Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-88
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The product constructs a string for a command to be executed by a separate component in another control sphere, but it does not properly delimit the intended arguments, options, or switches within that command string.
547 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-40938 (GCVE-0-2026-40938)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-21 20:45 – Updated: 2026-07-15 01:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Tekton Pipelines: Git Resolver Unsanitized Revision Parameter Enables git Argument Injection Leading to RCE
Summary
Tekton Pipelines project provides k8s-style resources for declaring CI/CD-style pipelines. Starting in version 1.0.0 and prior to versions 1.0.2, 1.3.4, 1.6.2, 1.9.3, and 1.11.1, the git resolver's revision parameter is passed directly as a positional argument to git fetch without any validation that it does not begin with a - character. Because git parses flags from mixed positional arguments, an attacker can inject arbitrary git fetch flags such as --upload-pack=<binary>. Combined with the validateRepoURL function explicitly permitting URLs that begin with / (local filesystem paths), a tenant who can submit ResolutionRequest objects can chain these two behaviors to execute an arbitrary binary on the resolver pod. The tekton-pipelines-resolvers ServiceAccount holds cluster-wide get/list/watch on all Secrets, so code execution on the resolver pod enables full cluster-wide secret exfiltration. Versions 1.0.2, 1.3.4, 1.6.2, 1.9.3, and 1.11.1 fix the issue.
Severity
7.5 (High)
8.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
10 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/tektoncd/pipeline/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/tektoncd/pipeline/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-40938 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2460292 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/v… | x_sadp-csaf-vex |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24359 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:17546 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26538 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:26519 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:24484 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
23 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| tektoncd | pipeline |
Affected:
>= 1.0.0, < 1.0.2
Affected: >= 1.2.0, < 1.3.4 Affected: >= 1.4.0, < 1.6.2 Affected: >= 1.7.0, < 1.9.3 Affected: >= 1.10.0, < 1.11.1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.7.4 |
Unaffected:
1780373846 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.7::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.7.4 |
Unaffected:
1780374151 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.7::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.7.4 |
Unaffected:
1780373867 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.7::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.7.4 |
Unaffected:
1780373835 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.7::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.7.4 |
Unaffected:
1780480839 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.7::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.7.4 |
Unaffected:
1780374228 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.7::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.7.4 |
Unaffected:
1780374084 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.7::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.8.0 |
Unaffected:
1778683229 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.8.0 |
Unaffected:
1778683134 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.8.0 |
Unaffected:
1778683436 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.8.0 |
Unaffected:
1778682932 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.8.0 |
Unaffected:
1778682930 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Builds 1.8.0 |
Unaffected:
1778682920 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_builds:1.8::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Pipelines 1.21 |
Unaffected:
cli-1.21.1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1.21::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Pipelines 1.21 |
Unaffected:
1780645012 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1.21::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Pipelines 1.21 |
Unaffected:
1781686494 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1.21::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Lightspeed |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_lightspeed |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Pipelines |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_pipelines:1 |
|
| Red Hat | OpenShift Serverless |
cpe:/a:redhat:serverless:1 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift AI (RHOAI) |
cpe:/a:redhat:openshift_ai |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat OpenShift Virtualization 4 |
cpe:/a:redhat:container_native_virtualization:4 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Trusted Artifact Signer |
cpe:/a:redhat:trusted_artifact_signer:1 |
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CVE-2026-40281 (GCVE-0-2026-40281)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-06 20:46 – Updated: 2026-05-07 12:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Gotenberg vulnerable to argument injection via newlines in ExifTool metadata values
Summary
Gotenberg is a Docker-powered stateless API for PDF files. In versions 8.30.1 and earlier, the metadata write endpoint validates metadata keys for control characters but leaves metadata values unsanitized. A newline character in a metadata value splits the ExifTool stdin line into two separate arguments, allowing injection of arbitrary ExifTool pseudo-tags such as -FileName, -Directory, -SymLink, and -HardLink. This is a bypass of the incomplete key-sanitization fix introduced in v8.30.1. An unauthenticated attacker can rename or move any PDF being processed to an arbitrary path in the container filesystem, overwrite arbitrary files, or create symlinks and hard links at arbitrary paths.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/gotenberg/gotenberg/commit/405… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-40113 (GCVE-0-2026-40113)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-09 21:17 – Updated: 2026-04-10 18:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
PraisonAI has an Argument Injection into Cloud Run Environment Variables via Unsanitized Comma in gcloud --set-env-vars
Summary
PraisonAI is a multi-agent teams system. Prior to 4.5.128, deploy.py constructs a single comma-delimited string for the gcloud run
deploy --set-env-vars argument by directly interpolating openai_model, openai_key, and openai_base without validating that these values do not contain commas. gcloud uses a comma as the key-value pair separator for --set-env-vars. A comma in any of the three values causes gcloud to parse the trailing text as additional KEY=VALUE definitions, injecting arbitrary environment variables into the deployed Cloud Run service. This vulnerability is fixed in 4.5.128.
Severity
8.4 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MervinPraison | PraisonAI |
Affected:
< 4.5.128
|
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CVE-2026-40079 (GCVE-0-2026-40079)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 23:26 – Updated: 2026-06-25 23:17
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Cacti: Command Injection via escape_command() no-op in RRDtool execution
Summary
Cacti is an open source performance and fault management framework. Versions 1.2.30 and prior are vulnerable to Command Injection due to lack of sanitization in the escape_command() function. The escape_command() function at lib/rrd.php is a no-op: it returns $command unchanged. The command line built by rrdtool_function_graph() is passed through this function and then to shell_exec($full_commandline). The risk is in __rrd_execute() where text_format values from graph templates (which may contain host variable substitutions) reach shell_exec without adequate escaping. This issue has been addressed in version 1.2.31.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
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| https://github.com/Cacti/cacti/commit/4c09efaebf3… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2026-40047 (GCVE-0-2026-40047)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-06 07:46 – Updated: 2026-07-06 18:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache Camel: Camel-Docling: Insufficient validation of custom CLI arguments enables argument injection and path traversal in DoclingProducer
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection') vulnerability in Apache Camel Docling component.
The camel-docling component invokes the external `docling` command-line tool by assembling an argument list in DoclingProducer and executing it through java.lang.ProcessBuilder. Custom CLI arguments supplied through the `CamelDoclingCustomArguments` exchange header (a List<String>) were appended to that argument list with insufficient validation: the original implementation relied on a denylist of disallowed flags and only rejected path values that contained a literal `../` sequence. As a result, a Camel route that forwards externally-influenced data into the `CamelDoclingCustomArguments` header (or into the path-bearing headers used to build the invocation) could cause the producer to pass unrecognized or unintended `docling` CLI flags to the subprocess, and could supply path-like argument values that resolved outside the intended directory through traversal sequences not caught by the literal `../` check. Because Camel itself builds the `docling` invocation from these values, the component is responsible for constraining them, and the weak validation allowed CLI-argument injection and directory traversal in the arguments passed to the external tool. The invocation uses the list-based form of ProcessBuilder, so a shell does not interpret the argument values; OS command injection through shell metacharacters was not possible, and the metacharacter rejection added by the fix is defense-in-depth.
This issue affects Apache Camel: from 4.15.0 before 4.18.3.
Users are recommended to upgrade to a release that contains the CAMEL-23212 fix. On the mainline the fix is included from Apache Camel 4.19.0 (and later releases such as 4.20.0). For users on the 4.18.x LTS releases stream, upgrade to 4.18.3. The fix replaces the denylist with a strict allowlist of recognized `docling` CLI flags (rejecting any unrecognized flag, and rejecting producer-managed flags such as the output-directory flags), defensively rejects shell metacharacters in argument values, and normalizes path-like values with Path.normalize() before validating them so that traversal sequences which bypass a literal `../` check are detected. As defence in depth, route authors should avoid mapping untrusted message content into the `CamelDoclingCustomArguments` header and the path-bearing headers, and should strip Camel-internal headers from messages that arrive from untrusted producers.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache Camel |
Affected:
4.15.0 , < 4.18.3
(semver)
|
Credits
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CVE-2026-39884 (GCVE-0-2026-39884)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-14 23:25 – Updated: 2026-04-15 16:13
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MCP Server Kubernetes has Argument Injection in its port_forward tool via space-splitting
Summary
mcp-server-kubernetes is a Model Context Protocol server for Kubernetes cluster management. Versions 3.4.0 and prior contain an argument injection vulnerability in the port_forward tool in src/tools/port_forward.ts, where a kubectl command is constructed via string concatenation with user-controlled input and then naively split on spaces before being passed to spawn(). Unlike all other tools in the codebase which correctly use array-based argument passing with execFileSync(), port_forward treats every space in user-controlled fields (namespace, resourceType, resourceName, localPort, targetPort) as an argument boundary, allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary kubectl flags. This enables exposure of internal Kubernetes services to the network by injecting --address=0.0.0.0, cross-namespace targeting by injecting additional -n flags, and indirect exploitation via prompt injection against AI agents connected to the MCP server. This issue has been fixed in version 3.5.0.
Severity
8.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Flux159/mcp-server-kubernetes/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Flux159/mcp-server-kubernetes/… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flux159 | mcp-server-kubernetes |
Affected:
< 3.5.0
|
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CVE-2026-35585 (GCVE-0-2026-35585)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-07 16:20 – Updated: 2026-06-09 11:49
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
File Browser has a Command Injection via Hook Runner
Summary
File Browser is a file managing interface for uploading, deleting, previewing, renaming, and editing files within a specified directory. From 2.0.0 until 2.33.8, the hook system in File Browser — which executes administrator-defined shell commands on file events such as upload, rename, and delete — is vulnerable to OS command injection. Variable substitution for values like $FILE and $USERNAME is performed via os.Expand without sanitization. An attacker with file write permission can craft a malicious filename containing shell metacharacters, causing the server to execute arbitrary OS commands when the hook fires. This results in Remote Code Execution (RCE). This feature has been disabled by default for all installations from v2.33.8 onwards, including for existent installations.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/filebrowser/filebrowser/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/filebrowser/filebrowser/issues/5199 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| filebrowser | filebrowser |
Affected:
>= 2.0.0-rc.1, < 2.33.8
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CVE-2026-35538 (GCVE-0-2026-35538)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-03 03:35 – Updated: 2026-04-03 13:11
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An issue was discovered in Roundcube Webmail before 1.5.14 and 1.6.14. Unsanitized IMAP SEARCH command arguments could lead to IMAP injection or CSRF bypass during mail search.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
7 references
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-35153 (GCVE-0-2026-35153)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-17 10:38 – Updated: 2026-04-18 03:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Dell PowerProtect Data Domain, versions 7.7.1.0 through 8.7.0.0, LTS2025 release versions 8.3.1.0 through 8.3.1.20, LTS2024 release versions 7.13.1.0 through 7.13.1.60 contain an improper neutralization of argument delimiters in a command ('argument injection') vulnerability. A high privileged attacker with local access could potentially exploit this vulnerability, leading to arbitrary command execution with root privileges.
Severity
6.7 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.dell.com/support/kbdoc/en-us/00045069… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dell | PowerProtect Data Domain |
Affected:
0 , < 8.6.1.10, 8.7.0.1 or later
(semver)
Affected: 0 , < 8.3.1.30 or later (semver) Affected: 0 , < 7.13.1.70 or later (semver) Affected: 0 , < 2.7.9 with DD OS 8.3.1.30 (semver) |
Date Public
2026-04-15 18:30
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CVE-2026-35033 (GCVE-0-2026-35033)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-14 22:28 – Updated: 2026-04-15 13:36
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Jellyfin: Potential SSRF + Arbitrary file read via stream argument injection
Summary
Jellyfin is an open source self hosted media server. Versions prior to 10.11.7 contain an unauthenticated arbitrary file read vulnerability via ffmpeg argument injection through the StreamOptions query parameter parsing mechanism. The ParseStreamOptions method in StreamingHelpers.cs adds any lowercase query parameter to a dictionary without validation, bypassing the RegularExpression attribute on the level controller parameter, and the unsanitized value is concatenated directly into the ffmpeg command line. By injecting a drawtext filter with a textfile argument, an attacker can read arbitrary server files such as /etc/shadow and exfiltrate their contents as text rendered in the video stream response. The vulnerable /Videos/{itemId}/stream endpoint has no Authorize attribute, making this exploitable without authentication, though item GUIDs are pseudorandom and require an authenticated user to obtain. This issue has been fixed in version 10.11.7.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/releases/tag… | x_refsource_MISC |
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Mitigation
Implementation
Strategy: Parameterization
Where possible, avoid building a single string that contains the command and its arguments. Some languages or frameworks have functions that support specifying independent arguments, e.g. as an array, which is used to automatically perform the appropriate quoting or escaping while building the command. For example, in PHP, escapeshellarg() can be used to escape a single argument to system(), or exec() can be called with an array of arguments. In C, code can often be refactored from using system() - which accepts a single string - to using exec(), which requires separate function arguments for each parameter.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Input Validation
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your product: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, request headers as well as content, URL components, e-mail, files, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Perform input validation at well-defined interfaces.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Implementation
Directly convert your input type into the expected data type, such as using a conversion function that translates a string into a number. After converting to the expected data type, ensure that the input's values fall within the expected range of allowable values and that multi-field consistencies are maintained.
Mitigation
Implementation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
Implementation
When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
Mitigation
Implementation
When your application combines data from multiple sources, perform the validation after the sources have been combined. The individual data elements may pass the validation step but violate the intended restrictions after they have been combined.
Mitigation
Testing
Use dynamic tools and techniques that interact with the product using large test suites with many diverse inputs, such as fuzz testing (fuzzing), robustness testing, and fault injection. The product's operation may slow down, but it should not become unstable, crash, or generate incorrect results.
CAPEC-137: Parameter Injection
An adversary manipulates the content of request parameters for the purpose of undermining the security of the target. Some parameter encodings use text characters as separators. For example, parameters in a HTTP GET message are encoded as name-value pairs separated by an ampersand (&). If an attacker can supply text strings that are used to fill in these parameters, then they can inject special characters used in the encoding scheme to add or modify parameters. For example, if user input is fed directly into an HTTP GET request and the user provides the value "myInput&new_param=myValue", then the input parameter is set to myInput, but a new parameter (new_param) is also added with a value of myValue. This can significantly change the meaning of the query that is processed by the server. Any encoding scheme where parameters are identified and separated by text characters is potentially vulnerable to this attack - the HTTP GET encoding used above is just one example.
CAPEC-174: Flash Parameter Injection
An adversary takes advantage of improper data validation to inject malicious global parameters into a Flash file embedded within an HTML document. Flash files can leverage user-submitted data to configure the Flash document and access the embedding HTML document.
CAPEC-41: Using Meta-characters in E-mail Headers to Inject Malicious Payloads
This type of attack involves an attacker leveraging meta-characters in email headers to inject improper behavior into email programs. Email software has become increasingly sophisticated and feature-rich. In addition, email applications are ubiquitous and connected directly to the Web making them ideal targets to launch and propagate attacks. As the user demand for new functionality in email applications grows, they become more like browsers with complex rendering and plug in routines. As more email functionality is included and abstracted from the user, this creates opportunities for attackers. Virtually all email applications do not list email header information by default, however the email header contains valuable attacker vectors for the attacker to exploit particularly if the behavior of the email client application is known. Meta-characters are hidden from the user, but can contain scripts, enumerations, probes, and other attacks against the user's system.
CAPEC-460: HTTP Parameter Pollution (HPP)
An adversary adds duplicate HTTP GET/POST parameters by injecting query string delimiters. Via HPP it may be possible to override existing hardcoded HTTP parameters, modify the application behaviors, access and, potentially exploit, uncontrollable variables, and bypass input validation checkpoints and WAF rules.
CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection
In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.