Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-95
AllowedImproper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Abstraction: Variant · Status: Incomplete
The product receives input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes code syntax before using the input in a dynamic evaluation call (e.g. "eval").
344 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
GCVE-1988-2026-0084
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-07 13:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
[NotCVE-2026-0013] CHIRP Kenwood ITM Driver Eval Injection Allows Arbitrary Code Execution via Crafted Radio File
Summary
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NotCVE Advisory — NotCVE-2026-0013
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[-] Summary:
Eval injection in the Kenwood ITM file format driver of CHIRP, an
open-source application for programming amateur radios, allows an attacker
who can persuade a user to open a crafted radio file to execute arbitrary
Python code with the privileges of that user. The affected path is reached
through the ordinary File -> Open flow in a stock installation; no dialog or
confirmation precedes execution. CVSS:3.1 7.8
(AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H).
[-] Affected:
CHIRP, chirp-next builds up to and including chirp-next-20260814.
Fixed in source at commit 39178db (2026-08-17); the researcher reports build
chirp-next-20260821 ships the fix.
[-] Technical Description:
ITMRadio._clean_tmode() in chirp/drivers/kenwood_itm.py read two CSV fields
from the file being opened and passed each one directly to Python's built-in
eval() (lines 66-67):
TXSIG, whose evaluated result was assigned to mem.rtone
RXSIG, whose evaluated result was assigned to mem.ctone
Both values are attacker-controlled strings retrieved verbatim from a row of
the opened file via generic_csv.get_datum_by_header(). The driver expected a
numeric CTCSS tone, but no type check, allowlist, or parsing step
constrained the input, so any Python expression placed in either field was
evaluated at file-load time. The commit message for the fix records the
assumption plainly: the squelch fields "were assumed to only be a float".
ITMRadio is decorated with @directory.register and declares VENDOR =
"Kenwood", MODEL = "ITM" and FILE_EXTENSION = "itm". The driver ships in the
stock distribution; no non-standard setting, plugin, or developer mode is
required.
The .itm extension is not offered by the Open dialog's default filter, so
that variant requires the victim to switch the filter to "All Files". The
researcher's second proof of concept carries the same CSV payload in a .img
file with a trailing CHIRP metadata blob naming vendor "Kenwood" and model
"ITM"; directory.get_radio_by_image() selects a driver by comparing that
embedded metadata against registered classes, which is consistent with a
.img file routing to this driver under the default filter.
The code runs in the CHIRP process with the victim user's privileges, before
any channel data is displayed. No elevation is involved; the impact is
bounded by what that user can reach.
The fix removes both eval() calls and replaces them with
kenwood_tone.parse_qtdqt() feeding chirp_common.split_tone_decode().
Weaknesses:
CWE-95: Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code
('Eval Injection')
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
CAPEC-242: Code Injection
Proof-of-concept files for both delivery variants are published in the
researcher's repository (see References).
[-] Timeline:
[17/08/2026] - Reported to the CHIRP maintainer; fixed the same day
(39178db).
[21/08/2026] - Build chirp-next-20260821 reported to ship the fix.
[21/08/2026] - No CVE assigned; NotCVE ID reserved instead.
[22/08/2026] - Published as NotCVE-2026-0013.
[-] Credit:
Discovered by Christopher Duram
(https://www.linkedin.com/in/christopherduram/).
[-] Full Details and Updates:
https://notcve.org/notcve/NotCVE-2026-0013
[-] References:
https://github.com/cduram/CHIRP-CodeExecution_via_Malicious_ImageFile
https://github.com/kk7ds/chirp/commit/39178dbfc4fece083ab9ed20286d6ae3a91a718e
https://github.com/kk7ds/chirp/blob/39178dbfc4fece083ab9ed20286d6ae3a91a718e~1/chirp/drivers/kenwood_itm.py
https://github.com/kk7ds/chirp/blob/master/chirp/drivers/kenwood_itm.py
https://github.com/kk7ds/chirp/blob/master/chirp/directory.py
[-] About NotCVE:
NotCVE (https://notcve.org) assigns public, timestamped NotCVE IDs to
vulnerabilities not acknowledged by vendors. Vendor will not assign a CVE?
Request a NotCVE: https://notcve.org/form/ · Contributors:
https://notcve.org/hall/
_______________________________________________
Sent through the Full Disclosure mailing list
https://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure
Web Archives & RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
Severity
No CVSS data available.
CWE
Assigner
References
14 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unknown | CHIRP Kenwood ITM |
Affected:
unknown
|
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CVE-2025-71408 (GCVE-0-2025-71408)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-24 21:07 – Updated: 2026-07-27 17:22 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
NLTK < 3.9.3 Eval Injection via collocations.py Command-Line Arguments
Summary
NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) before version 3.9.3 contains an eval injection vulnerability in the nltk.collocations module that allows an attacker who controls command-line arguments to execute arbitrary Python code. When collocations.py is invoked directly, the __main__ block passes command-line arguments directly to eval() as suffixes of BigramAssocMeasures without allowlist validation or sanitization, enabling an attacker to supply a Python expression that escapes the intended attribute lookup and executes arbitrary code including OS commands via the os module.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-07-27 17:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://aydinnyunus.github.io/2026/06/07/command-… | technical-descriptionexploit |
| https://github.com/nltk/nltk/releases/tag/3.9.3 | release-notespatch |
| https://github.com/nltk/nltk/pull/3465 | issue-trackingpatch |
| https://github.com/nltk/nltk/commit/66f14096d952e… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/nltk-eval-in… | third-party-advisory |
Date Public
2025-11-17 00:00
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CVE-2025-71361 (GCVE-0-2025-71361)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-24 11:53 – Updated: 2026-06-24 16:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
picklescan - Remote Code Execution via Undetected idlelib.calltip.Calltip.fetch_tip
Summary
picklescan before 0.0.29 fails to detect malicious idlelib.calltip.Calltip.fetch_tip calls in pickle files, allowing remote code execution. Attackers can embed undetected payloads in pickle files that execute arbitrary code when loaded via pickle.load().
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-24 16:02 UTC
CWE
- CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/mmaitre314/picklescan/security… | vendor-advisory |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/picklescan-r… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| picklescan | picklescan |
Affected:
0 , < 0.0.29
(semver)
Unaffected: 0.0.29 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:mmaitre314:picklescan:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
Date Public
2025-08-26 00:00
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CVE-2025-68271 (GCVE-0-2025-68271)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-13 18:32 – Updated: 2026-01-13 20:00
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unauthenticated Remote Code Execution in openc3-api
Summary
OpenC3 COSMOS provides the functionality needed to send commands to and receive data from one or more embedded systems. From 5.0.0 to 6.10.1, OpenC3 COSMOS contains a critical remote code execution vulnerability reachable through the JSON-RPC API. When a JSON-RPC request uses the string form of certain APIs, attacker-controlled parameter text is parsed into values using String#convert_to_value. For array-like inputs, convert_to_value executes eval(). Because the cmd code path parses the command string before calling authorize(), an unauthenticated attacker can trigger Ruby code execution even though the request ultimately fails authorization (401). This vulnerability is fixed in 6.10.2.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-13 20:00 UTC
CWE
- CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenC3/cosmos/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2025-66474 (GCVE-0-2025-66474)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-10 21:59 – Updated: 2025-12-11 15:39
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
XWiki vulnerable to remote code execution through insufficient protection against {{/html}} injection
Summary
XWiki Rendering is a generic rendering system that converts textual input in a given syntax (wiki syntax, HTML, etc) into another syntax (XHTML, etc). Versions 16.10.9 and below, 17.0.0-rc-1 through 17.4.2 and 17.5.0-rc-1 through 17.5.0 have insufficient protection against {{/html}} injection, which attackers can exploit through RCE. Any user who can edit their own profile or any other document can execute arbitrary script macros, including Groovy and Python macros, which enable remote code execution as well as unrestricted read and write access to all wiki contents. This issue is fixed in versions 16.10.10, 17.4.3 and 17.6.0-rc-1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-11 15:39 UTC
CWE
- CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-rendering/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-platform/commit/12… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xwiki/xwiki-rendering/commit/9… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XRENDERING-693 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XRENDERING-792 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XRENDERING-793 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-23378 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xwiki | xwiki-rendering |
Affected:
< 16.10.10
Affected: >= 17.0.0-rc-1, < 17.4.3 Affected: >= 17.5.0-rc-1, < 17.6.0-rc-1 |
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CVE-2025-64496 (GCVE-0-2025-64496)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-08 01:29 – Updated: 2025-11-13 21:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Open WebUI Affected by an External Model Server (Direct Connections) Code Injection via SSE Events
Summary
Open WebUI is a self-hosted artificial intelligence platform designed to operate entirely offline. Versions 0.6.224 and prior contain a code injection vulnerability in the Direct Connections feature that allows malicious external model servers to execute arbitrary JavaScript in victim browsers via Server-Sent Event (SSE) execute events. This leads to authentication token theft, complete account takeover, and when chained with the Functions API, enables remote code execution on the backend server. The attack requires the victim to enable Direct Connections (disabled by default) and add the attacker's malicious model URL, achievable through social engineering of the admin and subsequent users. This issue is fixed in version 0.6.35.
Severity
7.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-11-13 21:37 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/security… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/open-webui/open-webui/commit/8… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| open-webui | open-webui |
Affected:
< 0.6.35
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CVE-2025-61955 (GCVE-0-2025-61955)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-15 13:55 – Updated: 2026-02-26 16:57 X_F5
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
F5OS vulnerability
Summary
A vulnerability exists in F5OS-A and F5OS-C systems that may allow an authenticated attacker with local access to escalate their privileges. A successful exploit may allow the attacker to cross a security boundary. Note: Software versions which have reached End of Technical Support (EoTS) are not evaluated.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-10-16 03:56 UTC
CWE
- CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://my.f5.com/manage/s/article/K000156771 | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| F5 | F5OS - Appliance |
Affected:
1.8.0 , < 1.8.3
(custom)
Affected: 1.5.0 , < 1.5.4 (custom) |
|
| F5 | F5OS - Chassis |
Affected:
1.8.0 , < 1.8.2
(custom)
Affected: 1.6.0 , < 1.6.4 (custom) |
Date Public
2025-10-15 14:00
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CVE-2025-58365 (GCVE-0-2025-58365)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-08 21:19 – Updated: 2025-09-09 13:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
XWiki Blog Application: Privilege Escalation (PR) from account through blog content
Summary
The XWiki blog application allows users of the XWiki platform to create and manage blog posts. Prior to version 9.14, the blog application in XWiki allowed remote code execution for any user who has edit right on any page. Normally, these are all logged-in users as they can edit their own user profile. For an exploit, it is sufficient to add an object of type `Blog.BlogPostClass` to any page and to add some script macro with the exploit code to the "Content" field of that object. The vulnerability has been patched in the blog application version 9.14 by executing the content of blog posts with the rights of the appropriate author. No known workarounds are available.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-09 13:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/xwiki-contrib/application-blog… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/xwiki-contrib/application-blog… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/BLOG-191 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xwiki-contrib | application-blog |
Affected:
< 9.14
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CVE-2025-55728 (GCVE-0-2025-55728)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-09 18:40 – Updated: 2025-09-11 13:15
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
XWiki Remote Macros vulnerable to remote code execution using the panel macro
Summary
XWiki Remote Macros provides XWiki rendering macros that are useful when migrating content from Confluence. Starting in version 1.0 and prior to version 1.26.5, missing escaping of the classes parameter in the panel macro allows remote code execution for any user who can edit any page The classes parameter is used without escaping in XWiki syntax, thus allowing XWiki syntax injection which enables remote code execution. Version 1.26.5 contains a patch for the issue.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-11 13:15 UTC
CWE
- CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/blob… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20449 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xwikisas | xwiki-pro-macros |
Affected:
>= 1.0, < 1.26.5
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CVE-2025-55727 (GCVE-0-2025-55727)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-09 18:31 – Updated: 2025-09-10 14:14
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
XWiki Remote Macros vulnerable to remote code execution from width parameter in the column macro
Summary
XWiki Remote Macros provides XWiki rendering macros that are useful when migrating content from Confluence. Starting in version 1.0 and prior to version 1.26.5, missing escaping of the width parameter in the column macro allows remote code execution for any user who can edit any page or who can access the CKEditor converter. The width parameter is used without escaping in XWiki syntax, thus allowing XWiki syntax injection which enables remote code execution when the macro has been installed by a user with programming right, or it at least allows executing Velocity code as the wiki admin. Version 1.26.5 contains a patch for the issue.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-09-10 14:14 UTC
CWE
- CWE-95 - Improper Neutralization of Directives in Dynamically Evaluated Code ('Eval Injection')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/blob… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xwikisas | xwiki-pro-macros |
Affected:
>= 1.0, < 1.26.5
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"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2025-09-09T18:31:08.108Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/security/advisories/GHSA-hxqp-983c-m8h9",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/security/advisories/GHSA-hxqp-983c-m8h9"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/commit/05651adb4b58d03ba862d5290c645feeffd2121b",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/commit/05651adb4b58d03ba862d5290c645feeffd2121b"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/blob/aed17fa3db4081846dbb6bdf76ba10cf44401c44/xwiki-pro-macros-ui/src/main/resources/Confluence/Macros/Column.xml#L438",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/blob/aed17fa3db4081846dbb6bdf76ba10cf44401c44/xwiki-pro-macros-ui/src/main/resources/Confluence/Macros/Column.xml#L438"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-hxqp-983c-m8h9",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "XWiki Remote Macros vulnerable to remote code execution from width parameter in the column macro"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2025-55727",
"datePublished": "2025-09-09T18:31:08.108Z",
"dateReserved": "2025-08-14T22:31:17.681Z",
"dateUpdated": "2025-09-10T14:14:06.852Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Refactoring
If possible, refactor your code so that it does not need to use eval() at all.
Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
Mitigation
Implementation
- Inputs should be decoded and canonicalized to the application's current internal representation before being validated (CWE-180, CWE-181). Make sure that your application does not inadvertently decode the same input twice (CWE-174). Such errors could be used to bypass allowlist schemes by introducing dangerous inputs after they have been checked. Use libraries such as the OWASP ESAPI Canonicalization control.
- Consider performing repeated canonicalization until your input does not change any more. This will avoid double-decoding and similar scenarios, but it might inadvertently modify inputs that are allowed to contain properly-encoded dangerous content.
Mitigation
Implementation
For Python programs, it is frequently encouraged to use the ast.literal_eval() function instead of eval, since it is intentionally designed to avoid executing code. However, an adversary could still cause excessive memory or stack consumption via deeply nested structures [REF-1372], so the python documentation discourages use of ast.literal_eval() on untrusted data [REF-1373].
CAPEC-35: Leverage Executable Code in Non-Executable Files
An attack of this type exploits a system's trust in configuration and resource files. When the executable loads the resource (such as an image file or configuration file) the attacker has modified the file to either execute malicious code directly or manipulate the target process (e.g. application server) to execute based on the malicious configuration parameters. Since systems are increasingly interrelated mashing up resources from local and remote sources the possibility of this attack occurring is high.