Common Weakness Enumeration

CWE-78

Allowed

Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Abstraction: Base · Status: Stable

The product constructs all or part of an OS command using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the intended OS command when it is sent to a downstream component.

8630 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.

GCVE-1337-2026-000000000… (CVE-2026-4946)

Vulnerability from gna-1337 – Published: 2026-03-29 19:35 – Updated: 2026-03-29 19:35

Title

NSA Ghidra Auto-Analysis Annotation Command Execution

Summary

Ghidra versions prior to 12.0.3 improperly process annotation directives embedded in automatically extracted binary data, resulting in arbitrary command execution when an analyst interacts with the UI. Specifically, the @execute annotation (which is intended for trusted, user-authored comments) is also parsed in comments generated during auto-analysis (such as CFStrings in Mach-O binaries). This allows a crafted binary to present seemingly benign clickable text which, when clicked, executes attacker-controlled commands on the analyst’s machine.

Severity

8.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CNA · AHA (v2.0.3)

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper neutralization of special elements used in an OS command ('OS command injection')

Assigner

AHA GNA-1337

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://takeonme.org/gcves/GCVE-1337-2026-0000000…	third-party-advisory
https://github.com/NationalSecurityAgency/ghidra/…	vendor-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
NSA	Ghidra	Affected: 0 , < 12.0.3 (semver)

Date Public

2026-03-29 18:37

Credits

Mobasi Security Team todb of AHA!

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-73625 (GCVE-0-2026-73625)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 11:28 – Updated: 2026-08-13 11:28

Title

GitPython before 3.1.54 Remote Code Execution via kwarg value smuggling

Summary

GitPython versions before 3.1.54 contain a remote code execution vulnerability in the check_unsafe_options guard that can be bypassed by smuggling git options inside single-character kwarg values. Attackers can supply crafted option dictionaries to clone_from, fetch, pull, push, ls_remote, iter_commits, blame, or archive methods to execute arbitrary OS commands via the --upload-pack parameter.

Severity

8.7 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

8.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

VulnCheck

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython…	vendor-advisory
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/gitpython-be…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
gitpython-developers	GitPython	Affected: 0 , < 3.1.54 (semver) Unaffected: 3.1.54 (semver)

Date Public

2026-07-22 00:00

Credits

manus-use

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-73623 (GCVE-0-2026-73623)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 11:28 – Updated: 2026-08-13 11:28

Title

GitPython before 3.1.54 Remote Code Execution via --template

Summary

GitPython before 3.1.54 contains an incomplete denylist in unsafe_git_clone_options that omits --template, allowing attackers to achieve arbitrary command execution during clone operations. Attackers can supply --template pointing to a directory containing malicious post-checkout hooks that execute when git clones the repository.

Severity

7.7 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

7.5 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

VulnCheck

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/gitpython-developers/GitPython…	vendor-advisory
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/gitpython-be…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
gitpython-developers	GitPython	Affected: 0 , < 3.1.54 (semver) Unaffected: 3.1.54 (semver)

Date Public

2026-07-22 00:00

Credits

manus-use

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-73570 (GCVE-0-2026-73570)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 15:19 – Updated: 2026-08-13 15:57

Summary

A remote code execution vulnerability exists in Zimbra Collaboration (ZCS) before 10.1.20 when the optional zimbra-snmp package is installed and SNMP notifications are enabled. Due to improper sanitization of untrusted input during SNMP notification processing, an unauthenticated attacker can send specially crafted SMTP requests that may result in execution of arbitrary operating system commands as the Zimbra user.

Severity

8.9 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:L

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-13 15:52 UTC

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

mitre

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Zimbra_Security_Advisories
https://wiki.zimbra.com/wiki/Security_Center

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
Zimbra	Collaboration	Affected: 0 , < 10.1.20 (custom)

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-73483 (GCVE-0-2026-73483)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-13 11:28 – Updated: 2026-08-13 11:28

Title

Flowise before 3.1.3 Sandbox Escape via Puppeteer

Summary

Flowise (packages flowise and flowise-components) in versions <= 3.1.2 contain a sandbox escape in the vm2/@flowiseai/nodevm JavaScript sandbox. An authenticated user with access to the /api/v1/node-custom-function endpoint can escape the sandbox by supplying attacker-controlled executablePath and args parameters to puppeteer.launch(), which internally invokes child_process.spawn() outside the sandbox boundary. This allows execution of arbitrary OS commands as the Flowise process user (root in the official Docker image) and arbitrary host file disclosure via Chromium's file:// URL handling. In versions 3.0.8–3.1.2 exploitation requires ALLOW_BUILTIN_DEP=true; earlier versions are exploitable by default. Fixed in 3.1.3.

Severity

9.4 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:H/SI:H/SA:H

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

VulnCheck

References

2 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/FlowiseAI/Flowise/security/adv…	vendor-advisory
https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/flowise-befo…	third-party-advisory

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
FlowiseAI	Flowise	Affected: 0 , < 3.1.3 (semver) Unaffected: 3.1.3 (semver)

Date Public

2026-07-29 00:00

Credits

Skaushik-Qlys

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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          "product": "Flowise",
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CVE-2026-73414 (GCVE-0-2026-73414)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 19:42 – Updated: 2026-08-12 19:42

Title

Shescape: Shell injection via unescaped parentheses on Windows with CMD

Summary

Shescape is a simple shell escape library for JavaScript. Prior to 2.1.14 and 3.0.1, getEscapeFunction in src/internal/win/cmd.js does not escape `(` and `)` when applications use the escape or escapeAll APIs on Windows with shell set to cmd.exe, or with shell set to true when CMD is the default. An attacker-controlled argument can break out of a parenthesized CMD construct and inject shell syntax depending on the original command, resulting in arbitrary command execution. This issue is fixed in versions 2.1.14 and 3.0.1.

Severity

9.2 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
CWE-150 - Improper Neutralization of Escape, Meta, or Control Sequences

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

7 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/secur…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/pull/2649	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/pull/2651	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/commi…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/commi…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/relea…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/relea…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
ericcornelissen	shescape	Affected: < 2.1.14 Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.0.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

{
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CVE-2026-73412 (GCVE-0-2026-73412)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 19:38 – Updated: 2026-08-13 12:38

Title

Shescape: Path disclosure on Unix with Zsh

Summary

Shescape is a simple shell escape library for JavaScript. Prior to 2.1.14 and 3.0.1, this impacts users of Shescape on Unix systems that explicitly configure shell to Zsh, or true when the default shell is Zsh, using the escape and escapeAll. The Zsh options EXTENDED_GLOB and MAGIC_EQUAL_SUBST exacerbate the problem. In certain case, an attacker can leverage home directory expansion and extended glob syntax to obtain lists of files and directories on the system. Depending on what the command does, this may be used to leak more information. This issue is fixed in versions 2.1.14 and 3.0.1.

Severity

6.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-13 12:37 UTC

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
CWE-155 - Improper Neutralization of Wildcards or Matching Symbols

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

7 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/secur…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/pull/2649	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/pull/2651	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/commi…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/commi…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/relea…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/ericcornelissen/shescape/relea…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
ericcornelissen	shescape	Affected: < 2.1.14 Affected: >= 3.0.0, < 3.0.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-73294 (GCVE-0-2026-73294)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 15:55 – Updated: 2026-08-12 16:03

Title

Semaphore U: OS Command Injection

Summary

Semaphore UI is a web interface for managing DevOps tools. Prior to 2.18.17 and 2.19.5-beta2, repository git_url handling passes an attacker-controlled --upload-pack option to CmdGitClient.GetLastRemoteCommitHash through POST /api/project/{id}/repositories and scheduled commit-hash polling, allowing a project Manager or Owner to execute arbitrary OS commands in the Semaphore server process. This issue is fixed in versions 2.18.17 and 2.19.5-beta2.

Severity

9.9 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-12 16:03 UTC

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
CWE-88 - Improper Neutralization of Argument Delimiters in a Command ('Argument Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

5 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/semaphoreui/semaphore/security…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/semaphoreui/semaphore/commit/7…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/semaphoreui/semaphore/commit/a…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/semaphoreui/semaphore/tree/v2.18.17	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/semaphoreui/semaphore/tree/v2.…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
semaphoreui	semaphore	Affected: < 2.18.17 Affected: >= 2.19.0-alpha3, < 2.19.5-beta2

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-73263 (GCVE-0-2026-73263)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-12 14:26 – Updated: 2026-08-12 15:14

Title

Prowler: RCE on Prowler App workers via kubeconfig auth-provider cmd-path

Summary

Prowler is a cloud security platform. Prior to 5.36.0, the Kubernetes provider connection test accepted kubeconfig_content containing a legacy gcp auth-provider with config.cmd-path and config.cmd-args because kubeconfig_contains_exec_auth in api/src/backend/api/v1/serializers.py checked only exec blocks, and POST /api/v1/providers/{id}/connection loaded it through config.load_kube_config_from_dict in prowler/providers/kubernetes/kubernetes_provider.py, causing kubernetes-python CommandTokenSource.token to run the attacker-supplied command through subprocess.Popen on the shared worker. This issue is fixed in version 5.36.0.

Severity

9.9 (Critical)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-12 15:12 UTC

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/prowler-cloud/prowler/security…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/prowler-cloud/prowler/pull/12091	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/prowler-cloud/prowler/commit/0…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/prowler-cloud/prowler/releases…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
prowler-cloud	prowler	Affected: < 5.36.0

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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CVE-2026-73224 (GCVE-0-2026-73224)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-08-11 18:39 – Updated: 2026-08-13 14:37

Title

Electerm check folder size function may get attacked by unsafe folder name

Summary

electerm is an open-sourced terminal/ssh/sftp/telnet/serialport/RDP/VNC/Spice/ftp client. Prior to 3.15.120, electerm allows a malicious FTP or SFTP server to execute arbitrary commands when a user downloads a crafted folder and invokes Properties and Calculate Size because calcLocal in src/client/components/sftp/file-info-modal.jsx inserts the server-controlled folder name into a du -sh shell command without safely escaping single quotes. This issue is fixed in version 3.15.120.

Severity

8.8 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-08-13 14:37 UTC

CWE

CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

3 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/electerm/electerm/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/electerm/electerm/commit/36b16…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/electerm/electerm/releases/tag…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version
electerm	electerm	Affected: < 3.15.120

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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Mitigation

Architecture and Design

If at all possible, use library calls rather than external processes to recreate the desired functionality.

Mitigation MIT-22

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

Run the code in a "jail" or similar sandbox environment that enforces strict boundaries between the process and the operating system. This may effectively restrict which files can be accessed in a particular directory or which commands can be executed by the software.
OS-level examples include the Unix chroot jail, AppArmor, and SELinux. In general, managed code may provide some protection. For example, java.io.FilePermission in the Java SecurityManager allows the software to specify restrictions on file operations.
This may not be a feasible solution, and it only limits the impact to the operating system; the rest of the application may still be subject to compromise.
Be careful to avoid CWE-243 and other weaknesses related to jails.

Mitigation

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction

For any data that will be used to generate a command to be executed, keep as much of that data out of external control as possible. For example, in web applications, this may require storing the data locally in the session's state instead of sending it out to the client in a hidden form field.

Mitigation MIT-15

Architecture and Design

For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.

Mitigation MIT-4.3

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks

Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.

Mitigation MIT-28

Implementation

Strategy: Output Encoding

While it is risky to use dynamically-generated query strings, code, or commands that mix control and data together, sometimes it may be unavoidable. Properly quote arguments and escape any special characters within those arguments. The most conservative approach is to escape or filter all characters that do not pass an extremely strict allowlist (such as everything that is not alphanumeric or white space). If some special characters are still needed, such as white space, wrap each argument in quotes after the escaping/filtering step. Be careful of argument injection (CWE-88).

Mitigation

Implementation

If the program to be executed allows arguments to be specified within an input file or from standard input, then consider using that mode to pass arguments instead of the command line.

Mitigation MIT-27

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Parameterization

If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Some languages offer multiple functions that can be used to invoke commands. Where possible, identify any function that invokes a command shell using a single string, and replace it with a function that requires individual arguments. These functions typically perform appropriate quoting and filtering of arguments. For example, in C, the system() function accepts a string that contains the entire command to be executed, whereas execl(), execve(), and others require an array of strings, one for each argument. In Windows, CreateProcess() only accepts one command at a time. In Perl, if system() is provided with an array of arguments, then it will quote each of the arguments.

Mitigation MIT-5

Implementation

Strategy: Input Validation

Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
When constructing OS command strings, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. This will indirectly limit the scope of an attack, but this technique is less important than proper output encoding and escaping.
Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing OS command injection, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent OS command injection, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, when invoking a mail program, you might need to allow the subject field to contain otherwise-dangerous inputs like ";" and ">" characters, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the character might reduce the risk of OS command injection, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the subject field would not be recorded as the user intended. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it could be more important when the program relies on well-structured subject lines in order to pass messages to other components.
Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.

Mitigation MIT-21

Architecture and Design

Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion

When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.

Mitigation MIT-32

Operation

Strategy: Compilation or Build Hardening

Run the code in an environment that performs automatic taint propagation and prevents any command execution that uses tainted variables, such as Perl's "-T" switch. This will force the program to perform validation steps that remove the taint, although you must be careful to correctly validate your inputs so that you do not accidentally mark dangerous inputs as untainted (see CWE-183 and CWE-184).

Mitigation MIT-32

Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Mitigation MIT-39

Implementation

Ensure that error messages only contain minimal details that are useful to the intended audience and no one else. The messages need to strike the balance between being too cryptic (which can confuse users) or being too detailed (which may reveal more than intended). The messages should not reveal the methods that were used to determine the error. Attackers can use detailed information to refine or optimize their original attack, thereby increasing their chances of success.
If errors must be captured in some detail, record them in log messages, but consider what could occur if the log messages can be viewed by attackers. Highly sensitive information such as passwords should never be saved to log files.
Avoid inconsistent messaging that might accidentally tip off an attacker about internal state, such as whether a user account exists or not.
In the context of OS Command Injection, error information passed back to the user might reveal whether an OS command is being executed and possibly which command is being used.

Mitigation

Operation

Strategy: Sandbox or Jail

Use runtime policy enforcement to create an allowlist of allowable commands, then prevent use of any command that does not appear in the allowlist. Technologies such as AppArmor are available to do this.

Mitigation MIT-29

Operation

Strategy: Firewall

Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].

Mitigation MIT-17

Architecture and Design Operation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

Run your code using the lowest privileges that are required to accomplish the necessary tasks [REF-76]. If possible, create isolated accounts with limited privileges that are only used for a single task. That way, a successful attack will not immediately give the attacker access to the rest of the software or its environment. For example, database applications rarely need to run as the database administrator, especially in day-to-day operations.

Mitigation MIT-16

Operation Implementation

Strategy: Environment Hardening

When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.

CAPEC-108: Command Line Execution through SQL Injection

An attacker uses standard SQL injection methods to inject data into the command line for execution. This could be done directly through misuse of directives such as MSSQL_xp_cmdshell or indirectly through injection of data into the database that would be interpreted as shell commands. Sometime later, an unscrupulous backend application (or could be part of the functionality of the same application) fetches the injected data stored in the database and uses this data as command line arguments without performing proper validation. The malicious data escapes that data plane by spawning new commands to be executed on the host.

CAPEC-15: Command Delimiters

An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that allows an attacker's commands to be concatenated onto a legitimate command with the intent of targeting other resources such as the file system or database. The system that uses a filter or denylist input validation, as opposed to allowlist validation is vulnerable to an attacker who predicts delimiters (or combinations of delimiters) not present in the filter or denylist. As with other injection attacks, the attacker uses the command delimiter payload as an entry point to tunnel through the application and activate additional attacks through SQL queries, shell commands, network scanning, and so on.

CAPEC-43: Exploiting Multiple Input Interpretation Layers

An attacker supplies the target software with input data that contains sequences of special characters designed to bypass input validation logic. This exploit relies on the target making multiples passes over the input data and processing a "layer" of special characters with each pass. In this manner, the attacker can disguise input that would otherwise be rejected as invalid by concealing it with layers of special/escape characters that are stripped off by subsequent processing steps. The goal is to first discover cases where the input validation layer executes before one or more parsing layers. That is, user input may go through the following logic in an application: <parser1> --> <input validator> --> <parser2>. In such cases, the attacker will need to provide input that will pass through the input validator, but after passing through parser2, will be converted into something that the input validator was supposed to stop.

CAPEC-6: Argument Injection

An attacker changes the behavior or state of a targeted application through injecting data or command syntax through the targets use of non-validated and non-filtered arguments of exposed services or methods.

CAPEC-88: OS Command Injection

In this type of an attack, an adversary injects operating system commands into existing application functions. An application that uses untrusted input to build command strings is vulnerable. An adversary can leverage OS command injection in an application to elevate privileges, execute arbitrary commands and compromise the underlying operating system.

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