CWE-345
Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
The product does not sufficiently verify the origin or authenticity of data, in a way that causes it to accept invalid data.
CVE-2023-37920 (GCVE-0-2023-37920)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-07-25 20:45 – Updated: 2025-03-05 18:47
VLAI
Title
Certifi's removal of e-Tugra root certificate
Summary
Certifi is a curated collection of Root Certificates for validating the trustworthiness of SSL certificates while verifying the identity of TLS hosts. Certifi prior to version 2023.07.22 recognizes "e-Tugra" root certificates. e-Tugra's root certificates were subject to an investigation prompted by reporting of security issues in their systems. Certifi 2023.07.22 removes root certificates from "e-Tugra" from the root store.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/certifi/python-certifi/commit/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://groups.google.com/a/mozilla.org/g/dev-sec… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://lists.fedoraproject.org/archives/list/pac… | |
| https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-2024091… |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| certifi | python-certifi |
Affected:
>= 2015.04.28, < 2023.07.22
|
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CVE-2023-39347 (GCVE-0-2023-39347)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-09-26 18:30 – Updated: 2024-09-24 13:45
VLAI
Title
Cilium NetworkPolicy bypass via pod labels
Summary
Cilium is a networking, observability, and security solution with an eBPF-based dataplane. An attacker with the ability to update pod labels can cause Cilium to apply incorrect network policies. This issue arises due to the fact that on pod update, Cilium incorrectly uses user-provided pod labels to select the policies which apply to the workload in question. This can affect Cilium network policies that use the namespace, service account or cluster constructs to restrict traffic, Cilium clusterwide network policies that use Cilium namespace labels to select the Pod and Kubernetes network policies. Non-existent construct names can be provided, which bypass all network policies applicable to the construct. For example, providing a pod with a non-existent namespace as the value of the `io.kubernetes.pod.namespace` label results in none of the namespaced CiliumNetworkPolicies applying to the pod in question. This attack requires the attacker to have Kubernetes API Server access, as described in the Cilium Threat Model. This issue has been resolved in: Cilium versions 1.14.2, 1.13.7, and 1.12.14. Users are advised to upgrade. As a workaround an admission webhook can be used to prevent pod label updates to the `k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace` and `io.cilium.k8s.policy.*` keys.
Severity
7.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/cilium/cilium/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://docs.cilium.io/en/latest/security/threat-… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2023-41045 (GCVE-0-2023-41045)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-08-31 17:59 – Updated: 2024-10-01 16:56
VLAI
Title
Insecure source port usage for DNS queries in Graylog
Summary
Graylog is a free and open log management platform. Graylog makes use of only one single source port for DNS queries. Graylog binds a single socket for outgoing DNS queries and while that socket is bound to a random port number it is never changed again. This goes against recommended practice since 2008, when Dan Kaminsky discovered how easy is to carry out DNS cache poisoning attacks. In order to prevent cache poisoning with spoofed DNS responses, it is necessary to maximise the uncertainty in the choice of a source port for a DNS query. Although unlikely in many setups, an external attacker could inject forged DNS responses into a Graylog's lookup table cache. In order to prevent this, it is at least recommendable to distribute the DNS queries through a pool of distinct sockets, each of them with a random source port and renew them periodically. This issue has been addressed in versions 5.0.9 and 5.1.3. Users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/Graylog2/graylog2-server/secur… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/Graylog2/graylog2-server/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/Graylog2/graylog2-server/commi… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Graylog2 | graylog2-server |
Affected:
< 5.0.9
Affected: >= 5.1.0, < 5.1.3 |
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CVE-2023-41896 (GCVE-0-2023-41896)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-19 22:30 – Updated: 2024-09-12 15:06
VLAI
Title
Fake websocket server installation permits full takeover in Home Assistant Core
Summary
Home assistant is an open source home automation. Whilst auditing the frontend code to identify hidden parameters, Cure53 detected `auth_callback=1`, which is leveraged by the WebSocket authentication logic in tandem with the `state` parameter. The state parameter contains the `hassUrl`, which is subsequently utilized to establish a WebSocket connection. This behavior permits an attacker to create a malicious Home Assistant link with a modified state parameter that forces the frontend to connect to an alternative WebSocket backend. Henceforth, the attacker can spoof any WebSocket responses and trigger cross site scripting (XSS). Since the XSS is executed on the actual Home Assistant frontend domain, it can connect to the real Home Assistant backend, which essentially represents a comprehensive takeover scenario. Permitting the site to be iframed by other origins, as discussed in GHSA-935v-rmg9-44mw, renders this exploit substantially covert since a malicious website can obfuscate the compromise strategy in the background. However, even without this, the attacker can still send the `auth_callback` link directly to the victim user. To mitigate this issue, Cure53 advises modifying the WebSocket code’s authentication flow. An optimal implementation in this regard would not trust the `hassUrl` passed in by a GET parameter. Cure53 must stipulate the significant time required of the Cure53 consultants to identify an XSS vector, despite holding full control over the WebSocket responses. In many areas, data from the WebSocket was properly sanitized, which hinders post-exploitation. The audit team eventually detected the `js_url` for custom panels, though generally, the frontend exhibited reasonable security hardening. This issue has been addressed in Home Assistant Core version 2023.8.0 and in the npm package home-assistant-js-websocket in version 8.2.0. Users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/home-assistant/core/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/home-assistant/core/security/a… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| home-assistant | core |
Affected:
Home Assistant Core : < 2023.8.0
Affected: home-assistant-js-websocket: < 8.2.0 |
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CVE-2023-41898 (GCVE-0-2023-41898)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-19 22:08 – Updated: 2024-09-12 15:12
VLAI
Title
Arbitrary URL load in Android WebView in `MyActivity.kt` in Home Assistant Companion for Android
Summary
Home assistant is an open source home automation. The Home Assistant Companion for Android app up to version 2023.8.2 is vulnerable to arbitrary URL loading in a WebView. This enables all sorts of attacks, including arbitrary JavaScript execution, limited native code execution, and credential theft. This issue has been patched in version 2023.9.2 and all users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this vulnerability. This issue is also tracked as GitHub Security Lab (GHSL) Vulnerability Report: `GHSL-2023-142`.
Severity
8.6 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/home-assistant/core/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| home-assistant | core |
Affected:
< 2023.9.2
|
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CVE-2023-42782 (GCVE-0-2023-42782)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-10 16:50 – Updated: 2024-09-18 20:50
VLAI
Summary
A insufficient verification of data authenticity vulnerability [CWE-345] in FortiAnalyzer version 7.4.0 and below 7.2.3 allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to send messages to the syslog server of FortiAnalyzer via the knoweldge of an authorized device serial number.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Improper access control
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
4 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiAnalyzer |
Affected:
7.4.0
Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.3 (semver) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.9 (semver) Affected: 6.4.0 , ≤ 6.4.13 (semver) Affected: 6.2.0 , ≤ 6.2.12 (semver) |
|
| fortinet | fortianalyzer |
Affected:
7.4.0
Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.3 (custom) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.9 (custom) Affected: 6.4.0 , ≤ 6.4.13 (custom) Affected: 6.2.0 , ≤ 6.2.12 (custom) cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortianalyzer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| fortinet | fortianalyzer-bigdata |
Affected:
7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.5
(custom)
Affected: 7.0 Affected: 6.4 Affected: 6.2 cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortianalyzer-bigdata:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
|
| fortinet | fortimanager |
Affected:
7.4.0
Affected: 7.2.0 , ≤ 7.2.3 (custom) Affected: 7.0.0 , ≤ 7.0.9 (custom) Affected: 6.4 Affected: 6.2 cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2023-42816 (GCVE-0-2023-42816)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-11-13 20:23 – Updated: 2024-08-02 19:30
VLAI
Title
Denial of service from malicious signature in kyverno
Summary
Kyverno is a policy engine designed for Kubernetes. A security vulnerability was found in Kyverno where an attacker could cause denial of service of Kyverno. The vulnerability was in Kyvernos Notary verifier. An attacker would need control over the registry from which Kyverno would fetch signatures. With such a position, the attacker could return a malicious response to Kyverno, when Kyverno would send a request to the registry. The malicious response would cause denial of service of Kyverno, such that other users' admission requests would be blocked from being processed. This is a vulnerability in a new component released in v1.11.0. The only users affected by this are those that have been building Kyverno from source at the main branch which is not encouraged. Users consuming official Kyverno releases are not affected. There are no known cases of this vulnerability being exploited in the wild.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/kyverno/kyverno/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/kyverno/kyverno/pull/8428 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/kyverno/kyverno/commit/80d139b… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/kyverno/kyverno/commit/fec2992… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2023-43636 (GCVE-0-2023-43636)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-09-20 14:50 – Updated: 2024-09-24 18:32
VLAI
Title
Rootfs Not Protected
Summary
In EVE OS, the “measured boot” mechanism prevents a compromised device from accessing
the encrypted data located in the vault.
As per the “measured boot” design, the PCR values calculated at different stages of the boot
process will change if any of their respective parts are changed.
This includes, among other things, the configuration of the bios, grub, the kernel cmdline,
initrd, and more.
However, this mechanism does not validate the entire rootfs, so an attacker can edit the
filesystem and gain control over the system.
As the default filesystem used by EVE OS is squashfs, this is somewhat harder than an ext4,
which is easily changeable.
This will not stop an attacker, as an attacker can repackage the squashfs with their changes
in it and replace the partition altogether.
This can also be done directly on the device, as the “003-storage-init” container contains the
“mksquashfs” and “unsquashfs” binaries (with the corresponding libs).
An attacker can gain full control over the device without changing the PCR values, thus not
triggering the “measured boot” mechanism, and having full access to the vault.
Note:
This issue was partially fixed in these commits (after disclosure to Zededa), where the config
partition measurement was added to PCR13:
• aa3501d6c57206ced222c33aea15a9169d629141
• 5fef4d92e75838cc78010edaed5247dfbdae1889.
This issue was made viable in version 9.0.0 when the calculation was moved to PCR14 but it was not included in the measured boot.
Severity
8.8 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| LF-Edge, Zededa | EVE OS |
Affected:
9.0.0 , < 9.5.0
(release)
Affected: 0 , < 8.6.0 (release) |
Date Public
2023-09-20 14:46
Credits
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CVE-2023-43666 (GCVE-0-2023-43666)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-16 08:08 – Updated: 2024-09-16 18:18
VLAI
Title
Apache InLong: General user Unauthorized access User Management
Summary
Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity vulnerability in Apache InLong.This issue affects Apache InLong: from 1.4.0 through 1.8.0,
General user can view all user data like Admin account.
Users are advised to upgrade to Apache InLong's 1.9.0 or cherry-pick [1] to solve it.
[1] https://github.com/apache/inlong/pull/8623
Severity
No CVSS data available.
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://lists.apache.org/thread/scbgh3ty3xcxm3q33… | vendor-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache InLong |
Affected:
1.4.0 , ≤ 1.8.0
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CVE-2023-43800 (GCVE-0-2023-43800)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2023-10-18 21:07 – Updated: 2024-09-12 20:04
VLAI
Title
Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity in Arduino Create Agent
Summary
Arduino Create Agent is a package to help manage Arduino development. The vulnerability affects the endpoint `/v2/pkgs/tools/installed`. A user who has the ability to perform HTTP requests to the localhost interface, or is able to bypass the CORS configuration, can escalate his privileges to those of the user running the Arduino Create Agent service via a crafted HTTP POST request. This issue has been addressed in version `1.3.3`. Users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this issue.
Severity
7.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-345 - Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/arduino/arduino-create-agent/s… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/arduino/arduino-create-agent/r… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://www.nozominetworks.com/blog/security-flaw… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| arduino | arduino-create-agent |
Affected:
< 1.3.3
|
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"dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T20:04:21.852Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "arduino-create-agent",
"vendor": "arduino",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 1.3.3"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Arduino Create Agent is a package to help manage Arduino development. The vulnerability affects the endpoint `/v2/pkgs/tools/installed`. A user who has the ability to perform HTTP requests to the localhost interface, or is able to bypass the CORS configuration, can escalate his privileges to those of the user running the Arduino Create Agent service via a crafted HTTP POST request. This issue has been addressed in version `1.3.3`. Users are advised to upgrade. There are no known workarounds for this issue."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "LOCAL",
"availabilityImpact": "LOW",
"baseScore": 7.3,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
"integrityImpact": "HIGH",
"privilegesRequired": "LOW",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:L",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-345",
"description": "CWE-345: Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2023-11-02T17:32:18.720Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/arduino/arduino-create-agent/security/advisories/GHSA-4x5q-q7wc-q22p",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/arduino/arduino-create-agent/security/advisories/GHSA-4x5q-q7wc-q22p"
},
{
"name": "https://github.com/arduino/arduino-create-agent/releases/tag/1.3.3",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://github.com/arduino/arduino-create-agent/releases/tag/1.3.3"
},
{
"name": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/blog/security-flaws-affect-a-component-of-the-arduino-create-cloud-ide",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_MISC"
],
"url": "https://www.nozominetworks.com/blog/security-flaws-affect-a-component-of-the-arduino-create-cloud-ide"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-4x5q-q7wc-q22p",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity in Arduino Create Agent"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2023-43800",
"datePublished": "2023-10-18T21:07:21.601Z",
"dateReserved": "2023-09-22T14:51:42.340Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-09-12T20:04:21.852Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
No mitigation information available for this CWE.
CAPEC-111: JSON Hijacking (aka JavaScript Hijacking)
An attacker targets a system that uses JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) as a transport mechanism between the client and the server (common in Web 2.0 systems using AJAX) to steal possibly confidential information transmitted from the server back to the client inside the JSON object by taking advantage of the loophole in the browser's Same Origin Policy that does not prohibit JavaScript from one website to be included and executed in the context of another website.
CAPEC-141: Cache Poisoning
An attacker exploits the functionality of cache technologies to cause specific data to be cached that aids the attackers' objectives. This describes any attack whereby an attacker places incorrect or harmful material in cache. The targeted cache can be an application's cache (e.g. a web browser cache) or a public cache (e.g. a DNS or ARP cache). Until the cache is refreshed, most applications or clients will treat the corrupted cache value as valid. This can lead to a wide range of exploits including redirecting web browsers towards sites that install malware and repeatedly incorrect calculations based on the incorrect value.
CAPEC-142: DNS Cache Poisoning
A domain name server translates a domain name (such as www.example.com) into an IP address that Internet hosts use to contact Internet resources. An adversary modifies a public DNS cache to cause certain names to resolve to incorrect addresses that the adversary specifies. The result is that client applications that rely upon the targeted cache for domain name resolution will be directed not to the actual address of the specified domain name but to some other address. Adversaries can use this to herd clients to sites that install malware on the victim's computer or to masquerade as part of a Pharming attack.
CAPEC-148: Content Spoofing
An adversary modifies content to make it contain something other than what the original content producer intended while keeping the apparent source of the content unchanged. The term content spoofing is most often used to describe modification of web pages hosted by a target to display the adversary's content instead of the owner's content. However, any content can be spoofed, including the content of email messages, file transfers, or the content of other network communication protocols. Content can be modified at the source (e.g. modifying the source file for a web page) or in transit (e.g. intercepting and modifying a message between the sender and recipient). Usually, the adversary will attempt to hide the fact that the content has been modified, but in some cases, such as with web site defacement, this is not necessary. Content Spoofing can lead to malware exposure, financial fraud (if the content governs financial transactions), privacy violations, and other unwanted outcomes.
CAPEC-218: Spoofing of UDDI/ebXML Messages
An attacker spoofs a UDDI, ebXML, or similar message in order to impersonate a service provider in an e-business transaction. UDDI, ebXML, and similar standards are used to identify businesses in e-business transactions. Among other things, they identify a particular participant, WSDL information for SOAP transactions, and supported communication protocols, including security protocols. By spoofing one of these messages an attacker could impersonate a legitimate business in a transaction or could manipulate the protocols used between a client and business. This could result in disclosure of sensitive information, loss of message integrity, or even financial fraud.
CAPEC-384: Application API Message Manipulation via Man-in-the-Middle
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages. Performing this attack can allow the attacker to gain unauthorized privileges within the application, or conduct attacks such as phishing, deceptive strategies to spread malware, or traditional web-application attacks. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to perform adversary-in-the-middle (CAPEC-94) communications between the web browser and the remote system. Despite the use of AiTH software, the attack is actually directed at the server, as the client is one node in a series of content brokers that pass information along to the application framework. Additionally, it is not true "Adversary-in-the-Middle" attack at the network layer, but an application-layer attack the root cause of which is the master applications trust in the integrity of code supplied by the client.
CAPEC-385: Transaction or Event Tampering via Application API Manipulation
An attacker hosts or joins an event or transaction within an application framework in order to change the content of messages or items that are being exchanged. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that look authentic but may contain deceptive links, substitute one item or another, spoof an existing item and conduct a false exchange, or otherwise change the amounts or identity of what is being exchanged. The techniques require use of specialized software that allow the attacker to man-in-the-middle communications between the web browser and the remote system in order to change the content of various application elements. Often, items exchanged in game can be monetized via sales for coin, virtual dollars, etc. The purpose of the attack is for the attack to scam the victim by trapping the data packets involved the exchange and altering the integrity of the transfer process.
CAPEC-386: Application API Navigation Remapping
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of links/buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains links/buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination. Some applications make navigation remapping more difficult to detect because the actual HREF values of images, profile elements, and links/buttons are masked. One example would be to place an image in a user's photo gallery that when clicked upon redirected the user to an off-site location. Also, traditional web vulnerabilities (such as CSRF) can be constructed with remapped buttons or links. In some cases navigation remapping can be used for Phishing attacks or even means to artificially boost the page view, user site reputation, or click-fraud.
CAPEC-387: Navigation Remapping To Propagate Malicious Content
An adversary manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the content of messages and thereby circumvent the expected application logic.
CAPEC-388: Application API Button Hijacking
An attacker manipulates either egress or ingress data from a client within an application framework in order to change the destination and/or content of buttons displayed to a user within API messages. Performing this attack allows the attacker to manipulate content in such a way as to produce messages or content that looks authentic but contains buttons that point to an attacker controlled destination.
CAPEC-665: Exploitation of Thunderbolt Protection Flaws
An adversary leverages a firmware weakness within the Thunderbolt protocol, on a computing device to manipulate Thunderbolt controller firmware in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of authorization and verification schemes within Thunderbolt protection mechanisms. Upon gaining physical access to a target device, the adversary conducts high-level firmware manipulation of the victim Thunderbolt controller SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) flash, through the use of a SPI Programing device and an external Thunderbolt device, typically as the target device is booting up. If successful, this allows the adversary to modify memory, subvert authentication mechanisms, spoof identities and content, and extract data and memory from the target device. Currently 7 major vulnerabilities exist within Thunderbolt protocol with 9 attack vectors as noted in the Execution Flow.
CAPEC-701: Browser in the Middle (BiTM)
An adversary exploits the inherent functionalities of a web browser, in order to establish an unnoticed remote desktop connection in the victim's browser to the adversary's system. The adversary must deploy a web client with a remote desktop session that the victim can access.