISP server itself is not compromised. SC:L – the attacker can read cookies or session data in the victim's browser. SI:L – the attacker can modify the page or perform actions in the victim's session. SA:N – no elevation of security authority on the server.
Weakness rationale
- CWE-79 The parameter name from an external service is inserted into HTML output (a form label) without HTML encoding, allowing injected markup or script to execute in the victim's browser. This is a textbook reflected XSS.
Attack pattern rationale
- CAPEC-1 The misp-modules service supplies parameter names that are reflected into the HTML of the workflow module page without encoding. The attacker-controlled data flows from an external source into the rendered output, matching the reflected XSS pattern. Uncertainty: the data originates from a backend service rather than a direct HTTP parameter, but the effect (untrusted data reflected into HTML without encoding) is functionally identical to reflected XSS.
Assumptions to verify
- The misp-modules service is assumed to be a component whose output can be influenced by a module developer or a compromised service endpoint; the exact attack vector for injecting a malicious parameter name is not detailed in the patch.
- MISP requires authentication to access the workflow module page; PR:L is assumed based on MISP's standard access model.
- The affected version boundary (< 2.5.48) is inferred from the tag_version_boundary metadata (v2.5.48, 25 commits after fix); the exact first affected version is not specified.
- CAPEC-1 (Reflected XSS) is the closest match; the data source is a backend service rather than a direct request parameter, but the unencoded reflection into HTML is the defining characteristic.
- The h() function is assumed to be CakePHP's HTML-encoding helper (equivalent to htmlspecialchars), based on the framework context of the MISP codebase.
Model comparison
Selected qwen3.8:27b
by deterministic-consensus-v1
The selected result is closest to model consensus; this heuristic does not establish factual correctness and human review remains required.
| Model | Score | Agreement | Confidence | Assumptions |
|---|---|---|---|---|
qwen3.8:27b |
7 | 11 | medium | 5 |
- 2026-09-24 22:12 UTC Fix developed Corrective change authored (813a48b2bac0c9034f532b9181ac9a0c5fa59857): fix: [workflows] Escape misp-module parameter names used as https://github.com/MISP/MISP/commit/813a48b2b.patch
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CVE-2026-112111 (GCVE-0-2026-112111)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-18 22:39 – Updated: 2026-10-19 16:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
The Bootstrap Shortcodes plugin for WordPress before 3.4.6 is vulnerable to stored XSS via the id attribute of the [bs_tcontent] shortcode. The bs_tcontent() shortcode handler in inc/bs_tabs.php emits the id attribute value into an unquoted HTML attribute. esc_attr() is applied, but it does not encode space characters, so a space in the supplied value terminates the attribute and any following text is parsed as additional HTML attributes, including JavaScript event handlers. This allows authenticated attackers with Contributor-level access and above to inject arbitrary web script that executes in the browser of any user who views the page and interacts with the injected element.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 16:20 UTC
CWE
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/TheWebShop/bootstrap-shortcode… | patch |
| https://wordpress.org/plugins/bootstrap-shortcode… | release-notes |
| https://github.com/TheWebShop/bootstrap-shortcode… | product |
| https://plugins.trac.wordpress.org/browser/bootst… | technical-description |
| https://wordpress.org/plugins/bootstrap-shortcodes/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bootstrap Shortcodes project | Bootstrap Shortcodes |
Affected:
0 , < 3.4.6
(semver)
cpe:2.3:a:bootstrap_shortcodes_project:bootstrap_shortcodes:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112097 (GCVE-0-2026-112097)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 08:45 – Updated: 2026-10-19 16:36 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Inventory System Sales Management transactions_handler.php save_sale cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in SourceCodester Inventory System 1.0. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file /api/transactions_handler.php?action=save_sale of the component Sales Management Handler. The manipulation of the argument Hsn_Code results in cross site scripting. It is possible to launch the attack remotely.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 15:35 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421921 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421921/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112097 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1012175 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Mohnad-AL-saif/MyCVEs/blob/mai… | related |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Inventory System |
Affected:
1.0
cpe:2.3:a:sourcecodester:inventory_system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112096 (GCVE-0-2026-112096)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 08:30 – Updated: 2026-10-19 16:50 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Inventory System Purchase Records transactions_handler.php save_purchase cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in SourceCodester Inventory System 1.0. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file /api/transactions_handler.php?action=save_purchase of the component Purchase Records Handler. The manipulation of the argument Product_Name/Product_Code/Vendor_Name leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 16:49 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421920 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421920/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112096 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1012166 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Mohnad-AL-saif/MyCVEs/blob/mai… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Inventory System |
Affected:
1.0
cpe:2.3:a:sourcecodester:inventory_system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112095 (GCVE-0-2026-112095)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 08:15 – Updated: 2026-10-19 08:15 X_Freeware
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
SourceCodester Inventory System Product Management products_handler.php save cross site scripting
Summary
A flaw has been found in SourceCodester Inventory System 1.0. This affects an unknown part of the file /api/products_handler.php?action=save of the component Product Management. Executing a manipulation of the argument Product_Id/Product_Name can lead to cross site scripting. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been published and may be used.
Severity
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421919 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421919/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112095 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1012164 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/Mohnad-AL-saif/MyCVEs/blob/mai… | exploit |
| https://www.sourcecodester.com/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| SourceCodester | Inventory System |
Affected:
1.0
cpe:2.3:a:sourcecodester:inventory_system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112093 (GCVE-0-2026-112093)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 07:45 – Updated: 2026-10-19 16:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
subhajitkhan online-clinic-management-system feedback.php cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in subhajitkhan online-clinic-management-system up to e9ee77a8827a1446220fa07ee693dc4d9a29a578. The impacted element is an unknown function of the file feedback.php. The manipulation of the argument msg leads to cross site scripting. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Continious delivery with rolling releases is used by this product. Therefore, no version details of affected nor updated releases are available. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 15:46 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421902 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421902/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112093 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1011791 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/subhajitkhan/online-clinic-man… | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/subhajitkhan/online-clinic-man… | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| subhajitkhan | online-clinic-management-system |
Affected:
e9ee77a8827a1446220fa07ee693dc4d9a29a578
cpe:2.3:a:subhajitkhan:online-clinic-management-system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112092 (GCVE-0-2026-112092)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 07:30 – Updated: 2026-10-19 16:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
subhajitkhan online-clinic-management-system Doctor Registration doctorregistration.php echo cross site scripting
Summary
A flaw has been found in subhajitkhan online-clinic-management-system up to e9ee77a8827a1446220fa07ee693dc4d9a29a578. The affected element is the function echo of the file doctorregistration.php of the component Doctor Registration. Executing a manipulation of the argument doc_name can lead to cross site scripting. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The exploit has been published and may be used. This product takes the approach of rolling releases to provide continious delivery. Therefore, version details for affected and updated releases are not available. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 16:47 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421901 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421901/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112092 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1011790 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/subhajitkhan/online-clinic-man… | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/subhajitkhan/online-clinic-man… | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| subhajitkhan | online-clinic-management-system |
Affected:
e9ee77a8827a1446220fa07ee693dc4d9a29a578
cpe:2.3:a:subhajitkhan:online-clinic-management-system:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112042 (GCVE-0-2026-112042)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 02:15 – Updated: 2026-10-19 02:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
diem-project diem dmWidget dmBaseLinkTag.php text cross site scripting
Summary
A security flaw has been discovered in diem-project diem up to 116974edfb9a5b8bd69cb13586dc62bcdbb485ad. This issue affects the function dmBaseLinkTag::text of the file dmCorePlugin/lib/view/html/link/dmBaseLinkTag.php of the component dmWidget. Performing a manipulation of the argument text results in cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. The exploit has been released to the public and may be used for attacks. This product is using a rolling release to provide continious delivery. Therefore, no version details for affected nor updated releases are available. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421690 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421690/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112042 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1008105 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/diem-project/diem/issues/459 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/diem-project/diem/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| diem-project | diem |
Affected:
116974edfb9a5b8bd69cb13586dc62bcdbb485ad
cpe:2.3:a:diem-project:diem:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-112039 (GCVE-0-2026-112039)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-10-19 01:30 – Updated: 2026-10-19 16:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
diem-project diem Administrative Console actions.class.php append cross site scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in diem-project diem up to 116974edfb9a5b8bd69cb13586dc62bcdbb485ad. Affected by this issue is the function append of the file dmAdminPlugin/modules/dmConsole/actions/actions.class.php of the component Administrative Console. The manipulation of the argument dm_command results in cross site scripting. The attack can be executed remotely. The exploit has been made public and could be used. This product implements a rolling release for ongoing delivery, which means version information for affected or updated releases is unavailable. The project was informed of the problem early through an issue report but has not responded yet.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-10-19 16:31 UTC
Assigner
References
6 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421687 | vdb-entrytechnical-description |
| https://vuldb.com/vuln/421687/cti | signaturepermissions-required |
| https://vuldb.com/cve/CVE-2026-112039 | third-party-advisory |
| https://vuldb.com/submit/1008082 | third-party-advisory |
| https://github.com/diem-project/diem/issues/456 | exploitissue-tracking |
| https://github.com/diem-project/diem/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| diem-project | diem |
Affected:
116974edfb9a5b8bd69cb13586dc62bcdbb485ad
cpe:2.3:a:diem-project:diem:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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Mitigation MIT-4
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
- Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Implementation
Architecture and Design
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
- For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
- Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
- etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
- Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
- HTML body
- Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
- URIs
- JavaScript sections
- Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Mitigation MIT-15
Architecture and Design
For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation MIT-27
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Mitigation MIT-30.1
Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation MIT-43
Implementation
With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation MIT-31
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
- Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation MIT-21
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
Mitigation MIT-16
Operation
Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch
An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.
CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.
CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.
CAPEC-592: Stored XSS
An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.
CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.