Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-79

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.

68581 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

CVE-2026-77072 (GCVE-0-2026-77072)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 11:21 – Updated: 2026-08-21 11:21

Title

n8n before 1.123.69 Stored XSS via Form Completion Page

Summary

n8n before 1.123.69, 2.33.4, and 2.34.1 contains a stored cross-site scripting vulnerability in the Form node's completion page. The completion page applied its sandboxing Content-Security-Policy only when respondWith was not set to 'redirect', but responseText was always rendered as raw HTML. An authenticated member could set respondWith to 'redirect' via an expression while keeping responseText populated, causing the completion page to serve unsanitized HTML and script from the n8n origin. Any visitor who submitted the resulting public form would have that script execute same-origin with their session.

Severity

8.4 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-20 14:51 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

VulnCheck mitre root

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories…	vendor-advisory
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/n8n-before-s…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

3 products

Vendor	Product	Version
n8n-io	n8n	Affected: 0 , < 1.123.69 (semver) Unaffected: 1.123.69 (semver)
n8n-io	n8n	Affected: 2.34.0 , < 2.34.1 (semver) Unaffected: 2.34.1 (semver)
n8n-io	n8n	Affected: 2.0.0 , < 2.33.4 (semver) Unaffected: 2.33.4 (semver)

Date Public

2026-08-05 00:00

Credits

Masofgon

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-77028 (GCVE-0-2026-77028)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 12:13 – Updated: 2026-08-21 19:17

Title

Joomla Extension - yootheme.com - Reflected XSS and open redirect via the submission redirect parameter in Zoo < 4.1.66

Summary

Joomla Extension - yootheme.com - Reflected XSS and open redirect via the submission redirect parameter in Zoo < 4.1.66

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-21 15:53 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')

Assigner

Joomla mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.yootheme.com/	product

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
yootheme.com	Zoo extension for Joomla	Affected: 1.0.0-4.1.65

Credits

Phil Taylor, mysites.guru

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-77027 (GCVE-0-2026-77027)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-22 14:21 – Updated: 2026-08-24 13:10

Title

Joomla Extension - fabrikar.com - Unauthenticated stored XSS in Fabrik < 4.7.2

Summary

Joomla Extension - fabrikar.com - Unauthenticated stored XSS in Fabrik < 4.7.2 - The handling of user supplied input in the jsactions feature leads to an stored XSS vector.

Severity

8.6 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-24 12:39 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

Joomla mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.fabrikar.com/	product

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
fabrikar.com	Fabrik extension for Joomla	Affected: 1.0.0-4.7.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-76837 (GCVE-0-2026-76837)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-24 17:36 – Updated: 2026-08-29 11:47

Title

Baserow before 2.3.0 Stored Cross-Site Scripting via Rich Text Mention Display Name

Summary

Baserow interpolates a user's display name into the rich-text mention markup without HTML encoding. PATCH /api/user/account/ stores the first_name value verbatim, and the mention renderer in web-frontend/modules/core/editor/mention.js builds its element with a template literal that places the name into a data-label attribute and the element body unescaped. A name containing a double quote closes that attribute and the opening tag, so following markup lands in the element content. The result is rendered through v-html by the rich-text field components, so any rich-text cell mentioning the account executes the stored script for every workspace member who views the table, without a click. Any workspace member, at the lowest permission level, can set the name and reach every other member of the workspace, and the payload persists until the name is changed or the mentioning row is removed. Version 2.3.0 escapes the value before interpolation.

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N

6.4 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-24 18:11 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

VulnCheck mitre root

References

5 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/baserow/baserow	product
https://github.com/baserow/baserow/pull/5618	issue-trackingpatch
https://github.com/baserow/baserow/commit/a870dc0d38c9	patch
https://github.com/baserow/baserow/blob/2.2.2/web…	technical-description
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/baserow-befo…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Baserow	Baserow	Affected: 0 , < 2.3.0 (semver)

Date Public

2026-06-30 00:00

Credits

Jaime Ramírez (@JaimeRamirez-coder)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-08-24T18:12:09.134Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "packageURL": "pkg:github/baserow/baserow",
          "product": "Baserow",
          "repo": "https://github.com/baserow/baserow",
          "vendor": "Baserow",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "2.3.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Jaime Ram\u00edrez (@JaimeRamirez-coder)"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2026-06-30T00:00:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Baserow interpolates a user\u0027s display name into the rich-text mention markup without HTML encoding. PATCH /api/user/account/ stores the first_name value verbatim, and the mention renderer in web-frontend/modules/core/editor/mention.js builds its element with a template literal that places the name into a data-label attribute and the element body unescaped. A name containing a double quote closes that attribute and the opening tag, so following markup lands in the element content. The result is rendered through v-html by the rich-text field components, so any rich-text cell mentioning the account executes the stored script for every workspace member who views the table, without a click. Any workspace member, at the lowest permission level, can set the name and reach every other member of the workspace, and the payload persists until the name is changed or the mentioning row is removed. Version 2.3.0 escapes the value before interpolation."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 5.3,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N",
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            "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW"
          },
          "format": "CVSS"
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          },
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      ],
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          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-79",
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              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-29T11:47:49.784Z",
        "orgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
        "shortName": "VulnCheck"
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        {
          "tags": [
            "product"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/baserow/baserow"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "issue-tracking",
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/baserow/baserow/pull/5618"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "patch"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/baserow/baserow/commit/a870dc0d38c9"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "technical-description"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/baserow/baserow/blob/2.2.2/web-frontend/modules/core/editor/mention.js"
        },
        {
          "name": "VulnCheck Advisory: Baserow before 2.3.0 Stored Cross-Site Scripting via Rich Text Mention Display Name",
          "tags": [
            "third-party-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/baserow-before-stored-cross-site-scripting-via-rich-text-mention-display-name"
        }
      ],
      "title": "Baserow before 2.3.0 Stored Cross-Site Scripting via Rich Text Mention Display Name",
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "vulncheck-endgame"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "83251b91-4cc7-4094-a5c7-464a1b83ea10",
    "assignerShortName": "VulnCheck",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-76837",
    "datePublished": "2026-08-24T17:36:02.268Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-19T20:34:00.154Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-29T11:47:49.784Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

CVE-2026-76798 (GCVE-0-2026-76798)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 19:24 – Updated: 2026-08-28 19:24

Title

MongoSQL Transition Readiness Tool Improper Output Encoding in Generated HTML Reports

Summary

The MongoSQL Transition Readiness Tool writes query text and user names read from BI Connector log files into its generated HTML report without encoding them for that output context. A user able to issue queries through the BI Connector can influence log content so that markup supplied in a query is interpreted by the browser when an operator later generates and opens the report, which may disclose other users' logged query text and user names to an external party or present misleading content to the operator. Generating a report over logs containing the affected entries and opening that report in a browser is required.

Severity

6.9 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:H/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

6.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:L/A:N

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

mongodb mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.mongodb.com/docs/sql-interface/changelog/

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
MongoDB	BI Connector Transition Readiness Report	Affected: 1.0.0 , < 1.1.3 (semver)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "BI Connector Transition Readiness Report",
          "vendor": "MongoDB",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "1.1.3",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.0.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
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          "lang": "en",
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            }
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        }
      ],
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        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 6.9,
            "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
            "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
            "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
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          "scenarios": [
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              "lang": "en",
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              "lang": "en",
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              "type": "CWE"
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          "url": "https://www.mongodb.com/docs/sql-interface/changelog/"
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    "datePublished": "2026-08-28T19:24:46.039Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-19T19:18:12.867Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-28T19:24:46.039Z",
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CVE-2026-76794 (GCVE-0-2026-76794)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-28 19:23 – Updated: 2026-08-28 19:23

Title

MongoDB BI Connector Transition Readiness Report Improper HTML Encoding When Processing Database Metadata

Summary

MongoSQL Transition Readiness Tool does not sufficiently encode database metadata before including it in generated HTML. A MongoDB user with write access can introduce crafted metadata that may cause script code to run when another user generates and opens the report, potentially exposing report contents or altering its display.

Severity

4.8 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:A/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

4.6 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

mongodb mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.mongodb.com/docs/sql-interface/changelog/

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
MongoDB	BI Connector Transition Readiness Report	Affected: 1.0.0 , < 1.1.3 (semver)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "BI Connector Transition Readiness Report",
          "vendor": "MongoDB",
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            {
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        {
          "cvssV4_0": {
            "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackRequirements": "NONE",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "baseScore": 4.8,
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            "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
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            "vulnIntegrityImpact": "LOW",
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          "scenarios": [
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              "lang": "en",
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            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
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            "confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
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            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
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              "lang": "en",
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        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-28T19:23:07.804Z",
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          "url": "https://www.mongodb.com/docs/sql-interface/changelog/"
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        "discovery": "INTERNAL"
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CVE-2026-76612 (GCVE-0-2026-76612)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-21 12:17 – Updated: 2026-08-21 19:22

Title

Joomla Extension - yootheme.com - Unauthenticated stored XSS via user-controlled fields in Zoo < 4.1.66

Summary

Joomla Extension - yootheme.com - Unauthenticated stored XSS via user-controlled fields in Zoo < 4.1.66 - User supplied input in comments and user supplied field elements weren't escaped, leading to a stored XSS vector.

Severity

8.6 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-21 15:57 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

Joomla mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.yootheme.com/	product

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
yootheme.com	Zoo extension for Joomla	Affected: 1.0.0-4.1.65

Credits

Phil Taylor, mysites.guru

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2026-76612",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-08-21T15:57:51.752091Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
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          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Zoo extension for Joomla",
          "vendor": "yootheme.com",
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            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.0.0-4.1.65"
            }
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        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "type": "finder",
          "value": "Phil Taylor, mysites.guru"
        }
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            "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
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      },
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        {
          "tags": [
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          "url": "https://www.yootheme.com/"
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    "assignerShortName": "Joomla",
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    "datePublished": "2026-08-21T12:17:08.946Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-08-19T14:48:01.169Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-21T19:22:11.591Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}

CVE-2026-76569 (GCVE-0-2026-76569)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 07:29 – Updated: 2026-08-21 04:46

Title

Joomla Extension - phoca.cz - Reflected XSS via the search GET parameter in Phoca Download 5.0.0-6.1.4

Summary

Joomla Extension - phoca.cz - Reflected XSS via the search GET parameter in Phoca Download 5.0.0-6.1.4

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-20 15:23 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

Joomla mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.phoca.cz/phocacart	product

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
phoca.cz	Phoca Download extension for Joomla	Affected: 5.0.0-6.1.4

Credits

Toan Le

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-76565 (GCVE-0-2026-76565)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 07:27 – Updated: 2026-08-21 04:44

Title

Joomla Extension - phoca.cz - Reflected XSS via price_from & price_to filter parameters in Phoca Cart 5.0.0-6.1.7

Summary

Joomla Extension - phoca.cz - Reflected XSS via price_from & price_to filter parameters in Phoca Cart 5.0.0-6.1.7

Severity

5.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-20 15:22 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

Joomla mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.phoca.cz/phocacart	product

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
phoca.cz	Phoca Cart extension for Joomla	Affected: 5.0.0-6.1.7

Credits

Toan Le

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-76564 (GCVE-0-2026-76564)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-20 07:29 – Updated: 2026-08-21 04:47

Title

Joomla Extension - phoca.cz - Stored XSS via User-Agent header in Admin Order View in Phoca Cart 5.0.0-6.1.7

Summary

Joomla Extension - phoca.cz - Stored XSS via User-Agent header in Admin Order View in Phoca Cart 5.0.0-6.1.7

Severity

8.6 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:H/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-20 15:24 UTC

CWE

CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')

Assigner

Joomla mitre root

References

1 reference

URL	Tags
https://www.phoca.cz/phocacart	product

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
phoca.cz	Phoca Cart extension for Joomla	Affected: 5.0.0-6.1.7

Credits

Toan Le

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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Mitigation MIT-4

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid [REF-1482].
Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.

Mitigation

Implementation Architecture and Design

Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
HTML body
Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
URIs
JavaScript sections
Cascading Style Sheets and style property

Mitigation MIT-6

Architecture and Design Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.

Mitigation MIT-15

Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-27

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.

Mitigation MIT-30.1

Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.

Mitigation MIT-43

Implementation

With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.

Mitigation MIT-31

Implementation

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XmlHttpRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.

Mitigation MIT-5

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.

Mitigation MIT-21

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation MIT-29

Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-16

Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch

An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.

CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.

CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS

This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.

CAPEC-592: Stored XSS

An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.

CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)

An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.

CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting

This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.

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